Xiaoming Liu;Qinghui Zhu;Jing Guo;Xu Zhang;Yun Feng;Zhiyun Lin
{"title":"A Novel T-Shaped RFID Tag for Real-Time Thermal Runaway Risk Intervention in Battery Disassembly: Full Lifecycle Traceability and Spatiotemporal Correlation Analysis","authors":"Xiaoming Liu;Qinghui Zhu;Jing Guo;Xu Zhang;Yun Feng;Zhiyun Lin","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3730486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3730486","url":null,"abstract":"To mitigate the persistent risk of thermal runaway during automated battery disassembly, safety systems require transition from offline assessment to real-time intervention. This paper introduces a novel T-shaped RFID tag that enables full lifecycle data traceability and enhances fire safety during battery recycling without additional hardware costs. The tag design ensures reliable RF signal transmission in fully metallic environments through spatial decoupling of sensing and communication functions. By employing a persistence-time-based algorithm, the system acquires inter-cell temperature data from battery modules. A continuous risk assessment framework leverages spatiotemporal correlation analysis of this temperature data, enabling robust regional fault prediction and early anomaly detection to prevent thermal runaway propagation. Experimental validation demonstrates that the proposed approach facilitates accurate identification of internal thermal runaway onset. The solution can be integrated with robotic systems to inform disassembly trajectory planning and enhance operational safety throughout the recycling process.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"724-734"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148928354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sliced-LLDN: Hardware-Governed Deterministic Wireless Communication for Intra-Spacecraft and Intra-Launcher Applications","authors":"Mohamed Khalil;Kai Müller;Karsten Peter","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3735816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3735816","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless sensor networks can reduce the mass and integration complexity of spacecraft and launch vehicle harnesses, yet existing flight-heritage implementations do not meet the determinism required by attitude control loops and launcher functional chains. This article presents Sliced-LLDN, a wireless sensor network protocol that binds MAC processing, radio access, upper-layer data handling, and sensor sampling to a single hardware-governed timeline. The protocol modifies the IEEE 802.15.4e LLDN MAC, operates over an impulse radio ultra-wideband physical layer, and is implemented bare-metal on a ZYNQ System-on-Chip platform. Each 1.0 ms timeslot is subdivided into hardware-timed slices to which all in-slot processes are pinned, yielding data latency that is constant rather than merely bounded and supporting up to five sensor nodes within a 10 ms superframe. Two data acquisition modes are formalized: synchronous sampling for network-wide time-aligned measurements and uniform-latency sampling for slot-position-independent sub-millisecond delivery. Experimental evaluation on a four-node network demonstrates timestamping accuracy within <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pm 4~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s, synchronous sampling accuracy within <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pm 2~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s, per-node latency of approximately <inline-formula> <tex-math>$930~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s in uniform-latency mode, RMS jitter below <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.1~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s, and zero packet loss over one million superframes per node. These results satisfy the timing requirements of spacecraft attitude and orbit control systems and a subset of launch vehicle requirements.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"886-903"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alessandro Vanacore;Antonio Pescapè;Paulo Carvalho;Solange Rito Lima
{"title":"Learning-Based Adaptive Sensing for Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Alessandro Vanacore;Antonio Pescapè;Paulo Carvalho;Solange Rito Lima","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3704663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3704663","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play a key role in bridging the physical and digital worlds, enabling applications ranging from environmental monitoring to health-related sensing. However, the limited energy resources available to sensor nodes remain a major challenge for long-term deployments. This paper proposes an ML-enhanced adaptive sensing framework built on the e-LiteSense architecture to improve energy efficiency in WSNs. The proposed approach dynamically adjusts the sensing interval by leveraging predictive models that anticipate the evolution of monitored physical parameters. By incorporating prediction into the sensing control loop, the system proactively adapts sampling frequency according to environmental dynamics and node energy conditions. Three forecasting models were initially considered: ARIMA, Random Forest (RF), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). Based on preliminary evaluation, RF and LSTM were selected for the adaptive sensing scheme due to their superior predictive performance. Experimental results across multiple sensing scenarios show that the proposed approach accurately tracks the evolution of monitored parameters while significantly reducing the number of sensing operations. The reduction in sampling events reaches up to approximately 60%, leading to substantial energy savings and extended sensor lifetime. These results demonstrate that integrating predictive ML techniques into adaptive sensing schemes represents an effective strategy for improving the sustainability and operational efficiency of WSN deployments.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"482-493"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11570781","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148504750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesco P. Chietera;Waleef U. Usmani;Luca Catarinucci;Luciano Mescia
{"title":"A Flexible X-Band Antenna Array Based on 3-D-Printed LET Structures","authors":"Francesco P. Chietera;Waleef U. Usmani;Luca Catarinucci;Luciano Mescia","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3675485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3675485","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the scalability of Lamina Emergent Torsion (LET)–based substrates for realizing flexible electromagnetic devices operating in the X-band. Extending a previously demonstrated LET-based microstrip patch antenna working at 2.45 GHz, a flexible four-element antenna array operating at 10.25 GHz is designed, fabricated, and experimentally validated using the same rigid 3D-printed dielectric material and flexible conductive layers. A full-wave design methodology based on a single effective dielectric constant is adopted to simplify the design process while ensuring consistency between simulation and fabrication. Experimental results show good agreement with simulations, with a measured boresight gain of approximately <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {10.2~{mathrm {dBi}} }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, a simulated efficiency of about 80%, and stable impedance matching at the frequency of interest in both flat and bent configurations. These results confirm that the structurally engineered flexibility enabled by LET geometries can be effectively extended to array-level architectures at microwave frequencies around 10 GHz.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"199-207"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicky Andre Prabatama;Mai Lan Nguyen;Ivan Guéguen;Stefano Mariani;Jean-Marc Laheurte
{"title":"Pavement Monitoring Using Semi-Passive UHF RFID Sensors","authors":"Nicky Andre Prabatama;Mai Lan Nguyen;Ivan Guéguen;Stefano Mariani;Jean-Marc Laheurte","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3676546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3676546","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the development of a low-cost, low-power wireless infrastructure using UHF Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) sensors for pavement monitoring. The RFID sensor for pavement monitoring was developed and evaluated in the laboratory and under real-world conditions. The system architecture includes an embedded UHF RFID unit that measures pavement vibrations, as well as a road unit for acquiring, storing, and processing vibration data. The protocol uses a new method of fast, high-integrity data transfer. The measured acceleration is converted to displacement using a dedicated digital signal-processing algorithm. The sensor presented in this article is the most energy-efficient and least expensive ever developed for pavement monitoring, with a consumption of 1.21 mA for a sampling rate of 200 Hz.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"216-231"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Iterative Likelihood-Ratio Detection for Transmitter Localization and Radio-Map Reconstruction Under Very Sparse Spatial Sensing","authors":"Serhat Tadik;Gregory D. Durgin","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3727550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3727550","url":null,"abstract":"Automated spectrum management systems such as radio dynamic zones must infer where transmitters are and what the spatial spectrum usage looks like within a frequency band from only a handful of monitoring sensors. This paper presents an iterative likelihood-ratio detection pipeline that first performs localization from sparse power measurements without training data and subsequently reconstructs the radio-map. The region is discretized into candidate cells, and the sensor powers follow a linear model whose sparse support is the set of active transmitters. The pipeline detects transmitters one at a time by scoring every cell with a single-source generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT), uses beam search and physics-based filters to avoid committing early to a wrong cell, and reconstructs the power field from the recovered sources. Because the channel enters only through a precomputed propagation matrix, log-distance, terrain-integrated rough earth model (TIREM), and Sionna ray-tracing models are interchangeable inputs. The pipeline is evaluated on real POWDER-testbed measurements of five fixed transmitters in a semi-urban environment spanning roughly 2.6 km by 2.9 km, discretized into a 5 m grid of about 305,000 candidate cells, at two sparse sensor densities of 10 and 30 sensors that sample on the order of 0.01% of the grid. The pipeline reconstructs the power field to 13.8 dB RMSE at 30 sensors, and per-transmitter detection probability ranges from 0.95 for the best-positioned source down to near zero for spatially distant ones. Substituting an environment-aware propagation matrix recovers a distant transmitter’s detection probability to 0.67 with no added sensors. Since the detector consumes only received-power readings, it transfers directly to emerging low-cost sensing technologies such as RFID and backscatter sensor networks, a practical way to achieve denser monitoring that would improve the detection rates further.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"687-697"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fabrizio Antonio Viola;Paolo Colpani;Biagio Brigante;Giorgio Dell’Erba;Dario Natali;Mario Caironi
{"title":"A Fully Organic, 4-bit Shift Register Based on Ink-Jet Printed Complementary Transistors for Sustainable RFID Applications","authors":"Fabrizio Antonio Viola;Paolo Colpani;Biagio Brigante;Giorgio Dell’Erba;Dario Natali;Mario Caironi","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3740258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3740258","url":null,"abstract":"The growing need for sustainable electronics is driving the development of technologies that are based on low environmental-impact materials and manufacturing techniques, offering the potential to reduce both the carbon footprint of devices and the production of electronic waste. This increasing demand is particularly relevant for the Internet-of-Things and Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) applications, where the goal is the tagging of a large volume of objects with digital electronic devices, often designed for short-term use. In this context, printed organic electronics, based on cost-effective, low-temperature, and scalable approaches, offers an interesting solution to address this challenge. However, this scenario is not yet possible owing to the lack of some building blocks for printed organic RFIDs, such as for example a robust, complementary technology for the tag logic circuits. Here, we present a fully organic digital logic circuit, namely a 4-bit shift register, implemented using inkjet-printed organic complementary transistors, compatible with large-area and low-cost plastic substrates. The design and operation of each functional block, as well as those of the complete system under realistic RFID-like powering conditions, are experimentally demonstrated. The proposed 4-bit shift register highlights the potential of printed organic electronics for sustainable digital devices for RFID applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"920-928"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11732048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Additively Manufactured Multi-Material Dual-Band Millimeter-Wave Reflectarray for Beyond 5G","authors":"Jianfeng Zhu;Xinmin Lian;Yang Yang","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3679829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3679829","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a millimeter-wave (mm-wave) K-band and D-band large-frequency-ratio reflectarray for Internet of Things (IoT) devices, fabricated using industrial-level multi-material additive manufacturing. The reflectarray’s unit cell (UC) employs a metallic resonant patch embedded in the printed dielectric material. By adjusting the vertical position of the patch, different electromagnetic wave reflection paths are obtained. This provides an additional degree of freedom for phase shifting. Specifically, phase shifting in the K-band relies entirely on the different lengths of reflection paths. In contrast, the D-band phase-shifting depends on metallic resonant patches with varied sizes and the different lengths of reflection paths. This unique configuration effectively avoids the coupling issues that challenge conventional dual-band reflectarrays. Besides, the period of the UC can be sufficiently small at K-band (only 0.1 free-space wavelengths) to provide good phase correction and a large beam tilting angle. The reflectarray with multiple metal layers is implemented in a single substrate with an ultrathin profile, using the advanced multi-material industrial-level additive manufacturing technique. The reflectarray antenna can be potentially used in base stations for K-band satellite communications (SatComs) and mm-wave point-to-point beyond 5G communications simultaneously.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"262-270"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Statistical Performance Modeling of RFID Inventory Processes","authors":"Justin Strait;Mary Frances Dorn;Kilkee Flynn;Robert Migliori;Brendon Parsons;Rollin Lakis;Alessandro Cattaneo","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3690408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3690408","url":null,"abstract":"In nuclear facilities, modern inventory systems which enable RFID technology have been proposed to accelerate tracking of assets. Prior to regular inventory rounds, assets must be “commissioned” with passive RFID tags, which requires establishing a one-to-one correspondence between asset and tag. We outline and formally evaluate a proposed hybrid barcode-RFID commissioning process for nuclear material containers. Using principles from statistical design and analysis of experiments, we explore commissioning error rates and process step times as a function of controllable settings, taking into account relevant uncontrollable environmental factors. Broadly, this work presents a formal experimental design and analysis framework for preliminary studies of RFID-enabled processes.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"375-390"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147937670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-Range Dual-Coil NFC Sensor Tag for Battery-Less Physiological Monitoring","authors":"Hafiz Usman Tahseen;Luca Catarinucci;Riccardo Colella;Chiara de Pascali;Vanessa Esposito;Giuseppe Grassi;Pierfrancesco Losito;Luca Francioso","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3709648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3709648","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a battery-less NFC sensor tag designed for contactless physiological monitoring, where extended read range and robust energy harvesting are critical to ensure reliable sensing. The sensor tag integrates three functional blocks: an electrochemical enzymatic sensor for analyte detection, the SIC4341 interface chip for data acquisition and wireless communication, and a dual-coil NFC antenna for efficient power transfer and signal exchange. The antenna is implemented on a thin, flexible polyimide substrate, with two in-phase coils printed on opposite sides and connected in series through a via hole. This configuration increases the overall inductance and magnetic flux, enhancing the tag communication range while maintaining a compact footprint. A full RLC circuit model is analyzed and tuned to operate at the standard NFC frequency of 13.56 MHz, with calibration to maintain resonance. The proposed device successfully demonstrates battery-less sensing of glucose levels under real operating conditions. Additionally, electromagnetic simulations and experimental validation confirm that the dual-coil design enables an almost 50% improvement in communication distance over a conventional single-coil layout, and is capable of extracting enough energy through inductive coupling over the large distance to drive the IC and sensing operation.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"471-481"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148504800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}