Infectious microbes & diseases最新文献

{"title":"COVID-19–Related Insomnia Populations Research and Management Strategies: A Review","authors":"Feiyang Liu, Zi-Bei Dong, Min Zhao, Yanfei Gao, Xiang Li, Ya-Nan Jiang, Yi-Ming Li, Yu-Xin Zheng, Zhen Wang, Yansheng C. Feng, Ya-Li Liu","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000126","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the quality of sleep for various populations, causing anxiety and depression worldwide. COVID-19–related insomnia (COVIDRI) appears to be more common in certain populations, including females, urban residents and other individuals who reside in high-risk COVID-19–related areas, lack higher socioeconomic and educational levels, have a history of underlying mental illness, have no access to social support and work, or have been mandated for isolation. Among vulnerable populations, pregnant women, adolescents and children are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression, which leads to irregular sleep-wake cycles and significantly poor sleep quality. Insomnia in COVID-19 patients is associated with decreased immune levels, excessive psychological stress and severe anxiety. The COVIDRI incidence and severity among frontline healthcare workers is high, especially among females and those working in isolation wards and intensive care units. The factors related to COVIDRI for college students during home study are stress from upcoming graduation, disharmonious family relationships and inadaptability to online education. For military personnel, anxiety and depression are the main causes of poor sleep quality. Based on the characteristics of different populations, active Chinese and Western medications, non-drug therapy, psychological counseling and suitable sleep management are vital measures to strengthen immunity, alleviate insomnia and limit recurrence.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"120 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45247619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlates of Sexual Lifestyles Among Older Adults Living With HIV in China: Findings From the Sexual Well-being (SWELL) Study","authors":"Bingyi Wang, Xin Peng, Leiwen Fu, Xinyi Li, Tong-xin Shi, B. Liang, Tian Tian, Thomas Fitzpatrick, Zhen Lu, Weijie Zhang, Junye Bian, Xin Xiao, Ying Wang, Yunlong Ao, Ouyang Lin, Yong Cai, M. Yu, Guohui Wu, Linghua Li, X. Meng, H. Zou","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000125","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sexual lifestyles are closely related to overall human health and well-being. Few studies have focused on sexual lifestyles among older adults living with HIV (OALHIV), especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study is a part of the sexual well-being among older adults in China (SWELL) study, which is a multicenter cross-sectional study focused on sexual health among older adults aged 50 years and older. Participants were 680 OALHIV (≥50 years old) from the SWELL study conducted from June 2020 to December 2022. Data were collected through one-on-one interviews. We used logistic regression to assess the correlates of sexual activity and sexual satisfaction. Among all participants, 37.1% were sexually active. Being older, male, in a steady relationship and employed were associated with being sexually active. The prevalence of sexual satisfaction was 69.8% among sexually active OALHIV. Being homosexual and reporting a better general health status were associated with sexual satisfaction. The OALHIV who have depressive symptoms were less likely to report sexual satisfaction. To support holistic healthy aging among OALHIV, it is important for healthcare providers to be educated about the importance of enquiring about sexual activity, satisfaction and problems and addressing concerns while conveying sex-positive attitudes during clinical reviews, as these are still critical aspects of their health and well-being.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"145 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46551245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual Risk Behavior and Satisfaction Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Living With Detectable HIV Viral Loads: A Nationwide Online Survey in China","authors":"Leiwen Fu, Bingyi Wang, Tian Tian, Xinyi Zhou, Zhen Lu, Yinghui Sun, Weiran Zheng, Yanxiao Gao, Yi-Fan Lin, Hui Li, H. Zou","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000124","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Little is known about sexual behavior and satisfaction among men who have sex with men (MSM) with detectable HIV viral loads (VL) in China. This study aims to investigate sexual risk behavior and sexual satisfaction among MSM living with HIV in China, as well as potential predictors. This cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2021 using an anonymous online survey based on WeChat. Data were collected on sociodemographics, sexual behavior, HIV clinical information, sexual satisfaction and mental health. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression were performed. MSM with detectable HIV VL (VL+) or VL not sure were more likely to report inconsistent condom use, even with HIV-negative/unknown-status regular male partners. Having an HIV-positive regular partner and recreational drug use were positively associated with inconsistent condom use during anal sex among MSM with undetectable VL (VL−). Alcohol use before or during sexual activities was positively associated with inconsistent condom use during anal sex among VL+ or VL not sure MSM. A total of 58.3% of participants reported being sexually satisfied. MSM living with HIV who were currently employed, had experienced anal sex in the prior 6 months, had VL− HIV status, or had more frequent ejaculation during sex/masturbation were more likely to report sexual satisfaction. The development of targeted education and interventions to minimize sexual risk behavior among MSM living with HIV is in dire need. Treating sexual dysfunction and developing a reasonable antiretroviral therapy regimen to achieve viral suppression can help promote sexual satisfaction in MSM living with HIV.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"137 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45109230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug Repurposing for the Treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus Infections","authors":"Emily J. Baker, Antonia Molloy, Jonathan A. G. Cox","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000123","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With the ever-increasing burden of antimicrobial resistance, the demand to introduce countermeasures becomes increasingly critical. The urgency of this need is intensified by the void in antibiotic discovery, with the identification of novel compounds declining with time. Of increasing concern is Mycobacterium abscessus, which displays high levels of intrinsic resistance that lead to poor success rates, even after lengthy drug regimens. Research tackling these issues is now focused on the repurposing of preexisting drugs for antimycobacterial use, facilitating the discovery of antimicrobial compounds amidst a crisis where novel antibiotics are sparse. Part of this includes the use of combination treatments, whereby coadministration of synergistic compounds can reduce dose requirements and slow the progression of antimicrobial resistance in the long term. In this review, we will introduce the current therapeutic options for M. abscessus and provide insight into why treatment is so burdensome. We will also compile the current updates within drug repurposing for this pathogen, including the use of unconventional agents such as antimalarial drugs, the repositioning of antituberculosis candidates and the repurposing of preexisting antibiotics, including the application of combination regimens. In addition, the in vitro drug screening platforms used in their discovery will be appraised, with the view of highlighting potential future perspectives that may help increase physiological relevance. This review provides a timely appraisal of the future of M. abscessus treatment.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"101 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44100343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xpert MTB/RIF Assay for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Based on Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Hao Chen, Chun-Xi Lin, Peng-Li Lv, Wen-feng Li, Yu-Ying Feng, X. Deng, Jianhan Xiao, Xu-guang Guo","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000122","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Currently, tuberculosis (TB) is the second most lethal disease in the world caused by a single infectious pathogen. Rapid diagnosis of TB is of great importance for its treatment and management. Xpert MTB/RIF is a novel rapid diagnostic assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB (PTB). Use of the Xpert assay based on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples is indicated when TB is suspected and sputum smears or cultures are negative. The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Xpert assay based on BALF samples for the diagnosis of PTB. A systematic review of previously published articles was performed, and relevant data were extracted. Meta-DiSc 1.4 and Stata 12.0 were used to analyze the data. When Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures were used as the criterion standard, the combined sensitivity of BALF-based Xpert was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.87–0.91), the specificity was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.85-0.88), the positive likelihood ratio was 8.28 (95% CI, 5.39–12.71), the negative likelihood ratio was 0.14 (95% CI, 0.10–0.19) and the diagnostic ratio was 84.08 (95% CI, 42.00–168.31). When composite reference standard was used as the criterion standard, the above observations were 0.69 (95% CI, 0.67–0.72), 0.98 (95% CI, 0.97–0.98), 41.40 (95% CI, 14.56–117.71), 0.28 (95% CI, 0.21–0.37) and 190.47 (95% CI, 50.56–717.54), respectively. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was close to 1 for both. Overall, the Xpert MTB/RIF assay based on BALF samples showed high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of PTB and seems to be a reliable rapid detection method.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"111 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44803325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytomorphological Variations of Leishman-Donovan Bodies Found in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients in Sri Lanka","authors":"A. Murugananthan, Kanchana P. Amarasinghe, G. Rathnaweera, Ponnathurai T. Amalraajan, Rajadurai Arulenthiran","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000118","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Leishmania parasites undergo a dimorphic life cycle. Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is primarily made by the microscopic identification of the amastigote form of the parasite in a smear. Therefore, correct identification of Leishman-Donovan (LD) bodies in smears is crucial for CL confirmation. The aim of this study was to provide a broad overview of different cytomorphologies of LD bodies to improve the sensitivity of microscopic detection of Leishmania donovani, which causes CL in Sri Lanka. A total of 125 smears, prepared from patients who met the positive diagnostic criteria of CL, were Giemsa stained and examined microscopically. The density, cellular location and all possible cytomorphological forms of the parasite were documented. A total of 10 different cytomorphological forms of LD bodies were identified. Among them, the round form was observed only intracellularly. The other morphological forms, namely the pear shape, cigarette shape, candle flame form, embryo shape, flagellate form, binary form and rosette form, were found only extracellularly. The spindle form and lens shape were observed in both intracellular and extracellular locations. L. donovani amastigotes have a wide range of morphologies besides their classical forms. Although Leishmania are considered as obligatory intracellular parasites, they manage to survive successfully within the extracellular hostile conditions as well. Therefore, having a broader view of different morphological forms for Leishmania parasites may help to improve diagnosis of CL.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"93 - 100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43896251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Diagnostic Accuracy of SD BIOLINE for Detection of Hepatitis C Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Shu-Chang Weng, Jie Zhou, Xiaoni Zhong, Qing Xin, Yue-Xue Mai, Li Ji, Ya-ping Li, Xun-Jie Cao, W. Yang, Hao Chen, Xu-guang Guo","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000117","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a globally widespread ribonucleic acid virus that transmits through blood and sexual contact. Its morbidity and mortality are particularly higher in economically underdeveloped areas. Therefore, an economical and effective diagnostic method for detection of HCV is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the SD BIOLINE rapid diagnostic test for HCV detection. We searched for studies related to SD BIOLINE and HCV in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library and then designed inclusion and exclusion criteria. After extracting valid data, the included literature was evaluated with the quality assessment tool Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. After our data analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic accuracy, summary receiver operating characteristic curve, funnel plot, box plot, and Fagan plot of the diagnostic method were determined. Nine articles with nine sets of data were finally included. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.94 and 0.98, respectively, the positive likelihood ratio was 79.53, the negative likelihood ratio was 0.05, the diagnostic odds ratio was 1590.32, and the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.9958. The SD BIOLINE test has the advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity, low cost, and easy operation for diagnosing HCV. Therefore, we recommend using SD BIOLINE for rapid and effective screening of HCV, which is especially applicable for economically underdeveloped areas.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"76 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47595458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of False-Positive Tests and Cross-reactions Between COVID-19 and Dengue With Implications During Diagnosis: A Mixed Evidence Synthesis","authors":"Daniel Digwo, Chidinma P. Elebe, V. Chigor, Stella N. Madueke, Christian K. Ezeh, A. Ike","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000116","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This review aimed to assess the occurrence of false-positive serological reaction between dengue and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its implications for diagnosis. Evidence syntheses were conducted by systematically reviewing available literature using multiple databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar and medRxiv. Among a total of 16 presented cases from clinical settings, cross-reaction to COVID-19 serological tests was observed in two (12.5%) dengue-positive patients, while 14 patients (87.5%) confirmed positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) showed a cross-reaction with dengue serological tests, leading to misdiagnosis and mismanagement by attending clinicians. Of 1789 SARS-CoV-2-positive sera, cross-reaction to dengue serological tests was observed in 180 sera (10%), which is higher than the cross-reaction observed for SARS-CoV-2 in archived pre-COVID-19 sera positive for a dengue infection (75 of 811, 9.2%, P = 0.674). Clinicians in tropical regions are therefore advised to interpret serological tests with caution and use a more pragmatic approach to triage these infections.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"42 17","pages":"64 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41263470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Throughput Drug Screening on Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii Identified Hypocrellin A as an Active Drug Candidate Against Borrelia Species","authors":"Tingting Li, Yuxian Xin, Dongxia Liu, Jingrong Sun, Jingwei Li, Y. Zhang, Jie Feng","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000115","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Lyme disease (LD) is a tick-transmitted infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species, which include B. burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii. The majority of patients with early LD can be cured by the standard treatment, yet some still suffer from posttreatment LD syndrome. The presence of Borrelia persisters has been proposed as a contributing factor, because they cannot be completely eradicated by the currently used antibiotics for LD. Finding new pharmaceuticals targeting Borrelia persisters is crucial for developing more effective treatments. Here, we first confirmed the existence of persisters in B. garinii and B. afzelii cultures and then conducted a high-throughput screening of a custom drug library against persister-rich stationary-phase B. garinii and B. afzelii cultures. Among 2427 compounds screened, hypocrellin A (HA), anthracycline class of drugs and topical antibiotics along with some other natural compounds were identified to have strong potential for killing persisters of B. garinii and B. afzelii. HA was the most active anti-Borrelia compound, capable of eradicating stationary-phase Borrelia persisters, in particular when combined with doxycycline and/or ceftriaxone. Liposoluble antioxidant vitamin E was found to antagonize the activity of HA, indicating HA’s target is the cell membrane where HA triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species in the presence of light. HA was found to have distinct bactericidal activity against Borrelia species but had poor or no activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Identification of the abovementioned drug candidates may help develop more effective therapies for LD.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"83 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46590696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translation: Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Trial Version 10)","authors":"","doi":"10.1097/im9.0000000000000112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/im9.0000000000000112","url":null,"abstract":"In order to further strengthen the diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19), we revised the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Revised Trial Version 9) to Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Trial Version 10). 1. Etiological characteristics Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the β-genus coronaviruses. It has an envelope, and the virus particle is round or oval, with a diameter ranging 60–140 nm. It contains four structural proteins, namely, the spike (S) protein, the envelope (E) protein, the matrix protein (M) and the nucleoprotein (N) protein. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA molecule with a total length of approximately 29.9 kb. The open reading frames contained within the genome are arranged in sequence as 5′-replicase (ORF1a/ORF1b)-S-ORF3a-ORF3b-E-M-ORF6-ORF7a-ORF7b-ORF8-N-ORF9a-ORF9b-ORF10–3′. The RNA genome is wrapped by the N protein, forming a nucleocapsid, a core structure of the virus particle, surrounded by lipid bilayer membrane, in which the S protein, the M protein and the N protein of SARS-CoV-2 are embedded. After invading the human respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 mainly relies on the receptor binding domain of the S protein on the virus cell surface to recognize the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and then interacts with the receptor, allowing the virus to enter host cells. During the epidemic and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the population, its genes have frequently shown mutations. When different subvariants or lineages of SARS-CoV-2 infect the human body simultaneously, these viruses might recombine, resulting in the emergence of recombinant virus strains. Certain mutations or recombinations will affect the biological characteristics of the virus. For instance, mutations of specific amino acids on the S protein enhance the affinity between SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and concomitantly the ability of the virus to replicate and spread between cells. Some amino acid mutations on the S protein will also increase viral immune escape from vaccines and reduce the cross-protection between different subvariants, resulting in breakthrough infections and a certain proportion of reinfections. As of the end of 2022, five variants of concern, namely, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529), have been designated by the World Health Organization. Compared with other variants of concern such as Delta, the transmissibility and immune escape ability of the Omicron variant, which emerged in the population in November 2021, have been significantly enhanced and the Omicron variant has promptly replaced the Delta variant as the dominant global epidemic variant since early 2022. Up to now, the five subvariants of Omicron (BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4 and BA.5) have successively evolved into 709 serial lineages, including 72 recombinant lineages. As SARS-C","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"200 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135998469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}