IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Top Electrode Rotation in Frequency of Laterally Coupled HBAR","authors":"Huayanay Einstein;Martin Gilles;Soumann Valérie;Richard Thomas;Baron Thomas;Candelier Vincent","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3726879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3726879","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an innovative method of frequency shift of high overtone bulk acoustic resonator (HBAR) is experimentally presented. A composite resonator fabricated with LiNbO3 on quartz allows to demonstrate the principle of frequency shift by rotating top electrode of laterally coupled HBAR resonator. We can adjust the desired frequency by selecting the effective top electrode rotation ‘r’. It also shows that the low temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) of –5ppm/K is not affected by the gap rotation.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"6 ","pages":"236-241"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11667012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148928315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 2D Adaptive Ultrasound Tracking Algorithm of Large-Amplitude Shear Waves: Applications to Porcine Brain Motion and Validation With Fullwave Simulations","authors":"Sandhya Chandrasekaran;Francisco Santibanez;Ruth Vorder Bruegge;Gianmarco Pinton","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3689775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3689775","url":null,"abstract":"Shear shock waves are formed in soft solids such as the brain when subjected to large amplitude shear impacts. Shear shock wave formation in the brain has been previously imaged by us from high frame-rate ultrasound images using our custom Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC)-based adaptive tracking algorithm. Here we present the 2D version of the adaptive algorithm which is capable of tracking 2D shear wave motion in a brain-like soft solid, using only 1D ultrasound Radio Frequency (RF) data. First, the proposed algorithm is validated to track 2D displacements smaller than the pixel-size using a finite-difference ultrasound simulation tool (“Fullwave”). Further, it is shown that the proposed algorithm is capable of tracking motion orthogonal to the ultrasound RF and provides evidence of the simultaneous formation of shear shock waves in 2 dimensions in a soft solid phantom, even under a uniaxial shear excitation. Finally, shear shock waves in the high noise environment of the in situ porcine brain are tracked using the proposed 2D tracking algorithm.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"6 ","pages":"144-155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11503292","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148003659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Algorithms for Mapping Elastic Modulus (aMEM) Challenge","authors":"J. Civale;T. Meyer;J. C. Bamber;M. Palmeri;M. W. Urban;H. Tzschätzsch;E. J. Harris","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3724826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3724826","url":null,"abstract":"Elastographic imaging is a powerful imaging technique that offers non-invasive estimation of the biomechanical properties of tissues. Ultrasound elastography methods have developed over the years, and this continues to be an active area of research in both clinical and preclinical domains where the main aims are to improve the detection and diagnosis of disease, but also to help understand the underlying mechanobiological mechanisms that promote disease. The Algorithms for Mapping Elastic Modulus (aMEM) elastography Challenge aimed to challenge the research community to process shear wave data obtained using ultrasound imaging to produce the best possible elastograms (maps of shear wave speed). Experimental imaging data obtained in phantoms, details on how the data were obtained and evaluation criteria was made available to research groups. The Challenge was organised in two categories: (i) acoustic radiation force impulse generated by the imaging probe, and (ii) harmonic vibrations generated by an external shaker. Participants were asked to submit elastograms, which were quantitatively analysed for background homogeneity (standard deviation in shear wave speed values), contrast-to-noise ratio, and accuracy in defining inclusion boundaries and location, for one soft and one hard inclusion (relative to background). The Challenge attracted entries from 16 research groups, particularly for the radiation force method, where a wide variety of methods were submitted, including deep learning approaches. The range of values obtained for homogeneity (0.05–0.76 for ARF, 0.08–0.9 m/s for harmonic), CNR (0.16–4.45, 0.3–4.28), inclusion edge resolution (2.65–9.14, 3.61–11.35 mm) and precision (0.26–5.54, 0.22–3.23 mm) evaluation metrics were found to vary greatly when excluding outliers. No individual method was found to stand out as clearly superior, with the best performing algorithms representing a variety of methods that included deep learning approaches. Results of the Challenge, including presentation of winners for each category, were presented at the workshop held at the joint IEEE-IUS Conference in Taipei, Taiwan. In addition to discussion of the various results, here, we also discuss fundamental questions and practical issues around running a challenge of this type.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"6 ","pages":"213-225"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11658712","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonic Evaluation of an Equine Leg With Small Bucked Shin Using a Heterogeneous Digital Model","authors":"Takamitsu Maeda;Shouta Kitajima;Mami Matsukawa;Ko Chiba;Hiroshi Mita;Norihisa Tamura","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3731914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3731914","url":null,"abstract":"The current medical techniques used for diagnosing bone diseases of a thoroughbred are not cost effective and not suitable for the screening in the breeding fields. Therefore, focusing on the common bucked shin in the leg bone of a thoroughbred, this study was aimed at developing a portable, safe, and inexpensive system for ranchers instead of conventional palpation screening. Thus, a simple pulse reflection technique with only one transducer system was developed using a bone digital model and wave propagation simulation. The 2D bone mineral density data obtained by an X-ray computer tomography (CT) system and the experimentally observed longitudinal wave velocities were used to fabricate a 2D heterogeneous elastic model (radial-tangential cross section) with a voxel size of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$61~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m, considering the uniaxial character. The elastic finite difference time domain (FDTD) method was applied to simulate the ultrasonic wave propagation, and small surface irregularity due to the bucked shin was successfully detected by the reflection measurements. By changing the material properties of the model, a clear effect of bone mass density on the wave propagation was also observed. This technique is expected to help screening of the initial symptoms of the bucked shin and save animal lives, which is significant for animal welfare.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"6 ","pages":"248-253"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11701671","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ARFI-Guided Focal Localization and In Vivo Application of Focused Ultrasound for Splenic Modulation in Mice","authors":"Jixin Xia;Shannon E. Martello;Jiro Kusunose;Sofia N. Luna;Marjan Rafat;Charles F. Caskey","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3733749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3733749","url":null,"abstract":"Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a promising noninvasive approach for engaging peripheral neuroimmune pathways, but small target structures and motion during therapy can make it difficult to confirm that the acoustic focus is delivered to the intended location. To address this challenge, we developed an integrated imaging–therapy platform and implemented ultrasound displacement imaging (acoustic radiation force imaging, ARFI) for direct focal localization. The system combines a 1.5 MHz therapeutic phased array with a 15 MHz imaging probe for real-time anatomical guidance. Using an element subset optimized for radiation force, ARFI enabled visualization of the therapeutic focus and achieved sub-millimeter localization accuracy in vitro and in vivo. In a separate cohort using a randomized element configuration, we applied FUS in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mouse model and observed trends toward reduced splenic TNF-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> levels. Together, these results demonstrate the feasibility of ARFI-based focal confirmation in small-animal spleen targeting and show that the same integrated platform can deliver biologically meaningful neuromodulation, providing a foundation for future ARFI-guided closed-loop studies.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"6 ","pages":"254-264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11690945","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149131221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Transient Control Strategies for Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Transducers","authors":"Jan H. Dörsam;Sven Suppelt;Carsten Kleber;Alexander A. Altmann;Yannick Schrödel;Daniel Schmitt;Toni Schmitt;Christoph Haugwitz;Sonja Wismath;Sören Soennecken;Christoph M. Heyl;Mario Kupnik","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3673287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3673287","url":null,"abstract":"Optimizing the transient response of air-coupled ultrasonic transducers is essential for applications such as ultrasonic welding, non-destructive testing, acoustic levitation, and emerging fields like gas-phase sono-photonics, where fast activation and deactivation directly improve process efficiency, modulation speed, and overall system performance. While transient response optimization is also relevant for pulse-echo-based systems in imaging, sensing and time-of-flight (ToF) ranging/positioning, the methods presented in this work address a critical bottleneck in industrial and scientific settings, where the transducer’s mechanical response often limits system speed rather than front-end electronics. In this work, we minimize both the activation and deactivation times of such transducers by implementing voltage boosting and resistive damping. We derive analytical solutions using the 4-element Butterworth-Van Dyke model, enabling accurate predictions of transient behavior during both activation and deactivation. Activation transients are captured by fully analytical expressions, while deactivation is treated semi-analytically: symbolic eigenvalue formulas are derived and then evaluated numerically. Activation time is minimized by applying a boost voltage, reducing it by up to 91.94%. A metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) relay is incorporated into the model, allowing electrical disconnection of the load and enabling the transducer to deactivate under open-circuit conditions. Deactivation time is reduced by up to 98.44% using a parallel resistor matched to each transducer. These solutions are validated through experimental measurements on multiple transducers (28 kHz to 490 kHz), and the results show strong agreement between our predictions and measured data, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed optimization strategies. To support direct adoption in both research and industrial environments, we provide an open-source Python framework implementing these methods.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"6 ","pages":"68-79"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11432882","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147557996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Airborne Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers in Pitch–Catch Mode: Modeling and Characterization of the Measurement Chain","authors":"Yilihamu Abudujiasuer;Etienne Lemaire;Flavien Barcella;Isabelle Dufour;Dominique Certon","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3680024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3680024","url":null,"abstract":"Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUTs) feature broadband operation as well as high sensitivity, showing promise for applications such as pressure sensing, ultrasonic imaging, and wireless power transfer. Although widely used in medical and underwater settings, CMUTs are also well-suited to air-coupled operation. As an illustrative example, CMUT-based gas detection can be achieved by monitoring ultrasonic properties of the medium (acoustic velocity and attenuation). This paper focuses on a modeling approach for a complete CMUT-based airborne pitch-catch measurement, across a wide frequency range from 0.5 MHz to 5 MHz. A lumped-element equivalent circuit of the CMUT array is used for transducer modeling, with parameters extracted experimentally from electrical impedance measurements and interferometric displacement analysis. Acoustic pressure propagation in air is simulated using Field II in MATLAB, incorporating frequency-dependent air attenuation (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$approx ~100$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Np/m at 2.5 MHz) obtained from dedicated experiments. The performance of three preamplifier types (voltage, charge, and transimpedance) is evaluated at a 6 mm separation distance between the transmitter and receiver. For a 2.5 MHz-centered excitation signal with an amplitude of 10 V and biased at 45 V, the measured and simulated output amplitudes reach approximately 30 dBmV with a voltage amplifier, 35 dBmV with a transimpedance amplifier, and 40 dBmV with a charge amplifier. The simulations agree well with the experimental results, confirming reliable and predictable ultrasonic sensing in air using CMUTs and paving the way for future work, such as gas-sensing modeling.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"6 ","pages":"94-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11471832","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency-Dependent F-Numbers Suppress Grating Lobes and Improve Both the Signal-to-Noise Ratio and the Lateral Resolution in Synthetic Aperture Imaging","authors":"Martin F. Schiffner","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3677737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3677737","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic aperture imaging is a fast imaging method that uses dynamic focusing in both transmit and receive to improve the contrast and the lateral resolution. The usage of linear transducer arrays, however, limits the achievable image quality. Such arrays violate the sampling theorem and require the delay-and-sum algorithm, which governs the dynamic focusing, to suppress interference due to unwanted grating lobes. A standard technique, called “dynamic aperture,” widens the aperture with the focal length as a function of a given F-number. Fixed F-numbers, however, result in suboptimal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and lateral resolution. Herein, frequency dependence of the F-number is incorporated into the dynamic focusing to adjust the aperture width for each frequency and, thus, improve both the SNR and the lateral resolution. Frequency-dependent F-numbers are proposed. These F-numbers maximize the lateral resolution while optimizing the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio. Experiments confirmed that the proposed F-numbers not only remove grating lobe artifacts and improve the contrast to a similar extent as fixed F-numbers but also improve the SNR and the lateral resolution by 2.7 dB and 21.1%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"6 ","pages":"90-93"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11456580","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive Thermal Compensation of Silicon Resonators Through Modal Engineering","authors":"Amirmohammad Zare;Azadeh Jafari;Abid Ali;Ashudeep;Behraad Bahreyni","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3681525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3681525","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an insight-driven design approach for improving the thermal stability of silicon MEMS resonators by linking temperature-dependent material properties with geometry-controlled modal behavior. Rather than treating temperature coefficients of frequency (TCFs) as aggregate fitting parameters, the approach interprets frequency drift through the relative contributions of individual elastic compliance constants, providing physical intuition for resonator design. Elastic and compliance properties were experimentally extracted from ultra-highly doped silicon (n-type, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$9.33times 10^{19}{,}mathrm {cm}^{-3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) wafers and incorporated into simulations to guide the development of pseudo-Lamé (PL) resonators with reduced temperature sensitivity. Carefully selected geometric modifications redistribute modal participation of compliance constants, enabling passive thermal compensation without additional fabrication complexity. Fabricated devices characterized from −20°C to 70°C achieved a first-order temperature coefficient of −0.39 ppm/°C, a second-order coefficient of −7.3 ppb/°C2, and a total frequency deviation of 38 ppm. These results demonstrate that physically informed design can produce low-cost, thermally stable resonator candidates suitable for precision timing applications in next-generation MEMS oscillators while maintaining simple fabrication and compact device architecture.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"6 ","pages":"112-121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11475825","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147696757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acoustic 3-D Printing of High-Melting-Point Polymers","authors":"Mikko Koskenniemi;Joel Jääskeläinen;Martin Weber;Edward Hæggström;Ari Salmi","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3673761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2026.3673761","url":null,"abstract":"Acoustic 3D printing, A3P, uses focused acoustic energy to locally melt or cure materials, however adoption has been limited by the niche materials used so far. We previously showed the first A3P of a thermoplastic by mixing polycaprolactone powder with water (coupling liquid) to displace trapped air and allow ultrasound transmission. Here, we demonstrate A3P of high-melting-point thermoplastics, polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). To achieve this, we use a transducer consisting of a flat PZT disc attached to a focusing aluminium lens for efficient heat dissipation and higher acoustic output, replacing the earlier bowl type focusing element. Replacing water with high-boiling-point polar coupling liquids, namely propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400), and glycerol, enables operation up to at least 150 °C. PEG-400 yields the most rigid PLA prints and the fastest print times, whereas PG is the most compatible with TPU. We printed the first mechanically functional print made with A3P, a TPU cable tie. These results expand the material set of A3P to widely used 3D printing polymers, putting A3P one step closer to widespread adoption.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"6 ","pages":"64-67"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11434848","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147557994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}