Igiene e sanita pubblica最新文献

{"title":"[Radon exposure: also in this case it is better to open the window].","authors":"M Del Gaudio,&nbsp;A Lauro,&nbsp;P Marino","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although many areas of the Italian territory are of volcanic origin, there is not much attention to the prevention of risks due to exposure to Radon gas. This gas is produced during the decay of uranium present in volcanic rocks and, if inhaled, its further decay produces radioactive radiation responsible for damage to lung tissues. It is estimated that these radiations are responsible for 10% of lung cancers. In conditions of poor air exchange, the concentration of Radon gas can easily reach high concentrations, particularly in underground rooms or on the ground floor that are in direct contact with the ground. In these territories, the designers of new buildings do not always consider this risk and the population is also poorly informed on the behavior to be adopted for prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"80 6","pages":"693-702"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39765440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L’ossimoro delle “Malattie rare” può diventare un problema di Sanità pubblica?","authors":"Armando Muzzi,&nbsp;Augusto Panà","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>La recente approvazione del testo unico sulle malattie rare da parte dei due rami del Parlamento (Disposizioni per la cura delle malattie rare e per il sostegno della ricerca e della produzione dei farmaci orfani) richiama l'attenzione degli operatori di Sanità pubblica su una materia vasta e disomogenea come la ricerca, la diagnosi e il trattamento delle malattie rare. La disponibilità di un testo di legge, anche se devono seguire i decreti attuativi per rispondere alle necessità concrete dei malati e delle loro famiglie, è comunque uno strumento essenziale nella \"cassetta degli attrezzi\" degli operatori in quanto «dai documenti storici più antichi a quelli contemporanei si hanno prove del ricorso ad atti normativi non solo nei momenti di emergenza (gestione delle epidemie) ma anche nell'organizzazione e il controllo della vita quotidiana sempre in nome e per conto della salute collettiva» (Editoriale. La normazione, lo strumento cardine di Sanità pubblica. Igiene e Sanità Pubblica 2020; 76: 284-286).</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"79 5","pages":"580-591"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39823172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Community Medicine revival. Community Medicine (revised and corrected)].","authors":"Armando Muzzi,&nbsp;Augusto Panà","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A &quot;la Scienza e l'Arte di prevenire le malattie, di prolungare la vita e di promuovere la salute attraverso gli sforzi organizzati della società&quot; sono stati attribuiti molti nomi, variamente associati tra loro: Sanità pubblica, termine onnicomprensivo della multidisciplinarietà della materia, ma anche Igiene, Medicina preventiva, Medicina sociale, Medicina di comunità a seconda del prevalente campo di attività messo in atto. L'inserimento della dimensione comunitaria nella teoria e nella pratica della Medicina richiede però la definizione di comunità, il coinvolgimento nell'azione di tutela della salute (promozione, conservazione e recupero), la localizzazione territoriale (dove la gente vive e lavora), la disponibilità di risorse finalizzate e così via. Una esigenza quanto mai necessaria specialmente ora che l'ormai &quot;mitico&quot; Recovery Plan - ovvero Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (PNRR) - cita ripetutamente la&quot;Comunità&quot; facendone un elemento di rilievo dell'azione progettuale. Uno degli interventi previsti è infatti la realizzazione entro il 2026 di 1.288 Case della Comunità. Queste sono ideate come strutture sanitarie, promotrici di un modello di intervento multidisciplinare, nonché luoghi privilegiati per la progettazione di interventi di carattere sociale e di integrazione sociosanitaria esprimendo una nuova modalità di presa in carico delle persone e delle comunità per prevenire le malattie, prolungare la vita e promuovere la salute. Ne consegue che la sede della Casa della Comunità deve essere visibile e facilmente accessibile per la comunità di riferimento (struttura di prossimità) perché è il luogo dove il cittadino può trovare una risposta adeguata alle più diverse esigenze sanitarie o sociosanitarie. La soluzione organizzativa raccomandata (in informatica &quot;hub & spoke&quot;) prevede un elemento centrale di una rete per le cure primarie e per i supporti sociali e assistenziali, proponendosi come luogo di offerta, ma contestualmente come luogo di relazione e di attenzione a tutte le dimensioni di vita della persona e della comunità.</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"80 6","pages":"660-665"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39750944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Quadrivalent conjugate vaccines against ACWY meningococcal disease].","authors":"I Iovene,&nbsp;S Igidbashian,&nbsp;E Franco","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is caused by 6 serogroups of the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (A, B, C, W, X and Y). It is among the most serious vaccine preventable infectious diseases, characterized by a high case-fatality rate and risk of permanent sequelae. Worldwide, the incidence of IMD is generally low with differences among regions and age groups. The risk increases in overcrowded conditions or in case of travel to endemic areas. The first vaccines produced using polysaccharide capsular antigens have demonstrated a good protective efficacy, but of short lenght. The conjugation of antigens with proteins allowed to obtain a longlasting antibody response towards 4 serogroups: A, C, W, Y. Currently four ACWY quadrivalent conjugate vaccines are available, three of them approved in Europe, which have shown high immunogenicity and safety. In 2020 the MenACYW-TT vaccine conjugated to tetanus toxoid was approved in the USA and it is presently authorized in Europe for the immunization of individuals from 12 months of age. Clinical studies have demonstrated immunogenicity and safety on population samples belonging to different age groups and non-inferiority in comparing it with other vaccines already in use. The possibility of having an increasing number of safe, immunogenic and effective vaccines against IMD allows us to imagine a future without invasive meningococcal disease. It is therefore important to extend vaccination to an increasing number of subjects of different age groups and risk conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"79 5","pages":"625-638"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39823174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[What factors contributed to the higher incidence rate of in-hospital falls at the time of Covid 19? A paradigm shift?]","authors":"S Amato,&nbsp;A M Lombardi,&nbsp;C Fioravanti,&nbsp;V Gherlo,&nbsp;M Salvagni,&nbsp;M Cerimele","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has put a strain on all health systems as there has been a growing rapidity in the demand for health care from COVID 19 positive patients in hospitals around the world. With the intensification of the pandemic, determining in real time the consequent needs for health resources (beds, personnel, equipment) has in fact become the fundamental priority for many countries to ensure health services consistent with the health needs expressed by the population. In Italy, the demand has often been satisfied with the conversion of existing beds and the remodeling of the healthcare offer or where the available resources allow it also with the opening of new beds dedicated to pandemic assistance. This work analyzes the falls detected at the time of COVID in patients and hospitalized in direct hospital beds (600 beds) of a Local Health Authority of Lazio (ASL ROMA 2). Although the data on the incidence of falls recorded in the three centers were equal to 2.21 every 1000 days of beds occupied and that the data recorded are lower than those reported in the literature, it is also true that the increase in average hospital stay and the reduction in the rotation rate of beds had an impact on the still low occupancy rates compared to the literature data.The COVID-19 pandemic has put a strain on all health systems as there has been a growing rapidity in the demand for health care from COVID 19 positive patients in hospitals around the world. With the intensification of the pandemic, determining in real time the consequent needs for health resources (beds, personnel, equipment) has in fact become the fundamental priority for many countries to ensure health services consistent with the health needs expressed by the population. In Italy, the demand has often been satisfied with the conversion of existing beds and the remodeling of the healthcare offer or where the available resources allow it also with the opening of new beds dedicated to pandemic assistance. This work analyzes the falls detected at the time of COVID in patients and hospitalized in direct hospital beds (600 beds) of a Local Health Authority of Lazio (ASL ROMA 2). Although the data on the incidence of falls recorded in the three centers were equal to 2.21 every 1000 days of beds occupied and that the data recorded are lower than those reported in the literature, it is also true that the increase in average hospital stay and the reduction in the rotation rate of beds had an impact on the still low occupancy rates compared to the literature data. In fact, the scientific literature shows that in England and Wales, whose national health service is very similar to the Italian one, the falls of patients in hospitals with optimal bed occupancy rates and optimal average hospitalization rates (equal to 4.5 days in general medicine, 3.5 days in general surgery, 3 days in orthopedics) represent the first sentinel event in terms of incidence and frequency, albeit with a very variable dam","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"80 6","pages":"666-675"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39750945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abitudini, stili di vita e socialità: una cluster analysis di studenti universitari italiani.","authors":"S Giampaoli,&nbsp;F R Lenzi,&nbsp;G Parente,&nbsp;V G Frajese,&nbsp;A Tessitore","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The analysis of health determinants in the student population can be useful in raising awareness on safe living conditions in new generations. The selection of specific biomedical markers, like advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and the analysis of social behaviors can support lifestyle choices evaluation. A questionnaire, containing an anamnestic section, a physical activity evaluation section, and a sociological section, was administered to a total of 110 students from two Italian universities, selected from the Faculty of Science of Movement and from the Faculty of Medicine. In addition, all subjects recruited in this study underwent to an AGEs accumulation assessment through skin autofluorescence. A non-hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on the collected data allowed the identification of two group of students: group 1 mainly consisted of male subjects from the Faculty of Science of Movement, characterized by an active lifestyle and a rather detached affective family condition; group 2 largely consisted of female subjects from the Faculty of Medicine, more sedentary and with stable relationships. The data analysis confirmed the correlation between low AGEs levels and healthy lifestyles, but at the same time underlined divergences between students from different Faculties.</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"79 5","pages":"591-604"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39823175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The management of confirmed cases of Covid-19 infection in schools: the experience of the prevention Department of the Azienda Sanitaria Friuli occidentale in the Pordenone area].","authors":"G Candela,&nbsp;F Del Bianco,&nbsp;A Lo Giudice,&nbsp;C Bolzonello,&nbsp;L Bomben,&nbsp;C Sumelli,&nbsp;E Biasotto,&nbsp;S Pilan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The SARS-Cov-2 pandemic that exploded in 2020 resulted in an exceptional school closure involving at least 188 countries worldwide, leaving more than 90% of children at home. This event excluded children and teenagers from the opportunity to learn, socialize, experiment and increased early school leaving. In light of these premises, during the summer months of 2020 the Azienda sanitaria Friuli Occidentale (AsFO) decided to set up a working group to accompany schools in the prevention and containment of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in the course of the school year 2020-21, with the aim of guaranteeing the right to study and favoring teaching activities in presence in the highest conditions of health and safety. The school reality of the Pordenone area is made up of 40 Comprehensive Institutes for a total of about 206 school complexes of all levels (public, equal and private). In total, the local school population is about 33,000 pupils and 4,000 units of school staff (teachers, ATA, etc ...). The activities of the Schools Group were analyzed by monitoring all interventions with carrying out rapid antigen tests at school and by assessing the incidence of infections within schools. From September 2020 to June 2021, the AsFO Schools Group participated in about 35 teaching colleges and more than 10 dedicated meetings with the families of school pupils of all levels. In total, 170 interventions with rapid antigen tests were carried out at school, involving all the schools in the Pordenone area and a total of 206 classes. During the interventions at school, a total of 6,370 rapid antigen tests were carried out, of which 70% concerned pupils (4,458 total tests) and 30% concerned school staff (1,912 total tests). The antigen tests carried out at school found 173 total positivity (equal to 3% of all tests carried out at school). Out of 173 positives found, 121 are students (70% of the total) and 52 are school staff (30% of the total). During the observation period, the results of the interventions with rapid antigen tests carried out at school led to the continuation of the teaching activity in the presence (with respect to the hygiene and behavioral measures defined by the DP) in 69% of cases (118 interventions). In 9% of cases (15 interventions) the &quot;cross&quot; quarantine was carried out, while in 17% of cases (29 interventions) the quarantine was established for the entire class / section. In 7 circumstances, following the intervention at school, quarantine was established for several classes. Only in 4 circumstances was the institution of quarantine for all school staff, a situation that led to the interruption of all educational activities for the quarantine period.</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"79 5","pages":"605-624"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39823173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L'emergenza COVID-19 nell'ottica del finanziamento del Servizio Sanitario Nazionale: analisi e proposte.","authors":"L Bartolucci,&nbsp;M C Nurchis,&nbsp;G Damiani,&nbsp;P Laurenti","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic crisis has strongly stressed national health systems and resulted in a global economic crisis. This paper aims to frame and evaluate the funding disbursed and the costs incurred by the National Health Service, in relation to the COVID-19 emergency. It also intends to assess current monetary policies. It aims also to suggest and provide proposals in the context of strengthening the NHS. A narrative review of the grey literature was conducted querying OpenGray, WONDER e Pro-quest's Digital Dissertations e Conference Papers Index and the major institutional websites. The ALTEMS COVID-19 Instant Reports and reports published by regional, national and European institutional bodies were used as main information sources. The discussion begins with the presentation of the economic-health and epidemiological situation, and ends with the proposal of possible initiatives aimed at economic and financial reinforcement of the NHS.</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"78 4","pages":"526-544"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39418386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Insecticide-Treated Net Use In Sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis].","authors":"E Defo Tamgnoa,&nbsp;G Nguefack-Tsaguec,&nbsp;A Tiotsa Tsapib,&nbsp;E Zogning Makemjiob,&nbsp;O Ethgena,&nbsp;M Sanou Sobzef","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Countries in sub-Saharan Africa remain the most affected by malaria, with nearly 93% of cases and 94% of deaths in 2018 according to the World Health Organization (WHO). According to the WHO, in order to significantly reduce malaria- related incidence and mortality, at least 80% of the population should be covered with insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs). Hence our objective which was on the one hand to determine the rates in terms of possession and use of ITNs in countries located in Sub- Saharan Africa between January 2015 and January 2020, and to determine the impact of the use of ITNs on the probability of being infected with malaria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To achieve our goal, we conducted a systematic literature review followed by a meta-analysis. The article search was done in the Scopus, Medline via Ovid, BioRxiv, MedRxiv, Google and Google scholar databases. Data extracted from articles included in the meta-analysis were represented as P-value, Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We obtained 693 article references published between 2015 and 2020, of which 54 were used in our work. Of these articles, 20 were used to analyze association between ITNs use and the probability of being infected with malaria. We noted an average rate in terms of possession of 75.8%±15.2 and in terms of use of 58.3%±18. This represents a gap of approximately 43.1%±19.2. Many factors was significantly associated with this level of use. These included the wealth quintile, the number of children under 5 in the household, the education level of the head of the household, and the knowledge that sleeping under a mosquito net protects against malaria. Finally, we determined, basis on the meta-analysis, that ITNs use is significantly associated (OR=0.53; 95%CI=[0.45-0.62]) with a decrease in the probability of being infected with malaria.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study highlight the huge gap between ITN ownership and use. It is therefore important to increase information and awareness campaigns on the importance of ITNs use against malaria in communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"78 4","pages":"564-582"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39418326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Unfinished Nursing Care and their consequences as perceived by nurses: a descriptive qualitative study].","authors":"S Chiappinotto,&nbsp;A Coppe,&nbsp;A Palese","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unfinished Nursing Care, which expresses the nursing care planned but not delivered or delivered late, is a phenomenon of growing interest in recent years resulting in several conceptual frameworks, each of which has defined what are the consequences of the phenomenon. However, outcomes established to date have not been re-assessed over time and from different perspectives, including also the nurse managers and directors. The aim of the study was to describe the consequences of Unfinished Nursing Care in daily practice as perceived by clinical nurses, nurse managers and directors. A descriptive qualitative study based on interviews was conducted in 2021; data has been analyzed through content analysis, and reported here in accordance with the Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) guidelines. The consequences of Unfinished Nursing Care have been set at three levels: outcomes for the nurse (increased frustration, anxiety, helplessness, work overtime), outcomes for the patient (increased risk of infections related to care practices, bed rest syndrome; loss of independence and quality of life, disorientation; increase episodes of in undefined care pathways, aggression towards staff, decrease in compliance and increased the length of in-hospital stay) and outcomes affecting the relationship with family caregivers (difficulties in the relationship, disappointment, increased risk of complaints).</p>","PeriodicalId":73329,"journal":{"name":"Igiene e sanita pubblica","volume":"78 4","pages":"545-563"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39418388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}