Igiene e sanita pubblica最新文献

{"title":"[Routine vaccinations during SARS-CoV-2 epidemics].","authors":"Fabiana Amadori,&nbsp;Elisa Terracciano,&nbsp;Laura Zaratti,&nbsp;Elisabetta Franco","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The circulation of SARS-CoV-2 required the deplacement of resources from routine preventive activities to pandemic-related interventions. The vaccination services have been adapted to the individual territorial realities on the basis of virus circulation and restrictive measures put in place. The reduction of coverage with the consequent accumulation of susceptible subjects increases the risk of vaccine-preventable diseases' epidemics. Catch-up programs and strategies to optimize sessions, such as carrying out co-administrations, are in place on the national territory in order to reduce the risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"76 3","pages":"211-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38561909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The assessment of the sanitation of surfaces and instruments in the context of hospital refection].","authors":"Gianluigi Quaranta,&nbsp;Stefania Bruno,&nbsp;Cinzia Turnaturi,&nbsp;Benedetto Bresa,&nbsp;Alessandro Mandolini,&nbsp;Antonella Boldrin,&nbsp;Filippo Berloco,&nbsp;Andrea Cambieri,&nbsp;Patrizia Laurenti","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Authors present the results of an experience carried out in a University General Hospital, for the assessment of the sanitation of surfaces and instruments in the context of hospital refection. A specific procedure has been quarterly implemented in order to verify the correct execution of the sanitization procedures. In the time-period September 2016 - March 2020 Petri dishes and tampons were used in order to determine the following microbiological parameters and indicators: total bacterial load at 30 degrees C, Coliforms, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and mycetic load. Only 7 out of 82 sanitized surfaces (8.5% of the total) were found to be not complying, only for total bacterial load at 30 degrees C, mycetic load and Coliforms. The systematic application of this procedure and the results of the survey conducted, comforting as a whole, confirm the attention reserved to the hygienic level of surfaces, tools, equipment and utensils, in the context of the centralized catering service of the hospital, in which the Health Department, sharing with the UOC Hospital Hygiene the specific hygienic procedure, has always been at the forefront of the proposal of interventions, considering the increased susceptibility and vulnerability of the hospitalized patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"76 2","pages":"119-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38337239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Vaccines: from the identification of the microorganism to marketing. How long does it take?]","authors":"Elisa Terracciano,&nbsp;Fabiana Amadori,&nbsp;Laura Zaratti,&nbsp;Elisabetta Franco","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of a vaccine, particularly one that can help against the recent pandemic, is a topic that has recently attracted public opinion. More than ninety vaccines are currently being developed against Sars-Cov2 by universities and companies around the world. They are protein-based vaccines, viral vector vaccines, DNA or RNA vaccines and inactivated or attenuated viral vaccines. The development of a vaccine starts from the identification and characterization of the microorganism that causes the disease. The second step is the preclinical phase. Then, there is the phase of clinical experimentation, which allows to study the posology, efficacy and safety of the vaccine, on an increasingly larger sample. In the European Union, vaccines are authorized through two procedures (EU and national) based on the quality, safety and efficacy requirements defined by the European and international guidelines. Timing of realization, authorization and marketing of new vaccines can be shortened in cases of particular need, through an accelerated evaluation known as \"Priority Medicines\". In this period, it is crucial not to neglect current vaccinations. In fact, during the pandemic period, many countries postponed vaccination campaigns against many vaccine-preventable diseases, causing a marked decrease in routine immunizations in childhood.</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"76 2","pages":"143-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38337241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Transmission of Sars-Cov-2 and ventilation of indoor environments. Technical notes and preventive measures].","authors":"Romina Sezzatini,&nbsp;Martina Sapienza,&nbsp;Floriana D'Ambrosio,&nbsp;Umberto Moscato,&nbsp;Patrizia Laurenti","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Knowledge about the new infectious disease COVID-19, which first spread in the city of Wuhan in China, in December 2019, is based on the evidence retrieved from coronaviruses previously known to humans. The main transmission ways of the new SARS-CoV-2 virus are respiratory droplets and direct and close contact with infected individuals and contaminated surfaces. To date, some scientific publications provide initial evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in the air, thus assuming a further route of infection, that airborne, although these results are to be considered preliminary and they need careful interpretation. In support of this hypothesis, ventilation systems, aimed to improve indoor air, could represent an easy way to spread and promote the virus infection especially in hospitals and in all health facilities where the presence of infected individuals is potentially high as well as the possibility of infection by air. Indeed, by generating jets of air at different speeds, they can interfere with the mission of respiratory particles and determine an environmental diffusion of the potentially contaminating droplet. Therefore, ventilation systems could provide a potential transmission channel for the viral load able to spread out in indoor air. Nonetheless, good management, technical and operational practices may lead to a low risk of contagion, both in community and health environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"76 2","pages":"107-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38337238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La Sanità pubblica di precisione.","authors":"Armando Muzzi,&nbsp;Augusto Panà","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"76 2","pages":"69-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38337237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Tuberculosis: an ever present disease but difficult to prevent].","authors":"Elisa Terracciano,&nbsp;Fabiana Amadori,&nbsp;Laura Zaratti,&nbsp;Elisabetta Franco","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious and contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, commonly called Koch's bacillus. TB is spread by air and is present all over the world. Not everyone who become infected develop the disease; the immune system can cope with the infection and the bacterium can remain dormant for years. Despite advances in therapy and prevention, TB remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Over 9 million new cases and over 1 million deaths occur each year. Since 1921 BCG has been the only authorized vaccine. More than ten experimental vaccines are currently in different stages of development. Depending on the type, they are divided into vaccines consisting of: live attenuated, inactivated mycobacteria and subunits. According to their purpose they can be divided in: vaccines aimed at preventing infection, vaccines aimed at preventing disease, vaccines aimed at preventing recurrence and therapeutic vaccines. Hopefully, these numerous attempts to develop new vaccination approaches will lead to obtain products with greater immunogenicity and efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"76 1","pages":"59-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38157572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Integrated and structured clinical networks. A new model of pro-active management of chronicity and sustainability].","authors":"Enrico Desideri,&nbsp;Dario Grisillo,&nbsp;Marzia Sandroni","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The population ageing and the increase of the prevalence of chronicity and multimorbidity, require a multi-dimensional and long-term care system, overcaming the current vision \"hospital-centered\" toword a structured model, able to network services. The new organisational systemic model, named \"Integrated and Structured Clinical Network\", developed by a experimentation conducted in an Local Health Unit, in Tuscany, has highlighted very relevant results both for the health of the citizens taken in care, redusing the need for hospitalization, the demand for heavy diagnostics (and waiting times ), the access to the Emergency Room and the final costs of care pathways, largely the result of avoidable hospitalization! The project has been developed with the purpose of create a proactive medicine model to managing chronicity, complexity and fragility, in accordance with aims of \"Population health management\" and with Chronicity National Plan. The organizzational requirements of this new chronicity management model are rappresented by: - Estabilishment of multi-professional team - Multi-dimensional evaluation of clinical and social assistance needs - For each patient, definition of personalized \"pro-active\" PDTAs - Identification, in every AFT (Territorial Functional Aggregation ), of \"expert\" general practioners and provision of first-level diagnostic technologies - Identification of reference specialists - Structured reorganization of \"Community of Practice\" between primary care physicians and referral specialists - Design of an enabling information system to exchange of socio-health data and for the teleconsultation, telemedicine, remote control.</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"76 1","pages":"19-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38157570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La Salute in Italia: la somma delle sue parti?","authors":"Armando Muzzi,&nbsp;Augusto Panà","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"76 1","pages":"3-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38162596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[ClinicFolder a web application in Long term Care].","authors":"Abderrahim Madyouf,&nbsp;Olga Guastella","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ClinicFolder is a multilingual web application that facilitates communication and follow-up between health workers and assisted through Tele assistance, video consultation, and sending e-mails. Allows home surveillance thanks to the integration of special low-cost self-analysis medical devices to maximize the prevention and effectiveness of clinical intervention in Long Term Care. A system that, applied on a large scale, will contribute to the reduction of hospital admissions and medical expenses, improving the quality of life of its users, allowing assisted patients, doctors and participating health structures to collect and organize in a guided, simple and inviolable way, thanks to the use of advanced cryptography systems, the citizen's clinical history: from the physiological, family, work history to all specialist examinations, from diagnostic reports to the periodic check of vital parameters (pressure, temperature, heart rate, saturation ), blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides, with automatic calculation of the cardiovascular risk factor index and BMI, etc. also with graphic display of the data and with the possibility of integrating medical devices for the automatic acquisition of the parameters and for monitoring the patient in his own environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"76 1","pages":"9-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38157568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Antimicrobial resistance: it is a global crisis, \"a slow tsunami\"].","authors":"Claudio Capozzi,&nbsp;Massimo Maurici,&nbsp;Augusto Panà","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the phenomenon whereby a microorganism (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites) is resistant to an antimicrobial, previously effective for the treatment of infections generated by it. Although the emergence of AMR is a natural phenomenon, the lack of implementation of infection prevention and control hygiene measures and the excessive and inappropriate use of antimicrobials are among the causes linked to an accelerated appearance and spread of microorganisms resistant to their action, with a consequent loss of efficacy of the treatments and serious risks for public health. Antimicrobial resistant organisms are found in people, food, animals, plants and the environment and can spread among different ecosystems in a global way without respecting geographical borders. Antimicrobial resistance is therefore a global public health problem that requires a global solution. Without proper control and action, AMR will result in enormous human and economic costs. Currently, according to the most recent data available, it is estimated that the AMR is responsible for around 700 thousand deaths worldwide per year (including 230 thousand deaths from multidrug-resistant tuberculosis) and of the 33 thousand deaths that occur in Europe about 11 thousand concern our country, especially for infections contracted in hospital. In the next 35 years, in the absence of measures, it is assumed that worldwide there will be about 300 million people who died prematurely (10 million deaths per year until 2050) with a loss of 100 thousand billion dollars of economic production; in high-income countries it is estimated that between 2015 and 2050 about 2.4 million people could die in the absence of sustained contrast measures over time. The World Health Organization has stated that AMR represents one of the top ten threats to public health worldwide, as it compromises our ability to treat even minor infections, seriously jeopardizes surgical procedures and other advanced medical interventions such as chemotherapy and transplants and more generally endangers the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to human health and indirectly also the progress of the SDGs aimed at reducing poverty and inequality. We all have a role to play in the fight against AMR, a coordinated effort to address this threat to our health, to our economies is essential: lives around the world depend on this commitment.</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"75 6","pages":"429-450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37797399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}