{"title":"The contribution of bacteriophages to the aetiology and treatment of the bacterial vaginosis syndrome","authors":"Amaan Ali, J. S. Jørgensen, R. F. Lamont","doi":"10.12703/r/11-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r/11-8","url":null,"abstract":"Bacteriophages are obligate intracellular viruses that parasitize bacteria, making use of the host biosynthetic machinery. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) causes serious adverse sequelae, such as sexually transmitted infections, seroconversion to HIV positivity, and preterm birth. The aetiology of BV is multifactorial, and the vaginal microbiota, the response to antibiotics, and the phenotypic outcomes differ between cases. The choice of antibiotics to treat BV depends on the clinician’s personal experience, which contributes to the poor outcome of BV treatment and high recurrence rate. In this review, we classify BV into two subtypes based on whether or not the BV case is sexually associated (potentially phage-related). An appropriate antibiotic can be selected on the basis of this BV-typing to optimise the short- and long-term effects of treatment. Not all Lactobacillus spp. are helpful or protective and some may sequestrate metronidazole, which mitigates its therapeutic efficacy. Phages, used therapeutically, could contribute to eubiosis by sparing beneficial species of Lactobacilli. However, Lactobacilli have an important role in maintaining vaginal eubiosis, so conventional wisdom has been that treatment of BV may benefit from metronidazole that conserves lactobacilli rather than clindamycin, which destroys lactobacilli. Furthermore, if the quality and quantity of vaginal lactobacilli are compromised by phage colonisation, as in the sexually transmitted subtype, eradication of lactobacilli with clindamycin followed by replacement by probiotics may be better therapeutically than metronidazole and reduce recurrence rates. Accordingly, the subtype of BV may provide a more scientific approach to antibiotic selection, which is absent in current clinical guidelines. We provide support for the role of bacteriophages in the aetiology, recurrence or failure to cure BV following treatment, through parasitic colonisation of lactobacilli that may be sexually transmitted and may be enhanced by other risk factors like smoking, a factor associated with BV.","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":"93 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41299105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent advances in understanding the roles of the enteric nervous system","authors":"A. Chanpong, O. Borrelli, N. Thapar","doi":"10.12703/r/11-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r/11-7","url":null,"abstract":"The enteric nervous system (ENS), the intrinsic innervation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is a vast, mesh-like network of neurons and glia embedded within the bowel wall. Through its complex circuitry and neuronal diversity, the ENS is capable of functioning autonomously but is modulated by inputs from the central nervous system (CNS). The communication between the ENS and CNS is bidirectional and, together with crosstalk of these systems with microbiota housed within the GI tract, underpins the so-called microbiota-gut-brain axis. The ENS functions as a master regulator and coordinates many of the essential functions of the body, including GI motility, sensation and secretion. It is also capable of interacting with other cells, including intestinal epithelial, neuroendocrine and immune cells, to regulate their development as well as structural and functional integrity. Disruption of these ENS interactions, especially during early life, is likely to contribute to the aetiopathogenesis of disorders of the GI tract as well as elsewhere in the body, including neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the roles of the ENS, especially in its complex and reciprocal interactions that influence GI motility, sensation, intestinal epithelial integrity, immunity and neuroendocrine function, particularly focusing on the influence of the ENS in early life and early life programming.","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45548820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faculty reviewsPub Date : 2022-03-09eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.12703/r/11-6
John Sargeant, Jesse C Hay
{"title":"Ca<sup>2+</sup> regulation of constitutive vesicle trafficking.","authors":"John Sargeant, Jesse C Hay","doi":"10.12703/r/11-6","DOIUrl":"10.12703/r/11-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Constitutive vesicle trafficking is the default pathway used by all cells for movement of intracellular cargoes between subcellular compartments and in and out of the cell. Classically, constitutive trafficking was thought to be continuous and unregulated, in contrast to regulated secretion, wherein vesicles are stored intracellularly until undergoing synchronous membrane fusion following a Ca<sup>2+</sup> signal. However, as shown in the literature reviewed here, many continuous trafficking steps can be up- or down-regulated by Ca<sup>2+</sup>, including several steps associated with human pathologies. Notably, we describe a series of Ca<sup>2+</sup> pumps, channels, Ca<sup>2+</sup>-binding effector proteins, and their trafficking machinery targets that together regulate the flux of cargo in response to genetic alterations as well as baseline and agonist-dependent Ca<sup>2+</sup> signals. Here, we review the most recent advances, organized by organellar location, that establish the importance of these components in trafficking steps. Ultimately, we conclude that Ca<sup>2+</sup> regulates an expanding series of distinct mechanistic steps. Furthermore, the involvement of Ca<sup>2+</sup> in trafficking is complex. For example, in some cases, the same Ca<sup>2+</sup> effectors regulate surprisingly distinct trafficking steps, or even the same trafficking step with opposing influences, through binding to different target proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":" ","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8953439/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45393024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faculty reviewsPub Date : 2022-02-01eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.12703/r/11-4
Alexandria Muench, Ivan Vargas, Michael A Grandner, Jason G Ellis, Donn Posner, Célyne H Bastien, Sean Pa Drummond, Michael L Perlis
{"title":"We know CBT-I works, now what?","authors":"Alexandria Muench, Ivan Vargas, Michael A Grandner, Jason G Ellis, Donn Posner, Célyne H Bastien, Sean Pa Drummond, Michael L Perlis","doi":"10.12703/r/11-4","DOIUrl":"10.12703/r/11-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) has been shown to be efficacious and now is considered the first-line treatment for insomnia for both uncomplicated insomnia and insomnia that occurs comorbidly with other chronic disorders (comorbid insomnia). The purposes of this review are to provide a comprehensive summary of the efficacy data (for example, efficacy overall and by clinical and demographic considerations and by CBT-I formulation) and to discuss the future of CBT-I (for example, what next steps should be taken in terms of research, dissemination, implementation, and practice).</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":" ","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8808745/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39916413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faculty reviewsPub Date : 2022-01-27eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.12703/r-01-000005
Sonja Albers, Jonathan Ashmore, Thomas Pollard, Anja Spang, Jizhong Zhou
{"title":"Origin of eukaryotes: What can be learned from the first successfully isolated Asgard archaeon.","authors":"Sonja Albers, Jonathan Ashmore, Thomas Pollard, Anja Spang, Jizhong Zhou","doi":"10.12703/r-01-000005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r-01-000005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The origin of cellular complexity characterizing eukaryotic cells remains a central unresolved issue in the study of diversification of cellular life on Earth. The isolation by Imachi <i>et al</i>.<sup>1</sup> of a member of the Asgard archaea<sup>2</sup> - a contemporary relative of organisms thought to have given rise to eukaryotic cells about 2 billion years ago - now promises new insight. The complete genome sequence of the isolated Lokiarchaeum strain confirms that the eukaryotic signature proteins (ESPs) previously identified in the Lokiarchaeota<sup>3</sup> and other Asgard archaea<sup>2</sup> are indeed encoded by these archaeal genomes and do not represent contamination from eukaryotes. These ESPs encode homologs of eukaryotic actins, small GTPases and the ESCRT complex proteins and are required for the functioning of complex eukaryotic cells. The new, slowly growing, anaerobic laboratory strain allows a first direct look at these organisms and provides key insights into the morphology and metabolism of an Asgard archaeal organism. The work has provided valuable information for other laboratories that aim to isolate and characterize related organisms from other environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":" ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8815363/pdf/facrev-11-03.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39628031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faculty reviewsPub Date : 2022-01-18eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.12703/r/11-2
Robin A Weiss, Neeraja Sankaran
{"title":"Emergence of epidemic diseases: zoonoses and other origins.","authors":"Robin A Weiss, Neeraja Sankaran","doi":"10.12703/r/11-2","DOIUrl":"10.12703/r/11-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious diseases emerge via many routes and may need to overcome stepwise bottlenecks to burgeon into epidemics and pandemics. About 60% of human infections have animal origins, whereas 40% either co-evolved with humans or emerged from non-zoonotic environmental sources. Although the dynamic interaction between wildlife, domestic animals, and humans is important for the surveillance of zoonotic potential, exotic origins tend to be overemphasized since many zoonoses come from anthropophilic wild species (for example, rats and bats). We examine the equivocal evidence of whether the appearance of novel infections is accelerating and relate technological developments to the risk of novel disease outbreaks. Then we briefly compare selected epidemics, ancient and modern, from the Plague of Athens to COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":" ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8808746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39915967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faculty reviewsPub Date : 2022-01-12eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.12703/r/11-1
Dmitri Wall, Nekma Meah, Nicole Fagan, Katherine York, Rodney Sinclair
{"title":"Advances in hair growth.","authors":"Dmitri Wall, Nekma Meah, Nicole Fagan, Katherine York, Rodney Sinclair","doi":"10.12703/r/11-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r/11-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hair is a deeply rooted component of identity and culture. Recent articles in this series have focused on scientific evidence relating to hair growth and new insights into the pathogenesis and mechanism of hair loss. This article reviews emerging evidence that has advanced our understanding of hair growth in both of these areas to provide a context for outlining current and emerging therapies. These include finasteride, minoxidil, topical prostaglandins, natural supplements, microneedling, low-level laser light, platelet-rich plasma, fractional lasers, cellular therapy, Wnt activators and SFRP1 antagonism.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8808739/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39915966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Brief considerations on targeting RNA with small molecules.","authors":"Quentin Vicens, Eric Westhof","doi":"10.12703/r/11-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r/11-39","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For more than three decades, RNA has been known to be a relevant and attractive macromolecule to target but figuring out which RNA should be targeted and how remains challenging. Recent years have seen the confluence of approaches for screening, drug optimization, and target validation that have led to the approval of a few RNA-targeting therapeutics for clinical applications. This focused perspective aims to highlight - but not exhaustively review - key factors accounting for these successes while pointing at crucial aspects worth considering for further breakthroughs.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":"11 ","pages":"39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9816876/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10534451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faculty reviewsPub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.12703/r-01-000007
O. Edwards, G. Jander, H. Ochman, R. Schuurink, Karam B. Singh
{"title":"Insects Co-opt Host Genes to Overcome Plant Defences.","authors":"O. Edwards, G. Jander, H. Ochman, R. Schuurink, Karam B. Singh","doi":"10.12703/r-01-000007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r-01-000007","url":null,"abstract":"Insect pests of plants, such as whiteflies, cause immense economic damage both through direct feeding and by transmitting viruses. In a major breakthrough, a paper by Xia et al.1 shows that some whiteflies have co-opted a gene from their plant host that has helped them neutralize a key component of the plant's defense. Plants produce a range of toxins as part of their defense against insect predation, and Xia et al. 1 show that, through a horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event from plant to insect, some whiteflies have acquired a gene whose original function was to protect the plants themselves from such damaging toxins through chemical modification that converts them to less harmful forms. Targeting of this gene in whiteflies using RNAi technology provided effective resistance in this ground-breaking study, which should lead others interested in crop protection to explore genes that have been transferred from plants to insects.","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":"11 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66161477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faculty reviewsPub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.12703/r-01-0000017
Christina K Kim, Alex L Kolodkin, Kang Shen, Garret D Stuber
{"title":"Building synapses: Using a synthetic approach to bridge synaptic membranes.","authors":"Christina K Kim, Alex L Kolodkin, Kang Shen, Garret D Stuber","doi":"10.12703/r-01-0000017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r-01-0000017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synapses are specialized cellular junctions essential for communication between neurons. Synapse loss occurs in many neurodegenerative diseases. Harnessing our molecular knowledge of the development and maintenance of synapses, Suzuki <i>et al</i>. present the first comprehensive attempt to use a synthetic protein to bridge the pre- and postsynaptic membranes<sup>1</sup>. They show that this powerful approach can stimulate the formation of pre- and postsynaptic specializations <i>in vitro</i>, rescue synaptic deficits of mutant mice <i>in vivo</i>, and ameliorate synapse loss and behavioral abnormalities in both Alzheimer's disease and spinal cord injury mouse models.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":"11 ","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9533766/pdf/facrev-11-25.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9151906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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