IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society最新文献

{"title":"Revolutionizing 6G: Experimental Validation of an Optical Integrated Communication, Sensing, and Power Transfer System","authors":"Tiantian Chu;Jia Ye;Chen Chen;Xinyue Guo;Zhihong Zeng;Shuaishuai Guo;Harald Haas;Mohamed-Slim Alouini","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3608091","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3608091","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of communication network architectures is steering towards more sustainable, flexible, and lightweight designs, particularly with the advent of sixth-generation (6G) mobile communications. Spectrum-rich optical integrated systems are anticipated to play a crucial role in this transformation, offering significant advantages such as high data rates, reduced interference, and improved energy efficiency. This paper introduces and experimentally demonstrates a novel optical integrated communication, sensing, and power transfer (O-ICSPT) system. The proposed system integrates optical wireless communication, sensing, and wireless power transfer into a multifunctional framework, addressing the limitations of existing systems in terms of flexibility and resource utilization. The experimental setup investigates the effects of bias current, peak-to-peak voltage, and light source wavelength on the performance of each functional module. Experimental results indicate that the O-ICSPT system achieves a maximum data rate of approximately 632.58 Mbps, a best ranging root mean square error approaching 0 m, and a peak energy harvesting capability of about 10.02 mW. These findings underscore the potential of the O-ICSPT system in future 6G integrated communication networks, marking the first experimental validation of such a system.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"689-701"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145035821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waveform Design for Simultaneous MIMO Radar Sensing and Multi-User Communication","authors":"Berkan Kilic;Kenan Turbic;Sławomir Stańczak","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3610450","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3610450","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a novel two-stage joint waveform design framework for multi-antenna Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems that simultaneously enable Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar sensing and Multi-User MIMO communication. First, a transmit waveform covariance matrix is designed by solving a convex matrix nearness problem for beampattern synthesis that simultaneously maximizes transmit power in desired directions and minimizes cross-directional correlations, while accommodating independent antenna power constraints and supporting interference suppression through radiation null steering. Second, a waveform conforming to the designed covariance is synthesized while additionally enforcing inter-user interference suppression via the zero-forcing approach and imposing practical implementation constraints, notably limiting the peak-to-average-power-ratio on the individual antenna elements. Simulation results demonstrate that the approach significantly enhances ISAC waveform design flexibility, performance, and computational efficiency compared to the alternative methods in the literature.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"263-277"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive Beacon Estimation of Unknown LEO Satellites Signals of Opportunity for PNT","authors":"Sharbel Kozhaya;Samer Hayek;Zaher M. Kassas","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3610415","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3610415","url":null,"abstract":"A framework that could detect the presence of repetitive features in unknown signals is developed and experimentally demonstrated with non-terrestrial (NTN) sources, namely GPS and low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. In modern communication systems, the existence of repetitive feature (i.e., the beacon) in the transmitted signals is inherited either implicitly; due to the transmitter’s source and channel coding, modulation, and multiplexing schemes; or explicitly, by broadcasting repetitive sequences for synchronization purposes. Upon detecting an unknown source, this framework, termed cognitive beacon detection and estimation, is capable of estimating the beacon, regardless of the adopted modulation scheme by the source. First, a model that is adequate to describe received signals from highly dynamic satellite channels is presented. The model parametrizes signals received from multiple unknown sources in terms of their time-varying carrier power, delay, Doppler, and user data. Second, a sequential beacon detection and estimation approach is developed, which is agnostic to the modulation scheme employed by the transmitter. The proposed cognitive framework allows for opportunistic exploitation of salient information embedded in the estimated beacon, such as beam, sector, and transmitter identification sequences. Third, the proposed framework is shown to converge almost surely to the correct beacon one at a time, until all sources are detected. Fourth, experimental results are presented demonstrating the efficacy of the developed cognitive framework in blindly detecting and estimating beacons of NTN sources, namely GPS and 5 LEO constellations: NOAA, Orbcomm, Iridium, Starlink, and OneWeb. These sources transmit in a diverse swath of modulation schemes: AM/FM, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$M$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-PSK, SC-FDMA, and OFDM. Finally, experimental results are presented demonstrating the applicability of the developed framework in navigating a ground vehicle with multi-constellation LEO satellite signals. The pseudorange rate measurements produced by the framework to 2 Orbcomm, 1 Iridium, 4 Starlink, and 1 OneWeb were fused with altimeter measurements via an extended Kalman filter to estimate the vehicle’s nearly 1 km trajectory, achieving a three-dimensional position root mean squared error of 4.15 m.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"343-358"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Beamforming With Orthogonal Delay-Doppler Division Multiplexing Modulation for Terahertz Sensing and Communication","authors":"Meilin Li;Chong Han;Shi Jin","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3610799","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3610799","url":null,"abstract":"The Terahertz band holds a promise to enable both super-accurate sensing and ultra-fast communication. However, challenges arise that severe Doppler effects call for a waveform with high Doppler robustness while severe propagation path loss urges for an ultra-massive multiple-input multiple-output (UM-MIMO) structure. To tackle these challenges, hybrid beamforming with orthogonal delay-Doppler multiplexing modulation (ODDM) is investigated in this paper. First, the integration of delay-Doppler waveform and MIMO is explored by establishing a hybrid beamforming-based UM-MIMO ODDM input-output relation. Then, a multi-dimension sensing algorithm on target azimuth angle, elevation angle, range, and velocity is proposed, which features low complexity and high accuracy. Finally, an innovative decoupling of optimization goals is achieved by prioritizing sensing performance: Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) are minimized through dynamic beam scanning at the sensing combiner, which in turn allows the spectral efficiency to be independently maximized with stable beams at the precoder. Numerical results show that the sensing accuracy of the proposed sensing algorithm is sufficiently close to CRLB. Moreover, the proposed hybrid beamforming design allows us to achieve maximal spectral efficiency, millimeter-level range estimation accuracy and millidegree-level angle estimation accuracy.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"746-759"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145077597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Predictive Integrated Sensing, Communication, and Computation Over-the-Air Approach for IoV: Optimization and Trade-Off Analysis","authors":"Yuchuan Fu;Zhenyu Li;Ruijin Sun;Changle Li;F. Richard Yu;Nan Cheng","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3610448","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3610448","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated Sensing, Communication, and Computation (ISCC) has the potential to meet diverse requirements of Internet of Vehicles (IoV), such as high reliability and low power consumption. However, existing works have not fully considered the problems of unreliable communication links and inefficient data processing under resource constraints in non-ideal environments. To address these issues, this paper proposes a predictive Integrated Sensing, Communication and Computation Over-the-Air (ISCCO) approach based on Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) modulation. It takes high Doppler shifts, network dynamics, and resource constraints into account. In particular, the Road Side Unit (RSU) performs target tracking while communicating with the downlink users through Space Division Multiplexing (SDM), and receives the transmission results of the uplink. For the downlink, a predictive beamforming approach based on Extended Kalman Filtering (EKF) is employed, while Over-the-Air computation (AirComp) is utilized for the uplink. The transmit power and receive beamformer at the RSU, along with the transmit power of the uplink users, are jointly optimized through two formulated optimization problems: sensing performance maximization and power consumption minimization. To solve these problems, we adopt an Alternating Optimization (AO)-based algorithm for finding the local optimal solution. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the AO-based algorithm, and the analysis of the trade-offs between multi-dimensional performance of ISCC and power consumption is conducted.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"278-294"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MAPRT Detector-Based Air-Ground ISAC Systems: Joint UAV Placement and Precoding","authors":"Linlin Xu;Wenchao Xia;Yongxu Zhu;Qi Zhu;Wei Feng","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3610423","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3610423","url":null,"abstract":"The existing uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) enabled integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) systems primarily focus on the sensing capabilities of the UAV itself, overlooking the fact that the existing ground access points (APs) can receive the reflected signals for passive sensing, which can enhance the overall sensing performance. To address this issue, this paper introduces a UAV empowered air-ground ISAC system, where a UAV serves multiple communication users and performs detection for a potential target simultaneously, with the help of several ground APs. Specifically, the UAV works in active mode by transmitting ISAC signals and extracting information from echoes reflected from the target. In contrast, the ground APs function as sensing receivers, receiving and processing the reflected sensing signals from the target. Considering the limited capacity of the wireless backhaul links, we propose a two-step joint detection method, which contains local detection and result fusion steps. By incorporating the knowledge about the distribution of the reflection coefficient, we propose a maximum a-posteriori ratio test (MAPRT) detector, which is a generalization of earlier approaches such as the generalized likelihood ratio test detectors. Subsequently, the asymptotic distribution of test statistics of the MAPRT detector is derived. Furthermore, to improve the target detection performance, we propose an optimization algorithm that jointly optimizes the placement and transmit beamformer of the UAV, aiming at minimizing the probability of fusion error while guaranteeing the quality of service requirements of the users. Finally, numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"578-591"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Model Splitting and Device Task Assignment for Deceptive Signal-Assisted Private Multi-Hop Split Learning","authors":"Dongyu Wei;Xiaoren Xu;Yuchen Liu;H. Vincent Poor;Mingzhe Chen","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3637738","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3637738","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, deceptive signal-assisted private split learning is investigated. In our model, several edge devices jointly perform collaborative training, and some eavesdroppers aim to collect model and data information from devices. To prevent the eavesdroppers from collecting model and data information, a subset of devices can transmit deceptive signals. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the subset of devices used for deceptive signal transmission, the subset of model training devices, and the models assigned to each model training device. This problem is formulated as an optimization problem whose goal is to minimize the information leaked to eavesdroppers while meeting the model training energy consumption and delay constraints. To solve this problem, we propose a soft actor-critic deep reinforcement learning framework with intrinsic curiosity module and cross-attention (ICM-CA) that enables a centralized agent to determine the model training devices, the deceptive signal transmission devices, the transmit power, and the sub-models assigned to each model training device without knowing the position and monitoring probability of eavesdroppers. The proposed method uses an ICM module to encourage the server to explore novel actions and states and a CA module to determine the importance of each historical state-action pair, thus improving training efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method improves the convergence rate by up to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3 times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and reduces the information leaked to eavesdroppers by up to 13% compared to the traditional SAC algorithm.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"1512-1528"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145610976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Throughput Maximization for Covert Communications: A Buffer-Aided AAV Relaying Algorithm","authors":"Xiaojie Wang;Yishuo Chen;Zhaolong Ning;Yihang Huang;Xuanrui Xiong;Lei Guo;Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3638728","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3638728","url":null,"abstract":"Leveraging their mobility and feasibility, Autonomous Aerial Vehicles (AAVs) present a promising solution for assisting covert communications to mitigate the risk of eavesdropping. However, existing studies mainly rely on passive optimization, where the AAV adjusts its transmit parameters according to the channel state, without actively balancing covertness constraints and average system throughput. To solve the above challenge, we propose for the first time a AAV relay-assisted covert communication framework with a buffer. Specifically, we derive the optimal detection threshold for the eavesdropper with mobility and uncertain locations, and obtain a closed-form solution for the lowest detection error probability. To solve the formulated average system throughput maximization problem, we transform the covertness constraint into a tractable analytical form, and obtain the optimal transmit power for both the AAV relay and the friendly AAV jammer. Then, through a rigorous theoretical analysis of upper and lower bounds on average system throughput, we prove the existence of optimal AAV trajectories. Finally, optimal transmission and reception decisions of the AAV relay are derived under covertness and buffer size constraints. Numerical results and theoretical analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of average system throughput and covert performance.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"1842-1857"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145613489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LLM-Aided Spectrum-Sharing LEO Satellite Communications","authors":"Zihan Ni;Zizheng Hua;Xuanhe Yang;Rui Zhang;Shuai Wang;Gaofeng Pan","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3643811","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3643811","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid expansion of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations has brought significant spectrum management challenges, including spectrum scarcity and complex interference issues. Traditional algorithms and prior Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods fail to meet LEO’s demands for managing extreme dynamics, massive scale, and multi-objective optimization. This paper introduces an innovative Large Language Model (LLM) framework for intelligent spectrum sharing and dynamic resource allocation in satellite-terrestrial down-link systems. First, we established a geometric model for satellite-terrestrial down-link communication, and accurately derived the statistical distribution function of satellites within the space enclosed by a specific orbital line by combining the stochastic geometry theory. Under this geometric model, a communication scenario was introduced, and an adaptive modulation transmission mechanism based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals was designed. Then, the system combines the real-time spectrum sensing results with the natural language description of the quality of service of multi-service data using prompt engineering techniques, and delivers the comprehensive information to the LLM for resource allocation and generation of a transmission scheme. Finally, the resource allocation and transmission scheme determined by the LLM is applied to the established communication model, and the system performance is comprehensively evaluated by analyzing indicators such as outage probability, system throughput, and transmission and waiting delays. Primary contributions include novel dynamic service-to-strategy generation, an LLM-centric prompt-driven architecture, and a new paradigm that positions the LLM as an intelligent “spectrum orchestration brain” for complex global LEO resource management. Collectively, these advancements enhance spectrum utilization intelligence, adaptability, and efficiency, offering a transformative approach to overcome the limitations of prior methods in demanding LEO environments.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"2591-2605"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-Driven Deployment of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in Cellular Networks","authors":"Sina Beyraghi;Javad Shabanpour;Giovanni Geraci;Paul Almasan;Angel Lozano","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3647011","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2025.3647011","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a fully automated, data-driven framework for the large-scale deployment of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) in cellular networks. Leveraging physically consistent ray tracing and empirical data from a commercial deployment in the UK, the proposed method jointly optimizes RIS placement, orientation, configuration, and base station beamforming in dense urban environments across frequency bands (corresponding to 4G, 5G, and a hypothetical 6G system). Candidate RIS locations are identified via reflection- and scattering-based heuristics using calibrated electromagnetic models within the Sionna Ray Tracing (RT) engine. Outage users are clustered to reduce deployment complexity, and the tradeoff between coverage gains and infrastructure cost is systematically evaluated. It is shown that achieving meaningful coverage improvement in urban areas requires a dense deployment of large-aperture RIS units, raising questions about cost-effectiveness. To facilitate reproducibility and future research, the complete simulation framework and RIS deployment algorithms are provided as open-source software (Available at: <uri>https://github.com/Telefonica-Scientific-Research/DDRD</uri>)","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"2938-2951"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}