Frontiers in ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Computed tomography-based investigation of degenerative neural cervicothoracic foraminal stenosis as a potential mechanism for Horner syndrome.","authors":"Joshua Ong, Mariko Kurokawa, Sangeeta Khanna, Lindsey B De Lott, Ryo Kurokawa, Aseem Sharma","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1497845","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1497845","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the presence and/or severity of cervicothoracic foraminal stenosis between the C7 and T3 segments could account for Horner syndrome, otherwise deemed to be idiopathic in nature.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was an IRB-approved, retrospective study that included 28 patients [mean ± standard deviation (age: 54.5 ± 18.7 years)] with a confirmed diagnosis of Horner syndrome, absence of any identifiable cause, and availability of a neck CT/CT angiogram obtained within 6 months of the diagnosis. A neuroradiologist masked to the laterality of Horner syndrome reviewed the CT scans, documenting the presence/severity of foraminal stenosis at levels C7-T1, T1-2, and T2-3 on a 4-point Likert scale defined as follows: 0, none; 1, mild; 2, moderate; and 3, severe narrowing, with grades 1, 2, and 3 signifying <1/3rd, 1/3rd-2/3rd, and >2/3rd stenosis of the expected normal foraminal dimension.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Foraminal stenosis was present ipsilateral to the side of Horner syndrome in four (14.3%) patients and on the contralateral side in five (17.8%) patients. No significant difference in the extent of ipsilateral and contralateral foraminal stenosis was present at C7-T1 (<i>p</i> = 0.66), T1-2 (<i>p</i> = 0.32), or T2-3 (<i>p</i> = 0.75) levels. Mean ipsilateral (0.33 ± 1.0) and contralateral (0.33 ± 1.1) cumulative foraminal stenosis ddddscores were not significantly different (<i>p</i> = 1). Mean maximum foraminal stenosis scores ipsilateral (0.22 ± 0.59) and contralateral (0.30 ± 0.81) to the side of Horner syndrome were also comparable (<i>p</i> = 0.54).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>With the low prevalence of foraminal stenosis at C7-T3 segments and the equivalent prevalence and severity of foraminal stenosis ipsilateral and contralateral to the side of Horner syndrome, foraminal stenosis is unlikely to be a common causative mechanism for Horner syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1497845"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11756520/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axial length to corneal curvature radius ratio is negatively correlated with choroidal blood flow in myopic children.","authors":"Yurong Ye, Zizhong Hu, Na Su, Yeyu Shen, Songtao Yuan","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1540410","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1540410","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying early-onset myopia remain unclear; in this study, we investigate the pathogenesis by examining the interrelationships between axial length to corneal curvature radius ratio ( <math><mrow><mtext>AL</mtext> <mo>/</mo> <mtext>CR</mtext></mrow> </math> ) and choroidal blood flow.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 202 eyes from myopic children, categorized into 141 eyes with mild myopia, 47 eyes with moderate myopia, and 14 eyes with high myopia. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to measure choroidal blood flow perfusion within a 6 mm × 6 mm area of the macular region, divided into nine subareas based on ETDRS partitioning: macular fovea, nasal side 1, superior 1, temporal side 1, inferior 1, nasal side 2, superior 2, temporal side 2, and inferior 2. Data on corneal curvature and ocular axial length were collected to calculate the <math><mrow><mtext>AL</mtext> <mo>/</mo> <mtext>CR</mtext></mrow> </math> , with equivalent spherical lens power, gender, and age gathered for group comparisons, and the correlation between AL/CR and choroidal blood flow perfusion volume was analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><math><mrow><mtext>AL</mtext> <mo>/</mo> <mtext>CR</mtext></mrow> </math> was significantly negatively correlated with choroidal blood flow perfusion ( <math><mrow><mtext>P</mtext> <mi><</mi> <mn>0.001</mn></mrow> </math> ). Linear regression and mediation analyses indicated that for each unit increase in choroidal blood perfusion volume in nasal region 1, <math><mrow><mtext>AL</mtext> <mo>/</mo> <mtext>CR</mtext></mrow> </math> decreased by an average of 0.421 units. This relationship is mediated by several factors, with axial length serving as a key mediator.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><math><mrow><mtext>AL</mtext> <mo>/</mo> <mtext>CR</mtext></mrow> </math> correlates with choroidal blood flow perfusion, indicating a link between refractive biological parameters and ocular blood circulation. Myopia is an ischemic eye condition that warrants attention to fundus microcirculation changes in myopic children.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1540410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11743988/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143017479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical, laboratory, and orbital imaging features of giant cell arteritis in comparison to non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropath: a single center case series.","authors":"Rami W Eldaya, Yi-Hsien Yeh, Leanne Stunkel, Matthew S Parsons, Gregory P Van Stavern","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1498968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fopht.2024.1498968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common vasculitis in patients older than 50 years and is considered a \"do not miss\" diagnosis. However, it remains a diagnostic challenge given overlapping clinical syndromes such as non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and poorly explored imaging findings.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this retrospective study between the time period of January 2013 and December 2021, a total of 13 consecutive patients with a pathological diagnosis of GCA and 8 patients with clinical diagnosis of NAION were isolated. Demographic and clinical data for each patient were collected, including pertinent laboratory data. Pertinent physical exam data was also collected, including fundoscopic exam and visual acuity. Two neuroradiologist assessed the orbital MRI imaging findings of GCA and NAION for the presence and characterization of imaging abnormalities. Assessment for potential relationship between GCA orbital findings, laboratory and visual outcomes was performed. Finally, comparison between GCA and NAION imaging findings was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>13 GCA patients were assessed. 9 patients had abnormal orbital findings. Of these 8 patients had bilateral orbital involvement The most common imaging findings was perineuritis of the optic nerve sheath, present in 7 patients. In total, 8 NAION patients were assessed. All patients demonstrate optic nerve involvement. The Snellen test was converted to logmar, and visual acuity was assessed for both NAION and GCA for each eye at diagnosis and at the last follow-up. There was no statistical significance for either eye for both GCA and NAION at initial diagnosis and final follow-up. In the 4 GCA patients with normal MRI findings and 9 GCA patients with abnormal MRI findings, there was no statistical significance between initial presentation and final follow-up visual acuity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GCA and NAION are potentially overlapping clinical syndromes with different treatment approach and poorly explored imaging findings. Our case series assesses the orbital imaging findings of both syndromes while noting different imaging pattern of both on MRI, which can serve as a potential tool to aid in diagnosis of both. .</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1498968"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11703802/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142959612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: The diagnoses of glaucoma in the era of artificial intelligence.","authors":"Saif Aldeen AlRyalat, Muawyah Al Bdour, Hisham M Jammal","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1496533","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1496533","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1496533"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11688471/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142916559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unexpected retinal fluid compartment responses with anti-VEGF therapy in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a case report of four patients.","authors":"Noa Gilead, Yu Jeat Chong, Farah N I Ibrahim, Christopher Sun, Kelvin Y C Teo, Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1509065","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1509065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This case series describes responses to faricimab treatment in opposite directions in different fluid compartments in four patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Despite reductions in retinal fluid (SRF) and stable visual acuity following treatment, all patients developed retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) elevation. Over a 12-15 months follow-up, three patients exhibited a gradual decrease in RPE elevation, with one case resolving completely. These findings suggest that fluid compartments in PCV may respond differently to treatment and add to the understanding of PCV by highlighting the complex interplay between different retinal fluid compartments in response to treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1509065"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11688388/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142916560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum PD-1 regulation and PD-1 expression of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in patients in thyroid eye disease associated with immunosuppression treatment.","authors":"Atsushi Sakai, Mizuki Tagami, Norihiko Misawa, Yusuke Haruna, Mami Tomita, Shigeru Honda","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1491053","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1491053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Thyroid eye disease (TED) primarily occurs in hyperthyroid patients, sometimes resulting in poor visual prognosis. Although other autoimmune diseases have been reported to be associated with serum programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), the relationship with TED remains unknown. This study investigated the relationship between TED and immune checkpoint molecules.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Serum immune checkpoint molecules were measured in TED and control patient blood samples. In TED patients, blood samples were compared before and 6 months after steroid pulse treatment. Cytometry analysis was additionally performed in TED and control patients to compare the expression of (PD-1) of T cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum concentrations of PD-1 in TED and control patients were 163.49 ± 79.01 (pg/mL) and 123.58 ± 46.61 (pg/mL) (<i>P</i> = 0.03). Serum PD-L1 concentration in TED was 157.89 ± 55.34 (pg/mL), while 152.58 ± 22.70 (pg/mL) in control patients (<i>P</i> = 0.92). For flow cytometry analysis, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ratio of PD-1 in Foxp3high CD45RA- of the CD4+ T cells and CD127-CD25high of the CD4+ T cells were higher in TED versus control patients (<i>P</i> = 0.04, <i>P</i> = 0.02). There was also a higher percentage of PD-1 expressions on CD4+ T cells and Foxp3high CD45- T cells in TED patients versus that for control patients (<i>P</i> < 0.001, <i>P</i> = 0.003).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PD-1 expression of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells appear to be associated with TED pathogenesis before and after treatment. Regulatory T cells expressed PD-1 have possibilities of clinical activity and autoimmune pathology of TED.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1491053"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11683052/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142907995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infectious keratitis in Western New York: a 10-year review of patient demographics, clinical management, and treatment failure.","authors":"Caroline Maretz, Jason Atlas, Shalini Shah, Michael B Sohn, Rachel A F Wozniak","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1469966","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1469966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Infectious keratitis (IK) is a blinding disease and an important cause of ocular morbidity. Understanding regional trends in IK are important to understand the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of this disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this 10-year retrospective review, patient characteristics including sociodemographic factors, medical history, and ocular history were collected as well as the clinical course and outcomes. This study particularly focused on these characteristics as it relates to treatment failure in IK, as defined as requiring more than 2 weeks to heal or surgical intervention, likelihood of having microbiology cultures collected, surgical intervention, and presenting disease severity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>935 cases of IK were identified at the University of Rochester. Age (p=0.004), history of prior corneal transplant (p=0.009), severe vision loss on presentation (p<0.001), large ulcer size (p=0.001), and fungal (p=0.001) or protozoan (p=0.009) infections were all significantly associated with treatment failure. Both ulcer size (p<0.001) and severity of vision loss (p<0.001) were associated with a higher likelihood of having microbiology cultures as well as surgical intervention. Patients' whose home address was greater than 60 miles from the University were also more likely to present with a more severe ulcer (p<0.001) and undergo a surgical intervention (p=0.05). In studying the impact of race and ethnicity, Black patients were less likely to receive corneal cultures compared to White patients (p=0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study defined the patient characteristics and clinical course of patients with IK over 10 years at the University of Rochester providing insight into regional trends of the patient population as well as clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1469966"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11668731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142901007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macular retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in retinitis pigmentosa patients with and without optic disc drusen.","authors":"Alvilda H Steensberg, Lasse Malmqvist, Mette Bertelsen, Line Kessel, Karen Grønskov, Steffen Hamann","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1476911","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1476911","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited retinal dystrophies characterized by progressive photoreceptor degeneration. In a recent study, we reported co-existing optic disc drusen (ODD) at 30%, a prevalence 15 times higher than in the general population. The aims of this study were to a) assess if macular retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLt) was increased in our cohort of RP patients and b) compare RNFLt between RP patients with and without ODD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this <i>post-hoc</i> analysis, optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans of patients with RP and healthy controls were manually delineated, and macular RNFLt measurements were obtained. The analyses were conducted both a) for RP patients without ODD compared to controls and b) for RP patients with and without ODD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>OCT scans of 32 patients with RP and 13 healthy controls were included. Macular RNFLt was significantly increased in RP patients compared to healthy controls and in RP patients with ODD compared to RP patients without ODD.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Further studies will explore whether increased RNFLt leads to ODD development through dystrophic calcification or, conversely, if ODD in combination with RP-associated retinal ganglion cell damage causes the increased RNFLt through retrograde axoplasmic stasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1476911"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11655494/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142865951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cup-to-disc ratio measured clinically and via OCT in pediatric patients being monitored as glaucoma suspects for suspicious optic discs.","authors":"Caroline Maria Zimmermann, Nur Cardakli, Courtney Lynn Kraus","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1479286","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1479286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Compare cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) measured by clinical assessment and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in pediatric eyes being monitored as glaucoma suspects for suspicious optic disc appearance.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Retrospective cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An institutional study following 221 eyes from 122 unique pediatric glaucoma suspects being monitored due to increased or asymmetric appearance of CDR. Ophthalmologic findings, including visual acuity, intraocular pressure, CDR measured by clinical assessment, average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and average CDR measured by OCT, were recorded for each participant's initial and final examinations. CDRs measured clinically and by OCT were compared at both initial and final presentations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Average age at presentation was 9.0 years old (95% CI: 8.0-9.9), and mean length of follow-up was 5.0 years (95% CI: 5.4-4.5). At initial presentation, 53 eyes had CDRs recorded by both clinical assessment and OCT, and at final presentation, 93 eyes had CDRs measured by both modalities. CDR measured by OCT was significantly larger than CDR measured clinically on initial and final presentation (p=0.002, p<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Measurements of CDR by clinician assessment were significantly smaller than measurements obtained via OCT imaging. However, the average difference between CDR measured clinically and by OCT was <0.1. Thus, OCT may be a suitable way to measure CDR in pediatric glaucoma suspects, especially when clinical exam proves difficult. Further research is needed to assess CDR in glaucoma suspects using OCT longitudinally and in the context of other optic disc measurements, such as disc area.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1479286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11656306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142866716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of zonular tension on molecular transport in the porcine ocular lens.","authors":"Morgan Crews, Wade Rich, Matthew A Reilly","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1508779","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2024.1508779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Accommodation is the process of changing the ocular lens' refractive power and focal distance. This process involves application of biomechanical forces on the lens by the surrounding musculature. Previous studies have demonstrated that the lens epithelium demonstrates mechanotransduction and that tension influences its chemical activity. It is not yet known how these forces affect the structure and permeability of the lens. This study aimed to identify the influence of tension on molecular transport of dyes through the lens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Paired porcine eyes were incubated in each of four dyes for three time periods with no stretch (null), static, or cyclic stretching using a bespoke mechanical lens stretcher. After incubation, the lenses were frozen and cryosectioned sagittally through the optic axis. Photographs of the stretched and unstretched lenses were compared and qualitatively assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>None of the four dyes showed drastic stretch-induced differences in dye penetration depth. However, the dye neutral red showed dramatic stretch-induced changes in the dye uptake color behind lens anterior surfaces, with unstretched lenses appearing far more orange than their stretched counterparts. Three of four dyes showed notable differences between anterior and posterior diffusion patterns. One dye, methylene blue, demonstrated unexpected intensity in the lens nucleus compared to the lower intensity shown in the cortex, suggesting active transport rather than a linearly graded passive diffusion regardless of stretching condition.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>All this taken together suggests that lens transport is more complex than simple passive diffusion and that active transport of some molecules may be affected by stretching. Future work should assess the mechanisms of transport for the various dyes and attempt to explain the dye permeation patterns observed here, including the effects of stretching.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1508779"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11646982/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142840450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}