Frontiers in ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Levitation of posteriorly dislocated intraocular lens: I.V. catheter connected to the vitreotome aspiration.","authors":"Ruiping Gu, Yue Guo, Yuan Zong, Rui Jiang, Zhongcui Sun","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1547363","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1547363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To introduce a new, simple, and affordable technique that uses a 22G intravenous (I.V.) catheter connected to the vitreotome aspiration to lift the intraocular lens (IOLs) off the retina.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective, non-comparative, single surgeon, interventional, consecutive case series examined 4 patients (4 eyes) who underwent the surgical procedure from March 12 and October 22, 2023. Reliability, reproducibility, and intraoperative and postoperative complications of the technique were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four patients presenting with posteriorly dislocated IOLs were included. After a complete 23G vitrectomy under wide-angle viewing system or high magnification contact lens, the 22G I.V. catheter was connected to the vitreotome aspiration and active aspiration was applied. When the IOLs were lifted towards the posterior chamber by continuous vacuum aspiration, they were be safely grasped using intraocular forceps and reposited with scleral fixation suturing or removed through a limbal incision. None of the IOLs fell during active aspiration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Connection of I.V. catheter with vitreotome aspiration to lift the IOLs off the retina was a new, simple, safe, and affordable technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1547363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11966025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proportion and associated factors of glaucoma among outpatient department at university of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital tertiary eye care and training center, northwest Ethiopia, 2021.","authors":"Banchamelak Zeraye Yekunoamelak, Fisseha Admassu Ayele, Zinachew Mulat Bogale, Endalew Mulugeta Worku","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1521263","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1521263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study is to measure the proportion, types of glaucoma, and associated factors among outpatient departments at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Tertiary Eye Care and Training Center, Northwest Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted on 934 participants who were selected by a simple random sampling method at entrance of tertiary eye care and training Center from September to November 2021. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data through interviews, and the presence or absence, type, and stage of glaucoma were determined by reviewing the chart. The questionnaire was adapted from a previous study, and the data were entered into Epi Info version 7 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive data were analyzed in terms of proportion, frequency, mean, and standard deviation. Binary logistic regression was utilized to identify determinant factors, with significance considered at a p-value less than 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 934 study participants with an 85.33% response rate took part in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 55.67 SD ± 13.21 years. The proportion of glaucoma was 13.4% [(95% CI: (10.9, 15.8)], with Primary Open Angle glaucoma accounting for 96.3% of the total number of glaucoma cases. The age groups of 56-66 [AOR=3.80(95% CI: 1.99-7.26)], 67-87 [AOR=5.34(95% CI: 2.70-10.45)] and those who completed college or university [(AOR= 5.41(95% CI: 2.12-13.82)] were significantly associated with the presence of glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study shows a high proportion of glaucoma compared to other studies, with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma being the most prevalent type. Increasing age and higher education level were significantly linked to the presence of glaucoma. Further research is needed to explore the relationship between education level and glaucoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1521263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11919879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143665465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular symptoms in COVID-19 patients with a history of hospitalization in the first pandemic wave in Styria, Austria.","authors":"Andreas Guttmann, Astrid Heidinger, Nora Woltsche, Marianne Brodmann, Katharina Kurzmann-Gütl, Viktoria Nemecz, Matthias Kaindl, Herbert Wurzer, Gerold Schwantzer, Jutta Horwath-Winter","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1540904","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1540904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Our study aimed to investigate the prevalence and timing of ocular surface manifestations in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, providing insights into the occurrence of eye involvement before, during, or after the illness. This study contributes to understanding the extent of ocular involvement in COVID-19, which has been suggested to occur due to potential viral entry through the eyes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>451 confirmed COVID-19 patients had a history of hospitalization in Styria, Austria. The study included 176 patients aged 18-95 years who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR and received treatment at two hospitals. Telephone interviews were conducted after recovery, focusing on ocular symptoms and medical history (openMEDOCS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventeen percent (n=30) reported new-onset ocular symptoms in the context of COVID-19. Patients with ocular symptoms were younger (p<0.001). Sore throat (p=0.013) and high fever (p=0.038) were significantly more prevalent in patients with new-onset ocular symptoms. Persistent ocular symptoms beyond the duration of hospitalization affected more than half (56.7%) of the participants with new-onset ocular symptoms. However, there were no differences in blood parameters, lung imaging, or comorbidities between groups with and without ocular symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In hospitalized COVID-19 patients, ocular symptoms occur with a significant prevalence of 17%. Younger age (p<0.001) and the presence of sore throat (p=0.013) are associated with an increased risk of developing new-onset ocular symptoms in the context of COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1540904"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11903703/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143627006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secukinumab in refractory non-infectious anterior uveitis.","authors":"Otto M Olivas-Vergara, Inés Hernanz, Pablo E Borges-Deniz, Fredeswinda Romero-Bueno, Olga Sanchez-Pernaute, Ester Carreño","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1491981","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1491981","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Secukinumab is a monoclonal antibody that selectively neutralizes interleukin-17A and has shown efficacy in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, and axial spondyloarthritis. Its use in non-anterior non-infectious uveitis is controversial, with evidence generally not supporting its effectiveness in these conditions. However, the role of secukinumab in anterior non-infectious uveitis remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Case series. Five patients with biological therapy-refractory non-infectious anterior uveitis who were treated with secukinumab were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All 5 patients experienced a uveitis flare-up during treatment, and secukinumab failed to induce long-term remission in 2 of these patients, who also had uncontrolled systemic disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Secukinumab failed to prevent uveitis flare-up in these patients with biological therapy-refractory disease. Further studies are necessary to determine the potential role of secukinumab in the treatment of anterior uveitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1491981"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11903697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143627008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrobulbar/intraconal tube placement in patients with glaucoma: Ahmed FP-7 and tube extender case series with 1 year follow-up.","authors":"Daniel Laroche, Brian Grodecki, Kara Rickford Grimes, Chester Ng","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1408897","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1408897","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The Ahmed FP-7 valve is useful in the management of refractory glaucoma. However, this can often have ocular hypertensive phase and subconjunctival fibrosis that can lead to increased medication use and failure. We report how retrobulbar and intraconal plate placement with tube extension can avoid the ocular hypertensive phase, lower intraocular pressure, and reduce medication burden.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>This is a retrospective case series of 4 patients with glaucoma who underwent Ahmed FP-7 valve and retrobulbar/intraconal tube placement with a one-year follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One-year results in 4 patients with advanced glaucoma and pseudophakia revealed a pre-operative intraocular pressure of 21 mmHg on 5.5 medications. At one year, the post-operative intraocular pressure was 10.25 on 0 medications. The vision and visual fields were stable. One patient required drainage of a choroidal effusion and one patient required burping of viscoelastic on post-operative day one.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The combined insertion of the Ahmed FP-7 valve and silicone tube inserted into the retrobulbar/intraconal space has been shown to prevent ocular hypertensive phase, lower intraocular pressure, and reduce medication burden at one year.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1408897"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11893817/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A prospective comparison of Scheimpflug-based anterior segment imaging systems in normal and abnormal corneas: Oculus Pentacam vs. Remidio Visionix VX650.","authors":"Sonam Kumar, Kalpa Negiloni, Parul Chawla Gupta, Ranjitha K, Neha N, Divya Parthasarathy Rao, Jyothi Damani, Ritika Thakur, Shonraj Ballae Ganesh Rao, Mona Duggal","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1516423","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1516423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Advancements in anterior segment imaging have significantly improved the precision of corneal diagnostics, aiding ocular conditions management. The study evaluated the agreement between two Scheimpflug devices-Pentacam and Remidio Visionix 650 (VX650)-in assessing corneal and anterior chamber parameters in patients with and without corneal abnormalities.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This prospective study at a tertiary eye care hospital measured pachymetry values (central corneal thickness, thinnest point), front corneal surface parameters (keratometry, curvature, astigmatism), back corneal surface parameters (elevation, curvature) and anterior chamber parameters (depth, volume, angle). Bland-Altman analysis assessed agreement between the devices, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) evaluated VX650's repeatability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 202 patients (mean age was 25 ± 4.33 years), 141 eyes were classified as normal and 61 as abnormal (41 keratoconus, 17 post-LASIK, 3 post-ICL). Bland-Altman analysis showed good agreement between Pentacam and VX650 for anterior segment parameters. The VX650 measured marginally thicker corneal thickness (mean difference of central corneal thickness (CCT) of -4.0 ± 6.3 µm). Statistically significant differences in apical corneal thickness were noted for post-refractive surgery patients. K1 and K2 values showed significant variations in keratoconus but were not clinically significant. Anterior chamber depth was similar between devices, though volume differences were observed post-surgery. ICC indicated good to excellent repeatability (above 0.75) for most parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Remidio Visionix VX650 showed good agreement with Pentacam for key anterior segment measurements, confirming its reliability for corneal diagnostics. Additionally, its multifunctional capabilities offer potential for streamlining workflows, especially in clinics seeking efficient, comprehensive eye assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1516423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879984/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143569052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combinatorial genetic manipulation of Cx50, PI3K and PTEN alters postnatal mouse lens growth and homeostasis.","authors":"Caterina Sellitto, Thomas W White","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1502836","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1502836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and connexin50 (Cx50) have individually been shown to play critical roles in the growth, development and maintenance of the lens and to functionally interact <i>in vitro</i>. To elucidate how gap junctional coupling mediated by Cx50 and intracellular signaling mediated by PI3K and PTEN synergistically interact to regulate lens homeostasis <i>in vivo</i>, we generated and characterized double knockout animal models lacking the p110α subunit of PI3K and Cx50, or PTEN and Cx50.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We interbred lens specific p110α and PTEN conditional knockout animals with Cx50 deficient mice to generate double knockouts. Animals and eyes were weighed, lenses were dissected, photographed, measured, fixed and sectioned for histological analysis. Lens epithelial cell proliferation was determined using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) labeling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Double knockout of p110α and Cx50 led to a significant reduction in lens and eye size, and a high rate of lens rupture. The individual cell proliferation defects of the Cx50 and p110α single knockout lenses both persisted in the double KO. Double deletion of Cx50 and PTEN produced severe lens defects, including cataract, aberrant cell migration, altered cell proliferation, vacuole formation and lens rupture.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The severe phenotypes in p110α/Cx50 and PTEN/Cx50 double deficient lenses suggest that PI3K, PTEN and Cx50 participate in both distinct and common regulatory pathways that are necessary to maintain normal lens growth and homeostasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1502836"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879993/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143568955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case report: Two cases of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome with transient night blindness.","authors":"Kanna Miyake, Mariko Egawa, Yoshinori Mitamura, Ryoji Yanai","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1557294","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1557294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to report two cases of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) with transient night blindness.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>Case 1: A 24-year-old man presented with acute visual loss and night blindness in his right eye. Examination revealed an enlarged blind spot and multiple white dots extending from the posterior pole to the peripheral retina in the right eye. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed multiple disruptions of the ellipsoid zone (EZ). Full-field electroretinography (ffERG) demonstrated a more pronounced reduction in rod amplitude compared with cone amplitude in both eyes. After 3 months, the white dots, EZ disruption, and night blindness resolved spontaneously, and the ffERG amplitude normalized in the right eye. However, the enlarged blind spot persisted. Case 2: A 66-year-old woman presented with acute visual deterioration and night blindness in her right eye. The right eye exhibited an enlarged blind spot and numerous white spots widely extending from the posterior pole to the periphery. OCT revealed widespread EZ loss, and ffERG showed reduced rod and cone responses. SubTenon's triamcinolone acetonide injection was administered, and 3 months after the injection, the night blindness, ffERG abnormalities, and EZ loss had resolved, but the enlarged blind spot remained.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MEWDS rarely causes transient night blindness due to extensive rod dysfunction. However, outer retinal layer damage is reversible, with night blindness typically resolving within a few months.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1557294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11873098/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143544795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of awareness of keratoconus and its relation to eye rubbing among Saudi Arabia population.","authors":"Nuwayyir Abdullah Alqasimi, Lujain Hatim Aljohani, Renato Ambrósio, Bader Saad AlQahtani, Nasser Saleh Al Haydar, Bdour Raja Alanazi, Danah Tariq Alfurayhan, Lina Sami Hussain Saber, Fatemah Saleh Alsalem, Nawaf Abdullah Alqahtani, Jose Manuel Vargas","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1545030","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1545030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Keratoconus (KC) is a bilateral, asymmetric, progressive thinning of the cornea that causes a decrease in optical quality due to induced myopia, irregular astigmatism, and higher order aberrations. KC affects 1.38 per 1,000 individuals globally, with a higher prevalence in Asian and Middle Eastern populations. Eye rubbing has been recognized as one of the leading risk factors for KC.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness about KC and its relation to eye rubbing among the population of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024 among people residing in different regions of Saudi Arabia. Data collection was carried out using an online questionnaire consisting of 21 questions, which were divided into two sections. Prior to administering the questionnaire, informed consent was obtained, and the confidentiality of the collected data was ensured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This survey had a total of 2,059 respondents. The majority of the participants in the study were female, and their ages ranged from 18 to 30 years. Most of the participants held a university degree or higher. In total, 44% of respondents reported having allergic disorders, while 57.6% demonstrated a lack of knowledge regarding KC. The level of KC awareness was poor among Saudi residents, with 74.8% showing insufficient awareness. The group with acceptable awareness of KC was predominantly aged between 18 and 30 years and female, with a percentage of 30.4%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study revealed that Saudi citizens are not knowledgeable about KC and the risks associated with eye rubbing. Additionally, the study identified several KC risk factors, including but not limited to eye rubbing, allergies, and family history. To alleviate the burden of KC in Saudi Arabia, it is imperative to enhance public health awareness and discourage the habit of eye rubbing.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1545030"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11850373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143506527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infectious scleritis: a review of etiologies, clinical features, and management strategies.","authors":"Supriya Sharma, Jay U Sheth, Somasheila I Murthy","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1493831","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2025.1493831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious scleritis is a severe and potentially vision-threatening inflammation of the sclera caused by microbial invasion. Unlike autoimmune scleritis, infectious scleritis is less common with a prevalence of 5%-10% of all cases of scleritis. The initial clinical presentation may often resemble autoimmune scleritis, thus resulting in a delayed diagnosis and poorer outcomes. A high level of suspicion is required in such cases and risk factors such as with a history of trauma or surgery and worsening or refractory to immunosuppressive medications as these may well be infectious. While in established cases, the classical clinical features enable us to diagnose as infectious etiology without much difficulty, the management remains a challenge. Majority of these cases require an aggressive approach with a combination of antimicrobial therapy and surgical treatment. Poor prognostic factors include delayed diagnosis, fungal etiology, and the presence of keratitis or endophthalmitis. In this review, the authors have summarized the prevalence, clinical and microbiological profile, and management strategies of infectious scleritis and their outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":73096,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in ophthalmology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1493831"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11842368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}