Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)最新文献

{"title":"Recent advances in PET-MRI for cardiac sarcoidosis.","authors":"Camila Munoz, Alina Schneider, René M Botnar, Claudia Prieto","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1032444","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1032444","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) remains challenging. While only a small fraction of patients with systemic sarcoidosis present with clinically symptomatic CS, cardiac involvement has been associated with adverse outcomes, such as ventricular arrhythmia, heart block, heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Despite the clinical relevance of having an early and accurate diagnosis of CS, there is no gold-standard technique available for the assessment of CS. Non-invasive PET and MR imaging have shown promise in the detection of different histopathological features of CS. More recently, the introduction of hybrid PET-MR scanners has enabled the acquisition of these hallmarks in a single scan, demonstrating higher sensitivity and specificity for CS detection and risk stratification than with either imaging modality alone. This article describes recent developments in hybrid PET-MR imaging for improving the diagnosis of CS and discusses areas of future development that could make cardiac PET-MRI the preferred diagnostic tool for the comprehensive assessment of CS.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"1032444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440945/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42232585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and evaluation of an ¹⁸F-labeled nanobody to target SARS-CoV-2's spike protein.","authors":"Sara Lopes van den Broek, Rocío García-Vázquez, Ida Vang Andersen, Guillermo Valenzuela-Nieto, Vladimir Shalgunov, Umberto M Battisti, David Schwefel, Naphak Modhiran, Vasko Kramer, Yorka Cheuquemilla, Ronald Jara, Constanza Salinas-Varas, Alberto A Amarilla, Daniel Watterson, Alejandro Rojas-Fernandez, Matthias M Herth","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1033697","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1033697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has become a global pandemic that is still present after more than two years. COVID-19 is mainly known as a respiratory disease that can cause long-term consequences referred to as long COVID. Molecular imaging of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients would be a powerful tool for studying the pathological mechanisms and viral load in different organs, providing insights into the disease and the origin of long-term consequences and assessing the effectiveness of potential COVID-19 treatments. Current diagnostic methods used in the clinic do not allow direct imaging of SARS-CoV-2. In this work, a nanobody (NB) - a small, engineered protein derived from alpacas - and an Fc-fused NB which selectively target the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein were developed as imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET). We used the tetrazine ligation to ¹⁸F-label the NB under mild conditions once the NBs were successfully modified with <i>trans-</i>cyclooctenes (TCOs). We confirmed binding to the Spike protein by SDS-PAGE. Dynamic PET scans in rats showed excretion through the liver for both constructs. Future work will evaluate <i>in vivo</i> binding to the Spike protein with our radioligands.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"1033697"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42078734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteraemia: A systematic review.","authors":"Alice Packham, Niamh Spence, Tanveer Bawa, Rohit Srinivasan, Anna L Goodman","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1066246","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1066246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Bacteraemia is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. [18F]FDG-PET/CT is increasingly used to detect infectious metastatic foci, however there remains international variation in its use. We performed a systematic review assessing the impact of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in adult inpatients with gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteraemia.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>The systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies published between 2009 and December 2021 were searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane clinical trials database. Data extraction and quality assessment was performed using ROBINS-I and GRADE.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Eligible study designs included randomised-controlled trials, clinically-controlled trials, prospective trials, retrospective trials, case-control studies, and non-controlled studies.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Studies solely assessing adult inpatients with blood-culture confirmed bacteraemia with one cohort of patients receiving [18F]FDG-PET/CT were included.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>primary outcomes were mortality, identification of metastatic foci and relapse rate. Studies not examining any of the pre-specified outcomes were excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten studies were included, of which five had a non-PET/CT control arm. Overall, there was low quality of evidence that [18F]FDG-PET/CT is associated with reduced mortality, improved identification of metastatic foci and reduced relapse rate. Six studies assessed <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> bacteraemia (SAB) only; nine studies included Gram-positive bacteraemia only, and one study included data from Gram-negative bacteraemia. Two studies compared outcomes between patients with different types of bacteraemia. Four studies identified a statistically significant difference in mortality in [18F]FDG-PET/CT recipients and controls. Relapse rate was significantly reduced in patients with SAB who received [18F]FDG-PET/CT. Studies identified significantly higher detection of metastatic foci in [18F]FDG-PET/CT recipients compared to controls. [18F]FDG-PET/CT was the first to identify an infectious site in 35.5% to 67.2% of overall foci identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Further research is required to establish the role of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in bacteraemia, and its impact on management and mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"1066246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440864/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45924682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broadening the selection criteria for Astronauts undertaking long-term space travel.","authors":"Hiroshi Yasuda, Lembit Sihver","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2022.997718","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2022.997718","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"997718"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440919/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42878367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of physiological uptake of normal tissues in patients with cancer using ¹⁸F-FAPI-04 and ¹⁸F-FAPI-42 PET/CT.","authors":"Xingyu Mu, Xiaoxue Huang, Meng Li, Wenjie Sun, Wei Fu","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2022.927843","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2022.927843","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To calculate the physiological uptake of various tissues in patients with cancer using ¹⁸F-AlF-NOTA-FAPI-04 (¹⁸F-FAPI-04) and ¹⁸F-AlF-NOTA-FAPI-42 (¹⁸F-FAPI-42) PET/CT and to compare the variation in standard uptake values between the two scans.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This retrospective analysis included 40 patients with cancer who underwent ¹⁸F-FAPI; the first 20 patients received ¹⁸F-FAPI-04 PET/CT and the remaining 20 patients received ¹⁸F-FAPI-42 PET/CT. A total of 49 normal tissues, including the brain (cerebrum/cerebellum), parotid and submandibular glands, palatine tonsils, and thyroid, were identified on CT images. For these normal tissues, maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) were calculated. We also compared the SUVmean of identical tissues to explore the difference in biodistribution between the two radiotracers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The accumulation of ¹⁸F-FAPI-04 and ¹⁸F-FAPI-42 showed an analogous pattern. High uptake of both radiotracers in the gallbladder, uterus, submandibular gland, and renal pelvis was demonstrated (range: SUVmax, 4.01-5.75; SUVmean, 2.92-4.22). Furthermore, the uptake of bony tissues was slightly higher in ¹⁸F-FAPI-42 than in ¹⁸F-FAPI-04 (range: SUVmean, 0.4 ± 0.22-0.9 ± 0.34 and 0.3 ± 0.24-0.7 ± 0.18, respectively, <i>p</i> < 0.05), while the uptake of some soft tissues was higher in ¹⁸F-FAPI-04 than in ¹⁸F-FAPI-42 (range: SUVmean, 0.9 ± 0.24-1.5 ± 0.35 and 0.9 ± 0.26-1.2 ± 0.37, respectively, <i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both radioligands exhibited similar physiological uptake of normal tissues in patients with cancers. In addition, ¹⁸F-FAPI-42 demonstrated higher uptake of bone tissues than ¹⁸F-FAPI-04 while showing lower uptake of soft tissues than ¹⁸F-FAPI-04.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"927843"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440963/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42388048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging law and ethics to promote safe and reliable AI/ML in healthcare.","authors":"Katherine Drabiak","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2022.983340","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2022.983340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) is poised to disrupt the structure and delivery of healthcare, promising to optimize care clinical care delivery and information management. AI/ML offers potential benefits in healthcare, such as creating novel clinical decision support tools, pattern recognition software, and predictive modeling systems. This raises questions about how AI/ML will impact the physician-patient relationship and the practice of medicine. Effective utilization and reliance on AI/ML also requires that these technologies are safe and reliable. Potential errors could not only pose serious risks to patient safety, but also expose physicians, hospitals, and AI/ML manufacturers to liability. This review describes how the law provides a mechanism to promote safety and reliability of AI/ML systems. On the front end, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) intends to regulate many AI/ML as medical devices, which corresponds to a set of regulatory requirements prior to product marketing and use. Post-development, a variety of mechanisms in the law provide guardrails for careful deployment into clinical practice that can also incentivize product improvement. This review provides an overview of potential areas of liability arising from AI/ML including malpractice, informed consent, corporate liability, and products liability. Finally, this review summarizes strategies to minimize risk and promote safe and reliable AI/ML.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"983340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42452464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Alzheimer's disease 5xFAD mouse model is best suited to investigate pretargeted imaging approaches beyond the blood-brain barrier.","authors":"Sara Lopes van den Broek, Dag Sehlin, Jens V Andersen, Blanca I Aldana, Natalie Beschörner, Maiken Nedergaard, Gitte M Knudsen, Stina Syvänen, Matthias M Herth","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1001722","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1001722","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, with an increasing prevalence. Currently, there is no ideal diagnostic molecular imaging agent for diagnosing AD. Antibodies (Abs) have been proposed to close this gap as they can bind selectively and with high affinity to amyloid β (Aβ)-one of the molecular hallmarks of AD. Abs can even be designed to selectively bind Aβ oligomers or isoforms, which are difficult to target with small imaging agents. Conventionally, Abs must be labeled with long-lived radionuclides which typically results in in high radiation burden to healthy tissue. Pretargeted imaging could solve this challenge as it allows for the use of short-lived radionuclides. To develop pretargeted imaging tools that can enter the brain, AD mouse models are useful as they allow testing of the imaging approach in a relevant animal model that could predict its clinical applicability. Several mouse models for AD have been developed with different characteristics. Commonly used models are: 5xFAD, APP/PS1 and tg-ArcSwe transgenic mice. In this study, we aimed to identify which of these models were best suited to investigate pretargeted imaging approaches beyond the blood brain barrier. We evaluated this by pretargeted autoradiography using the Aβ-targeting antibody 3D6 and an ¹¹¹In-labeled Tz. Evaluation criteria were target-to-background ratios and accessibility. APP/PS1 mice showed Aβ accumulation in high and low binding brain regions and is as such less suitable for pretargeted purposes. 5xFAD and tg-ArcSwe mice showed similar uptake in high binding regions whereas low uptake in low binding regions and are better suited to evaluate pretargeted imaging approaches. 5xFAD mice are advantaged over tg-ArcSwe mice as pathology can be traced early (6 months compared to 18 months of age) and as 5xFAD mice are commercially available.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"1001722"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11466232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45633407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population-based input function (PBIF) applied to dynamic whole-body 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT acquisition.","authors":"Philippe Thuillier, David Bourhis, Mathieu Pavoine, Jean-Philippe Metges, Romain Le Pennec, Ulrike Schick, Frédérique Blanc-Béguin, Simon Hennebicq, Pierre-Yves Salaun, Véronique Kerlan, Nicolas A Karakatsanis, Ronan Abgral","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2022.941848","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2022.941848","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Rational: </strong>To validate a population-based input function (PBIF) model that alleviates the need for scanning since injection time in dynamic whole-body (WBdyn) PET.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-seven patients with suspected/known well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors were included (GAPETNET trial NTC03576040). All WBdyn 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT acquisitions were performed on a digital PET system (one heart-centered 6 min-step followed by nine WB-passes). The PBIF model was built from 20 image-derived input functions (IDIFs) obtained from a respective number of patients' WBdyn exams using an automated left-ventricle segmentation tool. All IDIF peaks were aligned to the median time-to-peak, normalized to patient weight and administrated activity, and then fitted to an exponential model function. PBIF was then applied to 17 independent patient studies by scaling it to match the respective IDIF section at 20-55 min post-injection time windows corresponding to WB-passes 3-7. The ratio of area under the curves (AUCs) of IDIFs and PBIF_3-7 were compared using a Bland-Altman analysis (mean bias ± SD). The Patlak-estimated mean Ki for physiological uptake (Ki-liver and Ki-spleen) and tumor lesions (Ki-tumor) using either IDIF or PBIF were also compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean AUC ratio (PBIF/IDIF) was 0.98 ± 0.06. The mean Ki bias between PBIF_3-7 and IDIF was -2.6 ± 6.2% (confidence interval, CI: -5.8; 0.6). For Ki-spleen and Ki-tumor, low relative bias with low SD were found [4.65 ± 7.59% (CI: 0.26; 9.03) and 3.70 ± 8.29% (CI: -1.09; 8.49) respectively]. For Ki-liver analysis, relative bias and SD were slightly higher [7.43 ± 13.13% (CI: -0.15; 15.01)].</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study showed that the PBIF approach allows for reduction in WBdyn DOTATOC-PET/CT acquisition times with a minimum gain of 20 min.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"941848"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11464975/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48934208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acceptance and disparities of PET/CT use in patients with esophageal or gastro-esophageal junction cancer: Evaluation of mature registry data.","authors":"Vaibhav Gupta, Roshini Kulanthaivelu, Ur Metser, Claudia Ortega, Gail Darling, Natalie Coburn, Patrick Veit-Haibach","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2022.917873","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2022.917873","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/rationale: </strong>PET/CT plays a crucial role in esophageal (EC) and gastroesophageal junction cancer (GEJ) diagnosis and management. Despite endorsement in clinical guidelines, variation in acceptance of PET/CT exists. The aim of this study was to assess the early use of PET/CT among EC and GEJ patients in a regionalized setting and identify factors contributing to disparity in access.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Retrospective cohort study of adults with EC or GEJ between 2012 and 2014 from the Population Registry of Esophageal and Stomach Tumours of Ontario and Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario). Receipt of PET/CT and relevant demographics were collected, and statistical analysis performed. Continuous data were analysed with t-tests and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Categorical data were analysed with chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to estimate median survival.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-five percent of patients diagnosed with EC or GEJ between 2012 and 2014 received PET/CT (1321/2390). Eighty-four percent of patients underwent surgical resection (729/870), and 80% receiving radical treatment (496/622) underwent PET/CT. The use of PET/CT increased from 2012 to 2014. Male patients received more PET/CT than females (85% vs.78% <i>p</i> < 0.001).Median survival for the overall cohort was 11.1 months, 17.2 vs. 5.2 months among those who did and did not receive PET/CT and 35 vs. 27 months among the surgical cohort (<i>p</i> = 0.16).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We found that PET/CT use increased from 2012 to 2014 and that the majority of EC/GEJ patients being considered for curative therapy received PET/CT. There were also gender disparities identified. PET/CT appears to confer a potential survival benefit in our study, although our assessment is limited. Our findings may serve as learned lessons for other new imaging modalities, new indications for PET/CT or even for the introduction of new radiopharmaceuticals for PET/CT.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"917873"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440829/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48779234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concepts and methods for the dosimetry of radioembolisation of the liver with Y-90-loaded microspheres.","authors":"Arnaud Dieudonné, Manuel Sanchez-Garcia, Aurélie Bando-Delaunay, Rachida Lebtahi","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2022.998793","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2022.998793","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article aims at presenting in a didactic way, dosimetry concepts and methods that are relevant for radio-embolization of the liver with ⁹⁰Y-microspheres. The application of the medical internal radiation dose formalism to radio-embolization is introduced. This formalism enables a simplified dosimetry, where the absorbed dose in a given tissue depends on only its mass and initial activity. This is applied in the single-compartment method, partition model, for the liver, tumour and lung dosimetry, and multi-compartment method, allowing identification of multiple tumours. Voxel-based dosimetry approaches are also discussed. This allows taking into account the non-uniform uptake within a compartment, which translates into a non-uniform dose distribution, represented as a dose-volume histogram. For this purpose, dose-kernel convolution allows propagating the energy deposition around voxel-sources in a computationally efficient manner. Alternatively, local-energy deposition is preferable when the spatial resolution is comparable or larger than the beta-particle path. Statistical tools may be relevant in establishing dose-effect relationships in a given population. These include tools such as the logistic regression or receiver operator characteristic analysis. Examples are given for illustration purpose. Moreover, tumour control probability modelling can be assessed through the linear-quadratic model of Lea and Catcheside and its counterpart, the normal-tissue complication probability model of Lyman, which is suitable to the parallel structure of the liver. The selectivity of microsphere administration allows tissue sparing, which can be considered with the concept of equivalent uniform dose, for which examples are also given. The implication of microscopic deposition of microspheres is also illustrated through a liver toxicity model, even though it is not clinically validated. Finally, we propose a reflection around the concept of therapeutic index (TI), which could help tailor treatment planning by determining the treatment safety through the evaluation of TI based on treatment-specific parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"998793"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11464973/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43592839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}