IJID regions最新文献

{"title":"Blood culture time to positivity in pediatric patients with bloodstream infection in rural Gambia","authors":"Isaac Osei ,&nbsp;Baleng Mahama Wutor ,&nbsp;Alieu Kuyateh ,&nbsp;Ousman Barjo ,&nbsp;Golam Sarwar ,&nbsp;Mayowa Omotosho ,&nbsp;Williams Oluwatosin Adefila ,&nbsp;Yusuf Abdulsalam Olawale ,&nbsp;Keita Modou Lamin ,&nbsp;Ilias Hossain ,&nbsp;Babila G. Lobga ,&nbsp;Muhammed Wally ,&nbsp;Morr Cham ,&nbsp;Minteh Molfa ,&nbsp;Rasheed Salaudeen ,&nbsp;Grant A. Mackenzie","doi":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>There is a lack of data on the time to blood culture positivity (TTP) in pediatric populations in low-income countries. We aimed to assess the host and pathogen factors associated with TTP in children aged under 5 years in rural Gambia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Between September 2019 and December 2023, we collected blood cultures from children under 5 years with suspected bloodstream infections. We determined the TTP from the time of culture incubation to when bacterial growth was first detected.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overall, 547 invasive bacteria pathogens were evaluated. The median TTP was 19.2 hours and 70%, 76%, 89%, and 96% of cases had TTP at 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> had the shortest median TTP (17.4 hours), whereas <em>Neisseria</em> species had the longest (45 hours). TTP was dependent on the pathogen and independent of age, sex, temperature, clinical outcome, nutritional status, and length of hospital stay. Gram-positive bacteria had shorter TTP than gram-negative bacteria (18.6 vs 19.6 hours, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.01).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In rural Gambia, most blood cultures from pediatric patients would turn positive within 48 hours of incubation. A maximum of 48 hours of observation after the commencement of antibiotic therapy in hospitalized children may be sufficient for clinicians to receive feedback on blood culture results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73335,"journal":{"name":"IJID regions","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100606"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143551914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing key risk factors hindering tuberculosis control activities in West Africa - progress in meeting the UN sustainable development goals","authors":"Stephen Osei-Wusu ,&nbsp;Prince Asare ,&nbsp;Emelia Konadu Danso ,&nbsp;Danny Asogun ,&nbsp;Isaac Darko Otchere ,&nbsp;Adwoa Asante-Poku ,&nbsp;Dorothy Yeboah-Manu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health challenge in West Africa, exacerbated by factors such as HIV, malnutrition, non-communicable diseases, drug-resistant TB, and under-resourced health systems. Addressing these challenges is essential to achieving the World Health Organization's End TB Strategy and Universal Health Coverage goals. This paper explores key strategies for tackling TB and its associated risks in the region. Malnutrition, non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, chronic respiratory diseases, and substance abuse amplify TB burdens. Health system strengthening is pivotal for early TB detection and management. Expanding diagnostic capabilities, particularly through the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay and Hub-and-Spoke models, alongside workforce development and retention, is crucial. Regional collaborations such as the West African Network of Excellence for Tuberculosis, AIDS, and Malaria (WANETAM) and the Pan-Africa Network for Genomic Surveillance of Poverty-Related Diseases and Emerging Pathogens (PANGenS) demonstrate the importance of collective efforts in research and genomic surveillance. Our article highlights the importance of integrated healthcare approaches, regional partnerships, and community engagement in reducing TB prevalence and improving outcomes. These strategies will not only combat TB but also address its social determinants, advancing health equity in West Africa. By adopting these measures, the region can make significant strides toward UN TB SDG goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73335,"journal":{"name":"IJID regions","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100594"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inequities underlie the alarming resurgence of Tuberculosis as the world's top cause of death from an Infectious Disease - Breaking the silence and addressing the underlying root causes","authors":"Alimuddin Zumla ,&nbsp;Suvanand Sahu ,&nbsp;Lucica Ditiu ,&nbsp;Urvasha Singh ,&nbsp;Young-Joon Park ,&nbsp;Dorothy Yeboah-Manu ,&nbsp;Stephen Osei-Wusu ,&nbsp;Danny Asogun ,&nbsp;Peter Nyasulu ,&nbsp;John Tembo ,&nbsp;Nathan Kapata ,&nbsp;Fatma Alyaqoubi ,&nbsp;Amal Al Maani ,&nbsp;Lucille Blumberg ,&nbsp;Adam Zumla ,&nbsp;Rizwan Ahmed ,&nbsp;Unyeong Go ,&nbsp;David S Hui ,&nbsp;Delia Goletti ,&nbsp;Eskild Petersen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100587","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73335,"journal":{"name":"IJID regions","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100587"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A step forward in tuberculosis elimination: implementing migrant latent tuberculosis screening and treatment in Oman","authors":"Fatma M Alyaquobi ,&nbsp;Fatma Alhakamani ,&nbsp;Mohammed Alsabari ,&nbsp;Khalsa Althuhli ,&nbsp;Moza Al AlMahroqi ,&nbsp;Amina Al-Jardani ,&nbsp;Mohammed Al-Yazidi ,&nbsp;Bader Al Rawahi ,&nbsp;Amal Al Maani","doi":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to outline the process of implementation of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) screening among migrants using interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), describe the LTBI treatment protocol and cascade of care, and highlight success factors and challenges.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>This is a description of the process of implementation of screening of TB infection through a medical fitness program for residency, using primary care treatment module and short regimen.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Before 2018, expatriates seeking residency employment in Oman undergo two-step medical fitness examination process that mainly rely on chest X-ray (CXR) before arrival and physical examination after arrival, with 15% random sample repeated. In 2018, Oman implemented CXR screening for all alongside symptom checks. With further surge of TB cases after COVID-19, screening using IGRA was introduced through a medical fitness program in 2024. Those who are IGRA-positive or indeterminate will proceed to CXR with subsequent referral to primary care for short regimen treatment (3 months of daily rifampicin plus isoniazid and pyridoxine) if eligible.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Oman aims to achieve sustainability through establishing an integrated LTBI screening for migrants within the residency medical fitness program using integrated electronic system, highly sensitive test, public private model (under government regulation), and high throughput testing methods. Treatment using a short regimen (3 months of daily rifampicin plus isoniazid) through primary care will improve treatment adherence, improve outcome, and reduce TB incidence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73335,"journal":{"name":"IJID regions","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100614"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives on tuberculosis in migrants, refugees, and displaced populations in Europe","authors":"Rizwan Ahmed ,&nbsp;Adam Zumla ,&nbsp;Elliot Taylor ,&nbsp;Eleni Aklillu ,&nbsp;Guiseppe Ippolito ,&nbsp;Giovanni Satta","doi":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Finding and treating all forms of tuberculosis (TB) (latent, drug-susceptible, drug-resistant, multidrug-resistant, and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis) among migrants, displaced populations, and refugees are important challenges facing TB control programs in Europe. Many of these populations live in poor conditions, with limited access to healthcare and TB services. Ever-increasing armed conflicts in Europe and other parts of the world continue to exacerbate rates of migration to and within Europe, with considerable implications for health services. TB in Europe is more prevalent in migrants from high TB-endemic areas, as well as those with social risk factors, including poverty and poor housing or homelessness. We provide our perspectives on recent data on TB in Europe from the World Health Organization, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, the United Kingdom Health Security Agency, and other 2023-2024 reports. Despite advancements in TB screening and prevention strategies, and treatment regimens including community-based and integrated multi-disease approaches, significant challenges remain. These include variations in national policies, resource limitations, and barriers to accessing healthcare. To help address these challenges, there is a need for clearer guidance through national policies, enhanced surveillance, and proactive community engagement There is also an urgent need for more investment into TB health services in Europe for refugees, migrants, and other displaced populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73335,"journal":{"name":"IJID regions","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100576"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dengue and chikungunya viruses among febrile travelers entering Iran (2015-2021): Evidence of multiple introductions from different countries","authors":"Tahmineh Jalali ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hasan Pouriayevali ,&nbsp;Marzyie Sajadi ,&nbsp;Sepideh Gerdooei ,&nbsp;Tahereh Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Mahsa Tavakoli ,&nbsp;Sahar Khakifirouz ,&nbsp;Laya Farhan Asadi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Sadegh Shamas Nosrati ,&nbsp;Sana Eybpoosh ,&nbsp;Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri","doi":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Recent outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika have underscored the growing threat to public health. This study retrospectively describes the presence of these viruses among febrile travelers entering Iran between 2015 and 2021. Although Iran had no local transmission until 2024, several factors increased the risk of outbreaks, including the presence of mosquito vectors, favorable climate, and inadequate traveler control measures. Climate change and increased humidity have further increased this risk.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A multiplex real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay was used to screen 245 serum samples from febrile travelers, identifying dengue and chikungunya viruses in 13.9% of the travelers.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Dengue was more prevalent (9%) than chikungunya (4.9%), but no Zika infections were detected. Genetic analysis identified three dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-3) and an Asian genotype of chikungunya virus-like strains from the 2017 outbreak in Pakistan. Pakistan was the primary source of chikungunya (100%) and a significant source of dengue (37%). Travelers from Southeast Asia also contributed to the remaining dengue cases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study highlights the risk of importing dengue and chikungunya viruses into Iran, particularly through the land border with Pakistan. The endemicity of these viruses in neighboring countries and high cross-border movement significantly increase the risk of outbreaks in Iran.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73335,"journal":{"name":"IJID regions","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100593"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prevalence of rotavirus infection among Congolese children younger than 5 years hospitalized for gastroenteritis 10 years after introduction of rotavirus vaccination","authors":"Cedeche Lebraiche Durain Mboungou ,&nbsp;Claujens Chastel Mfoutou Mapanguy ,&nbsp;Alain Maxime Mouanga ,&nbsp;Vivaldie Mikounou Louya ,&nbsp;Jeannhey Christevy Vouvoungui ,&nbsp;Raoul Ampa ,&nbsp;Francine Ntoumi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Rotavirus A (RVA) remains the primary cause of acute severe gastroenteritis associated with high rates of childhood hospitalization and mortality worldwide. The prevalence of RVA infection varies within low-income countries. In addition, its genetic diversity may vary among regions and may affect its prevalence. To control the emergence of new strains of RVA circulating in the Republic of Congo, it is essential to know the diversity of both G and P genotypes, which could render the vaccine less effective. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and genotype diversity of RVA strains in children who were hospitalized, whether vaccinated or not. Moreover, the potential risk factors of disease severity are identified.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study was conducted from April 2022 to March 2023. Stool samples were collected from children younger than 5 years, hospitalized in a pediatric ward for acute gastroenteritis, and a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect RVA cases. In parallel, a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerization chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed for RVA detection and genotyping. All samples with ambiguous multiplex RT-PCR results were subjected to sequencing.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 227 children hospitalized were enrolled and tested for RVA infection. Using ELISA and PCR, 59 (26%) and 131 (57.7%) individuals were found to be infected with RVA, respectively. All individuals with a positive ELISA test result were confirmed as RVA-positive by PCR. Of the 98 children with documented histories of RVA vaccination, 60% presented with RVA infection. The occurrence of vomiting on more than three occasions within a 24-hour period and the time between vaccination and sample collection were found to be associated with RVA infection. RVA genotyping revealed six P types (P[4]; P[6]; P[8]; P[9]; P[10]; and P[11]). The predominant genotypes were (P[4] 15.3%; P[6] 13.7%; P[8] 22.1%; P[9] 14.5%). Among the eight G types, the most prevalent were G3 (13.7%), G4 (12.2%), and G1 (6.9%). No specific genotype distribution was discernible as a function of vaccination history.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Compared with the findings of our study before the implementation of rotavirus vaccination, in this report, we observed a roughly 20% decreased prevalence of RVA infection in children hospitalized. The results suggest that in Brazzaville at least, 10 years of rotavirus vaccination in the Republic of Congo have had a substantial effect, despite the reported reduced efficacy of the vaccines in low- and middle-income countries. The findings thus support enhanced efforts to increase coverage through national vaccination programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73335,"journal":{"name":"IJID regions","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100596"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on “Gastrointestinal illness among attendees of the FIFA Football World Cup 2022 in Qatar”","authors":"Hamidreza Zivarifar ,&nbsp;Masoud Keikha","doi":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100613","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73335,"journal":{"name":"IJID regions","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100613"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and characteristics of long COVID among COVID-19 survivors in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Haya M. Almalag ,&nbsp;Njoud Altuwaijri ,&nbsp;Lamya S. Alnaim ,&nbsp;Dareen Alassiri ,&nbsp;Ghaida Alsolaimi ,&nbsp;Sarah Aldakhil ,&nbsp;Noha Al Aloola ,&nbsp;Jawza F. Alsabhan ,&nbsp;Ghada A. Bawazeer ,&nbsp;Lobna Al Juffali ,&nbsp;Hadeel Alkofide ,&nbsp;Rihaf Alfaraj ,&nbsp;Nora Alkhudair ,&nbsp;Raniah Aljadeed ,&nbsp;Rana Aljadeed","doi":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study explores the prevalence, risk factors, and impact of long COVID among COVID-19 survivors in Saudi Arabia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study involving 486 COVID-19 survivors was conducted. Participants were confirmed via polymerase chain reaction testing and enrolled from November 2020 to December 2020.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study found a high prevalence of long COVID symptoms, with 61% of participants reporting persistent symptoms. The prevalence was similar across demographic factors: 43% were aged 18-30 years, 71% were female, and 30% had comorbidities. The most common symptoms included fatigue (56%), breathlessness (47%), loss of smell (44%), and muscle aches (40%), alongside digestive issues, chest pain, headaches, tachycardia, joint pain, and skin problems.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study underscores the significance of understanding long COVID's impact on individuals’ health and quality of life. It highlights the necessity for further research to guide health care strategies and support COVID-19 survivors in Saudi Arabia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73335,"journal":{"name":"IJID regions","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100616"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A retrospective review of group B streptococcus bacteraemia in Western Sydney, Australia from 2011-2023","authors":"Jimmy Shen ,&nbsp;Ravindra Dotel ,&nbsp;Clinton M.G. Colaco","doi":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, management, and outcomes of group B streptococcus (GBS) bacteraemia in a large cohort spanning 13 years.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective study included patients aged 16 years or older with positive GBS blood cultures obtained from four metropolitan hospitals in Western Sydney, Australia, from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2023, inclusive. The case details of these positive cultures were reviewed using electronic medical records.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 344 patients with GBS bacteraemia were included during the 13-year study period. The median age was 65 years, and 50% of the patients were aged 65 years or older. Known risk factors were identified in 83.1% of the patients with cardiac disease, and diabetes mellitus was the most prevalent. Skin and soft tissue infections were the most common primary manifestation (32.0%). Pregnancy-related infections represented a notable proportion of the cases (16.3%). The 7- and 30-day mortality rates were 2.3% and 5.2% respectively, with a higher mortality rate of 9.3% for those aged 65 years or older. Penicillins were the most common antibiotic class used to treat GBS bacteraemia and its resultant manifestations (66.1%).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>GBS bacteraemia most commonly occurs in individuals aged ≥65 years or during pregnancy. While mortality rates are generally low, they are twice as high in those aged ≥65 years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73335,"journal":{"name":"IJID regions","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100610"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143681218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}