{"title":"Wideband Quantum Transduction for Rydberg Atomic Receivers Using Six-Wave Mixing","authors":"Yuanbin Chen;Chau Yuen;Chong Meng Samson See","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3716945","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3716945","url":null,"abstract":"Rydberg atomic receivers hold extremely high sensitivity to electric fields, yet their effective 3-dB baseband bandwidth under conventional electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is typically constrained to tens to a few hundreds of kilohertz, which hinders wideband wireless applications. To relax this bottleneck, we investigate a six-wave mixing (SWM)-based Rydberg atomic receiver as a wideband radio frequency (RF)-to-optical quantum transducer. Specifically, we develop an explicit baseband input-output model that bridges the RF-induced atomic coherence to the detected optical readout. Based on the exact detected SWM response, we develop a reduced-order closed-form two-pole low-pass approximation under the near-resonant weak-signal of interest, which provides an analytical insight into how the 3-dB bandwidth is manipulated by the dressed higher-level atomic dynamics and optical/RF parameters. The validity range of this approximation is then quantified to clarify the operating conditions under which this reduced-order model accurately represents the exact SWM response. We further characterize the linear dynamic range by employing the 1-dB compression point (P1dB) and the input-referred third-order intercept point (IIP3), unveiling a communication-compatible characterization of the bandwidth-sensitivity-linearity trade-off. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that SWM can achieve a 3-dB bandwidth of approximately 10 MHz while maintaining favorable linearity and sensitivity under the strict low-pass condition. The comparison with the EIT regime indicates that the two schemes should be treated as complementary rather than universally ordered. From an engineering perspective, the preferred SWM operating region is therefore not the one with the largest bandwidth, but the one that simultaneously provides a large bandwidth, acceptable sensitivity, favorable linearity, and low-pass regularity.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"5472-5488"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148586915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-Resolution Quantum Sensing Using Rydberg Atomic Receiver: Principles, Implementations, and Future Prospects","authors":"Minze Chen;Tianqi Mao;Zhiao Zhu;Haonan Feng;Ge Gao;Zhonghuai Wu;Wei Xiao;Zhongxiang Li;Dezhi Zheng;George K. Karagiannidis;Zhaocheng Wang;Sheng Chen","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3727957","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3727957","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum sensing using Rydberg atoms offers unprecedented opportunities for next-generation radar systems, transcending classical limitations in miniaturization and spectral agility. This work proposes a quantum-enhanced radar reception architecture that replaces conventional antenna-to-mixer chains with a centimeter-scale vapor cell as a quantum radio frequency (RF) field sensor and mixer, enabling this paradigm for radar sensing. This approach is based on electromagnetically induced transparency, which uses Autler-Townes splitting to enable direct RF-to-optical downconversion within the atomic medium via an external co-frequency reference. To circumvent the range-resolution limitation imposed by the narrow instantaneous response of the atomic receiver, we adopt a stepped-frequency synthesis strategy involving the hybrid manipulation of Rydberg energy states. This strategy combines coarse laser frequency tuning with fine AC-Stark shift compensation. Additionally, we establish a nonlinear response model of the Rydberg atomic homodyne receiver and propose a customized nonlinear compensation method that extends the linear dynamic range by over 7 dB. We developed a compressive sensing-based algorithm (CS-Rydberg) to suppress noise and mitigate the undersampling problem. Experimentally, we demonstrate a compact prototype that achieves centimeter-level ranging precision (RMSE = 1.06 cm) within 1.6–1.9 m. By synthesizing a 1-GHz equivalent bandwidth via sparse stepped-frequency sampling over 2.6–3.6 GHz, we observe resolvable target separations down to 15 cm under controlled sparse scenarios. These results validate the feasibility of quantum sensing based on Rydberg atomic receivers and underscore the architecture’s scalability. By harnessing the atoms’ ultra-broad spectral response, the synthesized bandwidth can extend well beyond the current range. This enables sub-centimeter resolution in future radar systems while preserving quantum-traceable calibration and a highly simplified front end.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"5741-5758"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148852558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zehao Liu;Fang Yang;Guanhua Wang;Jian Song;Zhu Han
{"title":"Simultaneous Lightwave Information and Power Transfer With Optical IRS Under Time-Varying Traffic: A Lyapunov Optimization Perspective","authors":"Zehao Liu;Fang Yang;Guanhua Wang;Jian Song;Zhu Han","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3731568","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3731568","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of 6G networks is expected to support data-intensive applications, which impose energy demands on communication systems. In this paper, to address the challenge of sustainable power supply under dynamic traffic conditions, the integration of simultaneous lightwave information and power transfer (SLIPT) with optical intelligent reflecting surfaces (OIRS) is explored. Leveraging the large unlicensed spectrum of visible light communication (VLC), SLIPT offers a promising solution for combined high-speed data transmission and wireless power transfer. Specifically, we investigate adaptive resource allocation for the OIRS-aided SLIPT system, where the objective is to minimize the average total energy consumption under time-varying traffic. Therefore, a Lyapunov drift-plus-penalty method is utilized to transform the original problem and ensure system stability under stochastic traffic. To address the non-convex problem, a block coordinate descent framework is applied to decouple it into four sub-problems. First, the service association sub-problem is tackled by the Kuhn-Munkres algorithm; second, the power allocation is optimized via sequential convex programming; third, the power splitting factor is similarly derived; and finally, the OIRS configuration is updated via a minorization-maximization algorithm. Simulation results verify the convergence and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, showing that the integration of OIRS significantly reduces the energy consumption while maintaining stable data transmission and energy supply. These findings highlight the potential of OIRS-aided SLIPT to provide sustainable and adaptive co-design of energy and information for future optical communication systems.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"5759-5773"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148902158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing AAV-Enabled Secure Communications via Synthetic Aperture Beamforming","authors":"Bin Qiu;Wenchi Cheng;Hongxiang He;Jiangzhou Wang","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3671240","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3671240","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we consider a synthetic aperture secure beamforming approach for a virtual multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broadcast channel in the presence of hybrid wiretapping environments. Our goal is to design the flight node deployment constructed by a single-antenna mobile autonomous aerial vehicle (AAV), corresponding transmission symbol strategy, transmit precoding, and received beamforming to maximize the system channel capacity. Leveraging the synthetic aperture beamforming, we aim to provide spatial gain along a predefined angle in free space while reducing it in others and thus enhance physical layer (PHY) security. To this end, we analyze the expression of the asymptotic channel eigenvalues to optimize the AAV flight node deployment. For the optimal precoding design, an energy-efficient method that minimizes the transmit power consumption is studied based on the given virtual MIMO channel, while meeting the quality of service (QoS) for the base station (BS), leakage tolerance of eavesdroppers (Eves), and per-node power constraints. The power minimization problem is a non-convex program, which is then reformulated as a tractable form after some mathematical manipulations. Moreover, we design the received beamforming by applying the linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) method such that the jamming can be effectively suppressed. Numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in promoting capacity.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"4099-4113"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147371435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Niancong Ji;Gan Zheng;Juping Zhang;Ioannis Krikidis;Kai-Kit Wong
{"title":"Quantum-Inspired Joint Optimization of Multiuser Downlink Power Allocation and Wave-Based Beamforming for Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces","authors":"Niancong Ji;Gan Zheng;Juping Zhang;Ioannis Krikidis;Kai-Kit Wong","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3672548","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3672548","url":null,"abstract":"Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) have become a promising technology to improve the wave-domain signal processing and increase the wireless communication capacity. However, optimizing the phase configuration remains a significant challenge due to the discrete and highly combinatorial nature of the multi-layer architecture. To address this, we propose a quantum-inspired coordinated design framework for joint wave-based beamforming and power allocation in SIM-assisted multiuser systems. By leveraging a black-box second-order approximation, the discrete phase optimization is reformulated into a standard quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem. Quantum-inspired discrete simulated bifurcation (dSB) solver is used to find the candidates effectively, and then a tabu-based local refinement strategy is applied to refine these candidates and reduce the deviation of the approximate solution. Concurrently, an iterative water-filling scheme is integrated to optimize power allocation, facilitating a synergy between global search and fine-grained control. Simulation results confirm that the proposed approach consistently outperforms classical benchmarks in terms of sum rate, convergence speed, and interference suppression. The framework exhibits strong scalability across varying system dimensions and channel realizations, validating its effectiveness in wave-domain communication scenarios.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"4144-4158"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147439735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Blockchain-Enabled Routing for Zero-Trust Low-Altitude Intelligent Networks","authors":"Ziye Jia;Sijie He;Ligang Yuan;Fuhui Zhou;Qihui Wu;Zhu Han;Dusit Niyato","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3669481","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3669481","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the scalability and portability, low-altitude intelligent networks (LAINs) are essential in various fields such as surveillance and disaster rescue. However, in LAINs, uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) are characterized by the distributed topology and high mobility, thus vulnerable to security threats, which may degrade routing performances for data transmissions. Hence, how to ensure the routing stability and security of LAINs is challenging. In this paper, we focus on the routing with multiple UAV clusters in LAINs. To minimize the damage caused by potential threats, we present the zero-trust architecture with the software-defined perimeter and blockchain techniques to manage the identify and mobility of UAVs. Besides, we formulate the routing problem to optimize the end-to-end (E2E) delay and transmission success ratio (TSR) simultaneously, which is an integer nonlinear programming problem and intractable to solve. Therefore, we reformulate the problem into a decentralized partially observable Markov decision process. We design the multi-agent double deep Q-network-based routing algorithms to solve the problem, empowered by the soft-hierarchical experience replay buffer and prioritized experience replay mechanisms. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted and the numerical results demonstrate that the proposed framework reduces the average E2E delay by 59% and improves the TSR by 29% on average compared to benchmarks, while simultaneously enabling faster and more robust identification of low-trust UAVs.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"4287-4303"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147350442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantum Optimization and Local Search on Conflict Graphs for Radio Resource Allocation","authors":"Marina Gavrilovskaia;Kwang-Cheng Chen","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3690424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2026.3690424","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum optimization is expected to resolve many computationally hard problems, such as Radio Resource Allocation (RRA) in wireless communications and networking. However, given noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers that supply a very limited number of effective logical qubits after quantum error correction, computationally efficient algorithms are highly desirable to facilitate quantum advantages, particularly the required number of qubits. To achieve quantum advantageous optimization by small number of qubits, we formulate RRA as a Maximum Independent Set (MIS) on dense conflict graphs, which is challenging for the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) using NISQ computing machines. We further propose a modified Quantum Local Search (QLS) framework that decomposes the global MIS into overlapping subgraphs defined by a tunable neighborhood radius. Hard (feasibility) constraints are enforced via partial mixers, while soft (adjacency) constraints are resolved in a classical post-processing step. Considering practical interference issues that are typically ignored in quantum computational research, we uniquely extend the method to accommodate minimal-adjacency scenarios by specifying shared boundaries causing adjacent-channel interference. While complexity analysis shows polynomial scaling in the number of feasible placements, computational experiments demonstrate substantial savings on required qubits and simultaneously achieving optimal solutions across multiple adjacency configurations. Qubit-efficient quantum optimization of RRA by NISQ computers of significantly fewer qubits is therefore accomplished.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"4672-4687"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147937437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rohan Bali;Trevor E. Bailey;Michael S. Bullock;Boulat A. Bash
{"title":"Experimental Validation of Provably Covert Communication Using Software-Defined Radio","authors":"Rohan Bali;Trevor E. Bailey;Michael S. Bullock;Boulat A. Bash","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3672746","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3672746","url":null,"abstract":"The fundamental information-theoretic limits of covert, or low probability of detection/intercept (LPD/LPI), communication have been extensively studied for over a decade, resulting in the square root law (SRL): only <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Lsqrt {n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> covert bits can be reliably transmitted over time-bandwidth product <inline-formula> <tex-math>$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, for constant <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Lgt 0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Transmitting more either results in detection or decoding errors. The SRL imposes significant constraints on the hardware realization of mathematically guaranteed covert communication. These preclude the use of standard link maintenance operations that are taken for granted in non-covert communication. Thus, experimental validation of covert communication is underexplored: to date, only two experimental studies of SRL-based covert communication are available, both focusing on optical channels. Here, we demonstrate provably secure covert radio-frequency (RF) communication using software-defined radios (SDRs). We combine system design, theory, and experiments by 1) developing a sparse-signaling pulse shape to enable covert transmission of data in an environment with potential mobility, 2) proving the covertness of the resulting system, and 3) validating the theoretical predictions by implementing it on SDRs. We uncover and address unique challenges specific to using SDR architecture for covert communications. This opens practical avenues for implementing covert communication systems and raises further research questions.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"4382-4396"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147439708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Self-Attention Proximal Policy Optimization for Beam Tracking in mmWave Communications","authors":"Xin Liu;Jie Tan;Xiaoguang Ren;Huadong Dai","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3669465","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3669465","url":null,"abstract":"Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication systems are highly sensitive to user mobility and environmental changes, often suffering from rapid beam direction shifts and frequent link blockages. These dynamics pose significant challenges to maintaining reliable beam tracking. To enable accurate and robust beam tracking in dynamic environments, we propose a Self-Attention Proximal Policy Optimization (SAPPO) algorithm. The beam tracking task is modeled as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP), where the agent aims to maximize Received Signal Strength (RSS) using only current and previous signal observations, without relying on channel models or complex signal processing. By integrating a multi-head self-attention (MHSA) mechanism with a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), the policy network effectively captures temporal dependencies, enhancing the agent’s perception of user motion and channel state variations. To validate the approach, we construct three test scenarios with varying mobility and blockage complexity using the DeepMIMO dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that SAPPO consistently outperforms baseline methods such as DQN and PPO in terms of tracking accuracy, stability, and robustness. Notably, in challenging environments with frequent Line-Of-Sight (LOS)/Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) transitions, SAPPO achieves a beam tracking success rate exceeding 95%, highlighting its strong adaptability and reliable performance under dynamic conditions.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"4552-4569"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147350431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fluid Antenna System-Assisted Physical Layer Secret Key Generation","authors":"Zhiyu Huang;Guyue Li;Hao Xu;Derrick Wing Kwan Ng","doi":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3679311","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSAC.2026.3679311","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates physical-layer key generation (PLKG) in multi-antenna base station systems, by leveraging a fluid antenna system (FAS) to dynamically customize radio environments. Without requiring additional nodes or extensive radio frequency (RF) chains, the FAS effectively enables adaptive antenna port selection by exploiting channel spatial correlation to enhance the secret key rate (SKR) at legitimate nodes. To comprehensively evaluate the performance of the FAS in PLKG, we propose an FAS-assisted PLKG model that integrates transmit beamforming and sparse port selection under independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) and spatially correlated channel models, respectively. Specifically, the PLKG utilizes reciprocal channel probing to derive an approximate SKR expression based on the mutual information between legitimate channel estimates, explicitly accounting for the Eve’s channel observation under spatially correlated channel scenarios. Nonconvex optimization problems for these scenarios are formulated to maximize the SKR subject to transmit power constraints and sparse port activation. We propose an iterative algorithm by capitalizing on successive convex approximation and Cauchy-Schwarz inequality to obtain a locally optimal solution. A reweighted <inline-formula> <tex-math>$ell _{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm-based algorithm is applied to advocate for the sparse port activation of FAS-assisted PLKG. To approximate the optimal activated ports obtained by exhaustive search, a low-complexity sliding window-based port selection is proposed to substitute reweighted <inline-formula> <tex-math>$ell _{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm method based on Rayleigh-quotient analysis. Simulation results demonstrate that the FAS-assisted PLKG scheme significantly outperforms fixed antenna-assisted PLKG schemes in both environments. It is shown that the FAS achieves higher SKR with fewer RF chains through dynamic sparse port selection, which effectively reduces the resource overhead. Also, the sliding window approach closely approximates the globally optimal port selection compared to the reweighted <inline-formula> <tex-math>$ell _{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm method, rendering it suitable for practical deployments.","PeriodicalId":73294,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society","volume":"44 ","pages":"4429-4443"},"PeriodicalIF":17.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147586466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}