Faculty reviews最新文献_第7页

The role of mTORC1 in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. mTORC1在骨骼肌质量调节中的作用。

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r/11-32

Sue C Bodine

引用次数: 3

Has the concept of systems consolidation outlived its usefulness? Identification and evaluation of premises underlying systems consolidation. 系统整合的概念已经过时了吗?识别和评估基础系统整合的前提。

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r/11-33

Morris Moscovitch, Asaf Gilboa

{"title":"Has the concept of systems consolidation outlived its usefulness? Identification and evaluation of premises underlying systems consolidation.","authors":"Morris Moscovitch, Asaf Gilboa","doi":"10.12703/r/11-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r/11-33","url":null,"abstract":"Systems consolidation has mostly been treated as a neural construct defined by the time-dependent change in memory representation from the hippocampus (HPC) to other structures, primarily the neocortex. Here, we identify and evaluate the explicit and implicit premises that underlie traditional or standard models and theories of systems consolidation based on evidence from research on humans and other animals. We use the principle that changes in neural representation over time and experience are accompanied by corresponding changes in psychological representations, and vice versa, to argue that each of the premises underlying traditional or standard models and theories of systems consolidation is found wanting. One solution is to modify or abandon the premises or theories and models. This is reflected in moderated models of systems consolidation that emphasize the early role of the HPC in training neocortical memories until they stabilize. The fault, however, may lie in the very concept of systems consolidation and its defining feature. We propose that the concept be replaced by one of memory systems reorganization, which does not carry the theoretical baggage of systems consolidation and is flexible enough to capture the dynamic nature of memory from inception to very long-term retention and retrieval at a psychological and neural level. The term \"memory system reorganization\" implies that memory traces are not fixed, even after they are presumably consolidated. Memories can continue to change as a result of experience and interactions among memory systems across the lifetime. As will become clear, hippocampal training of neocortical memories is only one type of such interaction, and not always the most important one, even at inception. We end by suggesting some principles of memory reorganization that can help guide research on dynamic memory processes that capture corresponding changes in memory at the psychological and neural levels.","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9720899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10461306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Modeling the molecular structures and dynamics responsible for the remarkable mechanical properties of a plant cell wall. 建模分子结构和动力学负责一个植物细胞壁的显著机械特性。

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r-01-0000016

Anja Geitmann, Bela M Mulder, Staffan Persson, Edgar P Spalding

引用次数: 0

Adhesion-independent topography-based leukocyte migration. 基于黏附不依赖地形的白细胞迁移。

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r-01-0000013

Peter Friedl, Konstantinos Konstantopoulos, Erik Sahai, Orion Weiner

{"title":"Adhesion-independent topography-based leukocyte migration.","authors":"Peter Friedl, Konstantinos Konstantopoulos, Erik Sahai, Orion Weiner","doi":"10.12703/r-01-0000013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r-01-0000013","url":null,"abstract":"Cells need to couple intracellular actin flows with the substrate to generate forward movement. This has traditionally been studied in the context of specific transmembrane receptors, particularly integrin adhesion receptors, which link extracellular adhesive molecules to the actin cytoskeleton. However, leukocytes and other cells can also migrate using integrin-independent strategies both in vivo and in vitro, though the cellular and environmental requirements for this mode are not fully understood. In seminal recent work, Reversat et al.1 develop a range of innovative 2D and 3D engineered microdevices and probe the biophysical mechanisms underlying T lymphocytes and dendritic cells in conditions of limited substrate adhesion. They identify a physical principle of mechano-coupling between retrograde actin flow and irregular extracellular confinement, which allows the cell to generate mechanical resistance and move in the absence of receptor-mediated adhesion. Through the combined use of experiments and theoretical modeling, this work resolves a long-standing question in cell biology and establishes mechanical interaction with an irregular-shaped 3D environment which may be relevant to cell migration in a range of tissue contexts.","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9354731/pdf/facrev-11-18.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10607783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Huntington's disease iPSC models-using human patient cells to understand the pathology caused by expanded CAG repeats. 亨廷顿氏病iPSC模型-使用人类患者细胞了解扩增CAG重复引起的病理。

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r/11-16

Julia Kaye, Terry Reisine, Steven Finkbeiner

{"title":"Huntington's disease iPSC models-using human patient cells to understand the pathology caused by expanded CAG repeats.","authors":"Julia Kaye, Terry Reisine, Steven Finkbeiner","doi":"10.12703/r/11-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r/11-16","url":null,"abstract":"A major advance in the study of Huntington's disease (HD) has been the development of human disease models employing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients with HD. Because iPSCs provide an unlimited source of cells and can be obtained from large numbers of HD patients, they are a uniquely valuable tool for investigating disease mechanisms and for discovering potential disease-modifying therapeutics. Here, we summarize some of the important findings in HD pathophysiology that have emerged from studies of patient-derived iPSC lines. Because they retain the genome and actual disease mutations of the patient, they provide a cell source to investigate genetic contributions to the disease. iPSCs provide advantages over other disease models. While iPSC-based technology erases some epigenetic marks, newly developed transdifferentiation methods now let us investigate epigenetic factors that control expression of mutant huntingtin (mHTT). Human HD iPSC lines allow us to investigate how endogenous levels of mHTT affect cell health, in contrast to other models that often rely on overexpressing the protein. iPSCs can be differentiated into neurons and other disease-related cells such as astrocytes from different brain regions to study brain regional differences in the disease process, as well as the cell-cell dependencies involved in HD-associated neurodegeneration. They also serve as a tissue source to investigate factors that impact CAG repeat instability, which is involved in regional differences in neurodegeneration in the HD brain. Human iPSC models can serve as a powerful model system to identify genetic modifiers that may impact disease onset, progression, and symptomatology, providing novel molecular targets for drug discovery.","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9264339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9218263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: evaluation, risk assessment, management, and beyond. 意义不确定的单克隆γ病:评价、风险评估、管理等。

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r/11-34

Jithma P Abeykoon, Reema K Tawfiq, Shaji Kumar, Stephen M Ansell

引用次数: 2

Chronic allergy signaling: is it all stressed-out mitochondria? 慢性过敏信号:都是线粒体的压力吗?

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r/11-37

Syed-Rehan A Hussain, Mitchell H Grayson

引用次数: 0

Accumulation of the gaseous hormone ethylene helps roots sense compact soil. 气体激素乙烯的积累帮助根系感知土壤的致密性。

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r-01-0000014

Eric M Kramer, Josette Masle, Sarah Robinson, Christopher N Topp