International journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation最新文献

{"title":"Clinical Diathermy Performance Evaluation of Multi-hour Sustained Acoustic Medicine Treatment with 2.5% Diclofenac Ultrasound Coupling Patch.","authors":"Tabitha F Hendren,&nbsp;Natalie R Yeretzian,&nbsp;Kiranmayee Bavanasi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Low-intensity Continuous Ultrasound (LICUS) therapy heals soft tissue injuries. It alleviates acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain by activating multiple healing processes through its diathermic and mechanotransducive properties. Diclofenac has been FDA-approved as a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID). It is an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug available in oral and topical forms. Adding 2.5% diclofenac sodium to ultrasound coupling gel can be used to deliver LICUS in addition to the analgesic effects of diclofenac sodium without altering the diathermic and acoustic effects of the ultrasound penetration with no undesired adverse effects.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the effects of adding 2.5% diclofenac sodium to standard aqueous ultrasound gel on the ultrasound coupling and diathermic properties of a long duration Sustained Acoustic Medicine (SAM) treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a two-phase study, first, the acoustic and diathermic changes were determined in bovine tissue during 4-hour-long SAM stimulation at 1 cm, 2 cm, and 5 cm with aqueous and 2.5% diclofenac ultrasound coupling patch. Then, in the second phase, the heating profiles were recorded with and without 2.5% diclofenac gel in 54 healthy adult subjects at the forearm and calf during the SAM treatment.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The addition of 2.5% diclofenac sodium significantly increased coupling gel density, acoustic impedance, and signal propagation (p<0.0001) with little or no effect on the diathermic profiles at 1 cm, 2 cm, and 5 cm depth. The coupling gel with 2.5% diclofenac sodium sustained the therapeutic ultrasound intensity longer than the aqueous coupling gel (5.5 cm relative to 4.5, p<0.0009). No significant diathermic difference was recorded on the calf and forearm skin with a 2.5% diclofenac ultrasound gel coupling patch.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adding 2.5% diclofenac sodium to ultrasound gel increases acoustic impedance, improves ultrasound signal coupling into deep tissue, and provides longer sustained deep tissue heating without negatively impacting the diathermic profile during SAM treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":73470,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10485907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10605701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Might Vestibular \"Noise\" Cause Subclinical Balance Impairment and Falls?","authors":"Andrew R Wagner,&nbsp;Ajit Mw Chaudhari,&nbsp;Daniel M Merfeld","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Falls are the leading causes of accidental injury in older adults and directly contribute to more than 600,000 deaths each year worldwide. Although the issue of falls is complex, balance dysfunction is one the principal contributors to the heightened incidence of falls in older adults. A nationally representative survey of older adults in the United States showed that an inability to stand on a foam pad with the eyes closed was associated with more than a six-fold increase in the odds of reporting \"difficulty with falls.\" As stability in the \"eyes closed, on foam\" condition is reliant upon intact vestibular cues, these data implicate age-related vestibular loss as a potential contributor to falls, yet, the specific causal mechanism explaining the link between age-related vestibular loss and imbalance/falls was not known. Here we review recent data showing that, vestibular perceptual thresholds, an assay of vestibular sensory noise, were found to, (1) account for nearly half of subclinical balance impairment in healthy older adults and (2) correlate with postural sway in healthy young adults. Based upon the identified links between balance dysfunction and vestibular noise in healthy adults, we posit the following causal chain: (a) increased \"noise\" in vestibular feedback - yielding a reduced signal-to-noise ratio in vestibular feedback-increases sway, (b) excessive sway leads to imbalance, and (c) imbalance contributes to falls. Identifying the \"cause\" of age-related balance dysfunction will inform the development of interventions tailored to prevent falls, and fall-related injuries, in the growing population of older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":73470,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8865383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39656248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Employing the CRISPR-Cas System for Clonal Hematopoiesis Research.","authors":"Hayato Ogawa,&nbsp;Soichi Sano,&nbsp;Kenneth Walsh","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clonal hematopoiesis is a state in which substantial fraction of hematopoietic stem cells acquire mutations in specific driver genes and expand in the absence of an overt hematological malignancy. Recent clinical studies have shown that clonal hematopoiesis increases likelihood of hematological malignancy and cardiovascular disease. While clinical studies have identified countless candidate driver genes associated with clonal hematopoiesis, experimental studies are required to evaluate causal and mechanistic relationships with disease processes. This task is technically difficult and expensive to achieve with traditional genetically engineered mice. The versatility and programmability of CRISPR-Cas system enables investigators to evaluate the pathogenesis of each mutation in experimental systems. Technical refinements have enabled gene editing in a cell type specific manner and at a single base pair resolution. Here, we summarize strategies to apply CRISPR-Cas system to experimental studies of clonal hematopoiesis and concerns that should be addressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":73470,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8360470/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39316207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Employing the CRISPR-Cas System for Clonal Hematopoiesis Research","authors":"H. Ogawa, S. Sano, K. Walsh","doi":"10.35248/2329-9096.21.9.582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-9096.21.9.582","url":null,"abstract":"Clonal hematopoiesis is a state in which substantial fraction of hematopoietic stem cells acquire mutations in specific driver genes and expand in the absence of an overt hematological malignancy. Recent clinical studies have shown that clonal hematopoiesis increases likelihood of hematological malignancy and cardiovascular disease. While clinical studies have identified countless candidate driver genes associated with clonal hematopoiesis, experimental studies are required to evaluate causal and mechanistic relationships with disease processes. This task is technically difficult and expensive to achieve with traditional genetically engineered mice. The versatility and programmability of CRISPR-Cas system enables investigators to evaluate the pathogenesis of each mutation in experimental systems. Technical refinements have enabled gene editing in a cell type specific manner and at a single base pair resolution. Here, we summarize strategies to apply CRISPR-Cas system to experimental studies of clonal hematopoiesis and concerns that should be addressed.","PeriodicalId":73470,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41871067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remission of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome after Heat-Induced Dehydration.","authors":"James Robert Brašić,&nbsp;Zoltan Mari,&nbsp;Alicja Lerner,&nbsp;Vanessa Raymont,&nbsp;Eram Zaidi,&nbsp;Dean F Wong","doi":"10.4172/2329-9096.1000472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9096.1000472","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heat has been reported to exert variable effects on people with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS). At age 24 years, a 32-year-old right-handed man with TS experienced a marked reduction in tics for two years after undergoing dehydration by entering a hot tub at 103°F (39.4°C) to 104°F (40.0°C) for 3 to 4 hours. On the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) he scored 55 seven months before dehydration and 13 one month after dehydration. An intense heat exposure and dehydration led to an apparent remission in tics. The remission continued without the use of prescribed or nonprescribed medications or substances for two years until tics returned in the worst ever exacerbation after a tetanus immunization. The heat exposure may have altered at least temporarily his thermostat for normal heat-loss mechanisms through dopaminergic pathways from the anterior hypothalamus to the basal ganglia and the substantia nigra. Whether or not that mechanism or some other mechanism relevant to the heat exposure and/or dehydration is at play, the sudden and marked improvement in his tics needs further attention. Prospective testing of the heat and dehydration effect on tics should be pursued.</p>","PeriodicalId":73470,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9096.1000472","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36382964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metrics for Performance Evaluation of Patient Exercises during Physical Therapy.","authors":"Aleksandar Vakanski, Jake M Ferguson, Stephen Lee","doi":"10.4172/2329-9096.1000403","DOIUrl":"10.4172/2329-9096.1000403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The article proposes a set of metrics for evaluation of patient performance in physical therapy exercises.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Taxonomy is employed that classifies the metrics into quantitative and qualitative categories, based on the level of abstraction of the captured motion sequences. Further, the quantitative metrics are classified into model-less and model-based metrics, in reference to whether the evaluation employs the raw measurements of patient performed motions, or whether the evaluation is based on a mathematical model of the motions. The reviewed metrics include root-mean square distance, Kullback Leibler divergence, log-likelihood, heuristic consistency, Fugl-Meyer Assessment, and similar.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The metrics are evaluated for a set of five human motions captured with a Kinect sensor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The metrics can potentially be integrated into a system that employs machine learning for modelling and assessment of the consistency of patient performance in home-based therapy setting. Automated performance evaluation can overcome the inherent subjectivity in human performed therapy assessment, and it can increase the adherence to prescribed therapy plans, and reduce healthcare costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":73470,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5526359/pdf/nihms877155.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35206146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled Bimanual Training Using a Non-Powered Device for Individuals with Severe Hemiparesis: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Preeti Raghavan,&nbsp;Viswanath Aluru,&nbsp;Sina Milani,&nbsp;Peter Thai,&nbsp;Daniel Geller,&nbsp;Seda Bilaloglu,&nbsp;Ying Lu,&nbsp;Donald J Weisz","doi":"10.4172/2329-9096.1000404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9096.1000404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Few options exist for training arm movements in participants with severe post-stroke hemiparesis who have little active range of motion. The purpose of this study was to test the safety and feasibility of training with a non-powered device, the Bimanual Arm Trainer (BAT), to facilitate motor recovery in individuals with severe hemiparesis. The BAT enabled coupled bimanual training of shoulder external rotation, which is reduced in individuals with severe post-stroke hemiplegia. The rationale for bimanual training was to harness contralesional cortical activity to drive voluntary movement in the affected arm in patients who could barely perform unimanual movements.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nine participants with post-stroke hemiparesis, preserved passive range of motion and Modified Ashworth score of <3 in the shoulder and elbow joints, trained with the device for 45 minutes, twice a week for six weeks, and were assessed pre- and post-training.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All participants tolerated the training and no adverse events were reported. Participants showed significant improvement in the upper extremity Fugl-Meyer score post-training with an effect size of 0.89. Changes in the flexor synergy pattern accounted for 64.7% of the improvement. Improvement in active range of motion in the paretic limb occurred for both trained and untrained movements. Some participants showed improvement in the time taken to perform selected tasks on the Wolf Motor Function Test post-training.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results demonstrate the safety and feasibility of using the Bimanual Arm Trainer to facilitate motor recovery in individuals with severe hemiparesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":73470,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5636010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35609710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robotic Assist-As-Needed as an Alternative to Therapist-Assisted Gait Rehabilitation.","authors":"Shraddha Srivastava,&nbsp;Pei Chun Kao,&nbsp;Darcy S Reisman,&nbsp;John P Scholz,&nbsp;Sunil K Agrawal,&nbsp;Jill S Higginson","doi":"10.4172/2329-9096.1000370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9096.1000370","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Body Weight Supported Treadmill Training (BWSTT) with therapists' assistance is often used for gait rehabilitation post-stroke. However, this training method is labor-intensive, requiring at least one or as many as three therapists at once for manual assistance. Previously, we demonstrated that providing movement guidance using a performance-based robot-aided gait training (RAGT) that applies a compliant, assist-as-needed force-field improves gait pattern and functional walking ability in people post-stroke. In the current study, we compared the effects of assist-as-needed RAGT combined with functional electrical stimulation and visual feedback with BWSTT to determine if RAGT could serve as an alternative for locomotor training.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve stroke survivors were randomly assigned to one of the two groups, either receiving BWSTT with manual assistance or RAGT with functional electrical stimulation and visual feedback. All subjects received fifteen 40-minutes training sessions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Clinical measures, kinematic data, and EMG data were collected before and immediately after the training for fifteen sessions. Subjects receiving RAGT demonstrated significant improvements in their self-selected over-ground walking speed, Functional Gait Assessment, Timed Up and Go scores, swing-phase peak knee flexion angle, and muscle coordination pattern. Subjects receiving BWSTT demonstrated significant improvements in the Six-minute walk test. However, there was an overall trend toward improvement in most measures with both interventions, thus there were no significant between-group differences in the improvements following training.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current findings suggest that RAGT worked at least as well as BWSTT and thus may be used as an alternative rehabilitation method to improve gait pattern post-stroke as it requires less physical effort from the therapists compared to BWSTT.</p>","PeriodicalId":73470,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9096.1000370","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35059500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concomitant Use of Neuroprotective Drugs in Neuro Rehabilitation of Multiple Sclerosis.","authors":"Harika Dasari,&nbsp;Bharath Wootla,&nbsp;Arthur E Warrington,&nbsp;Moses Rodriguez","doi":"10.4172/2329-9096.1000348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9096.1000348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We provide an overview of rehabilitation in neurological diseases. A large amount of literature available on neurorehabilitation is based from the rehabilitative work on stroke and spinal cord injuries. After a brief description of rehabilitation, the potential application of neurorehabilitation in neurodegenerative diseases specifically multiple sclerosis (MS) is summarized. Since MS causes a wide variety of symptoms, the rehabilitation in MS patients may benefit from an interdisciplinary approach that encloses physiotherapy, cognitive rehabilitation, psychological therapy, occupational therapy, and other methods to improve fatigue. Neurorehabilitation helps patients to reach and maintain their optimal physical, psychological and intellectual, levels but it does not reverse long-term disabilities that arise from neurological disorders. This calls for the need of better neuroregenerative and neuroprotective treatment strategies in addition to neurorehabilitation. We discuss neuroprotective drugs aimed at preventing axonal, neuronal, myelin and oligodendrocyte damage and cell death that are approved and others that are currently in clinical trials, with an emphasis on human derived natural antibodies with remyleination potential. Our investigative group developed recombinant natural human IgM antibodies against oligodendrocytes and neurons with a potential for CNS repair and remyleination. One such recombinant antibody, rHIgM22 completed a phase 1 clinical trial with no toxicity and with an objective of promoting remyleination in multiple sclerosis. Inclusion of these drugs as a multifaceted approach may further enhance the efficacy of neurorehabilitation in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":73470,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9096.1000348","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34417633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose-Associated Changes in Gait Parameters in Response to Exercise Programs after Total Knee Arthroplasty: Secondary Analysis of Two Randomized Studies","authors":"S. Piva, S. Farrokhi, G. Almeida, Kelley Fitzgerald G, T. Levison, A. DiGioia","doi":"10.4172/2329-9096.1000311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9096.1000311","url":null,"abstract":"Background Rehabilitation plays an important role to improve the outcomes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Evidence about the appropriate dose of exercise to recover gait dysfunction after TKA is limited. We posed the research question: In patients during the post-acute stage after TKA, is increased dose of exercise associated with larger improvements in gait parameters such as step length and single support time? Methods This was a secondary analysis from two randomized studies on exercise after TKA to investigate dose-dependence of gait parameters in response to exercise. Participants were 50 years or older who underwent unilateral TKA at least two months prior. They participated in 2 months of supervised exercises followed by 4 months of a home exercise program. The primary outcome was change in gait parameters from baseline to 6 months. Participants were divided in three groups according to the dose of exercise: group 1 (light-to-moderate intensity exercise), group 2 (high intensity + functional exercise), and group 3 (high intensity + functional + balance exercise). Jonckheere-Terpstra test was used to test if the magnitude of changes in gait parameters increased from group 1 to group 3 in an ordered fashion. Results Increased dose of exercise was associated with progressive increases in step length in the operated-limb (p=0.008) and decreases in step length in the non-operated limb (p=0.011). Increased dose of exercise was associated with ordinal decreases in loading response time (p=0.049) and increases in single-leg support time (p=0.021) on the operated- limb, but not on the non-operated-limb. Increased dose of exercise was associated with decreases in unloading time on the non-operated-limb (p=0.011) but not on the operated-limb (p=0.400). Conclusions Significant dose-response of exercise on gait parameters support the promotion of more intensive exercise programs that combine functional and balance training programs after TKA.","PeriodicalId":73470,"journal":{"name":"International journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9096.1000311","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70279499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}