Faculty reviews最新文献_第5页

Restoring partial vision to a blind patient. 恢复失明病人的部分视力

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-06-27 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r-01-0000012

Larry I Benowitz, John E Dowling, Roman J Giger, Thomas V Johnson, Donald J Zack

引用次数: 0

Anti-type I interferon antibodies as a cause of severe COVID-19. 抗 I 型干扰素抗体是导致严重 COVID-19 的原因之一。

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-06-10 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r-01-0000010

David C Fajgenbaum, Adrian C Hayday, Angela J Rogers, Greg J Towers, Andreas Wack, Ivan Zanoni

引用次数: 0

Recent advances in connexin gap junction biology 连接蛋白间隙连接生物学研究进展

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-05-27 DOI: 10.12703/r/11-14

P. Lampe, D. Laird

{"title":"Recent advances in connexin gap junction biology","authors":"P. Lampe, D. Laird","doi":"10.12703/r/11-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r/11-14","url":null,"abstract":"Connexins are assembled into dodecamer intercellular channels, a collection of which is termed a gap junction, and their canonical function allowing direct exchange of ions and metabolites has been unequivocally established. When initially assembled into undocked cell surface connexin hemichannels, healthy cells may also engage in cell signaling via a regulated small-molecule release. Recent advances in the field have led to an expanded view of the functional roles of intercellular channels and hemichannels in both physiology and pathology. As more of the 21-member human connexin family is intensely interrogated, mounting evidence points to the biological uniqueness of each member, and no longer can we confidently refer to all connexins engaging in the same cellular processes. Innovations in high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy have revealed important insights into the structure of functionally important domains of both hemichannels and channels. These and other studies have established a foundation of knowledge that should allow inhibitory smart drug design for situations where enhanced intercellular or hemichannel activity is at the root of a connexin-linked disease. Assessment of the connexin interactome, which varies widely for each connexin subtype, continues to provide regulatory insights into the assembly and function of connexins that exhibit a short half-life. As the most intensely studied, Cx43 is found in about 50% of all human cell types and is extensively regulated by multiple inhibitory and enhancing phosphorylation events that have direct implications on tissue function and outcomes of disease, including cancer. Here, we briefly discuss these advances and give our thoughts on where the field is headed.","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46824929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Dissecting cellular diversity of cortical GABAergic cells across multiple modalities: A turning point in neuronal taxonomy. 跨多种方式解剖皮层gaba能细胞的细胞多样性:神经元分类学的一个转折点。

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-05-11 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r-01-000009

Paola Arlotta, Fei Chen, Simona Lodato, Troy W Margrie, Tomasz J Nowakowski, Thoru Pederson, Beatriz Rico

{"title":"Dissecting cellular diversity of cortical GABAergic cells across multiple modalities: A turning point in neuronal taxonomy.","authors":"Paola Arlotta, Fei Chen, Simona Lodato, Troy W Margrie, Tomasz J Nowakowski, Thoru Pederson, Beatriz Rico","doi":"10.12703/r-01-000009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r-01-000009","url":null,"abstract":"Decoding the complexity of the brain requires an understanding of the architecture, function, and development of its neuronal circuits. Neuronal classifications that group neurons based on specific features/behaviors have become essential to further analyze the different subtypes in a systematic and reproducible way. A comprehensive taxonomic framework, accounting for multiple defining and quantitative features, will provide the reference to infer generalized rules for cells ascribed to the same neuronal type, and eventually predict cellular behaviors, even in the absence of experimental measures. Technologies that enable cell-type classification in the nervous system are rapidly evolving in scalability and resolution. While these approaches depict astonishing diversity in neuronal morphology, electrophysiology, and gene expression, a robust metric of the coherence between different profiling modalities leading to a unified classification is still largely missing. Focusing on GABAergic neurons of the cerebral cortex, Gouwens et al.1 pioneered the first integrated cell-type classification based on the simultaneous analysis of the transcriptional networks, the recording of intrinsic electrophysiological properties, and the reconstruction of 3D morphologies of the same cell. Their comprehensive and high-quality data provide a new framework to shed light on what may be considered a \"neuronal cell type.\"","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9190211/pdf/facrev-11-13.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40000048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

ConducTORs of a Signaling Symphony: Metabolic and Hormone Responses Converge on TOR and EIN2 in plants. 信号交响乐的指挥者:植物的代谢和激素反应集中在TOR和EIN2上。

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-05-10 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r-01-000008

Jacob O Brunkard, Caren Chang, Bruce J Mayer, Christian Meyer, Jen Sheen

引用次数: 0

Scientists and journals must work together to protect the integrity of the scientific literature 科学家和期刊必须共同努力保护科学文献的完整性

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-05-10 DOI: 10.12703/r-01-0000011

B. Alberts, M. Robertson

引用次数: 0

Recent advances in understanding/management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder/premenstrual syndrome 经前烦躁不安障碍/经前综合征的认识和治疗的最新进展

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.12703/r/11-11

L. Tiranini, R. Nappi

{"title":"Recent advances in understanding/management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder/premenstrual syndrome","authors":"L. Tiranini, R. Nappi","doi":"10.12703/r/11-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r/11-11","url":null,"abstract":"Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are common disorders of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and are characterized by moderate to severe physical, affective, or behavioral symptoms that impair daily activities and quality of life. PMS and PMDD have recently raised great interest in the research community for their considerable global prevalence. The etiology of PMS/PMDD is complex. Ovarian reproductive steroids (estradiol and progesterone) are considered pathogenetic effectors, but the key feature seems to be an altered sensitivity of the GABAergic central inhibitory system to allopregnanolone, a neurosteroid derived from progesterone produced after ovulation. Also, a reduced availability of serotonin seems to be involved. New insights point to a role for genetic and epigenetic modifications of hormonal and neurotransmitter pathways, and inflammation is the potential link between peripheral and neurological integrated responses to stressors. Thus, new therapeutic approaches to PMS/PMDD include inhibition of progesterone receptors in the brain (i.e., with ulipristal acetate), reduced conversion of progesterone to its metabolite allopregnanolone with dutasteride, and possible modulation of the action of allopregnanolone on the brain GABAergic system with sepranolone. Further research is needed to better understand the interaction between peripheral inflammatory molecules (cytokines, interleukins, C-reactive protein, and reactive oxygen species) and the brain neurotransmitter systems in women with PMS/PMDD. If confirmed, neuroinflammation could lead both to develop targeted anti-inflammatory therapies and to define prevention strategies for the associated chronic inflammatory risk in PMS/PMDD. Finally, the observed association between premenstrual disorders and psychological diseases may guide prompt and adequate interventions to achieve a better quality of life.","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48012097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

Recent advances in understanding pancreatic cancer. 了解胰腺癌的最新进展

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-04-20 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r/11-9

Martyn C Stott, Lucy Oldfield, Jessica Hale, Eithne Costello, Christopher M Halloran

引用次数: 0

The contribution of bacteriophages to the aetiology and treatment of the bacterial vaginosis syndrome 噬菌体对细菌性阴道病综合征病因及治疗的贡献

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-04-19 DOI: 10.12703/r/11-8

Amaan Ali, J. S. Jørgensen, R. F. Lamont

{"title":"The contribution of bacteriophages to the aetiology and treatment of the bacterial vaginosis syndrome","authors":"Amaan Ali, J. S. Jørgensen, R. F. Lamont","doi":"10.12703/r/11-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r/11-8","url":null,"abstract":"Bacteriophages are obligate intracellular viruses that parasitize bacteria, making use of the host biosynthetic machinery. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) causes serious adverse sequelae, such as sexually transmitted infections, seroconversion to HIV positivity, and preterm birth. The aetiology of BV is multifactorial, and the vaginal microbiota, the response to antibiotics, and the phenotypic outcomes differ between cases. The choice of antibiotics to treat BV depends on the clinician’s personal experience, which contributes to the poor outcome of BV treatment and high recurrence rate. In this review, we classify BV into two subtypes based on whether or not the BV case is sexually associated (potentially phage-related). An appropriate antibiotic can be selected on the basis of this BV-typing to optimise the short- and long-term effects of treatment. Not all Lactobacillus spp. are helpful or protective and some may sequestrate metronidazole, which mitigates its therapeutic efficacy. Phages, used therapeutically, could contribute to eubiosis by sparing beneficial species of Lactobacilli. However, Lactobacilli have an important role in maintaining vaginal eubiosis, so conventional wisdom has been that treatment of BV may benefit from metronidazole that conserves lactobacilli rather than clindamycin, which destroys lactobacilli. Furthermore, if the quality and quantity of vaginal lactobacilli are compromised by phage colonisation, as in the sexually transmitted subtype, eradication of lactobacilli with clindamycin followed by replacement by probiotics may be better therapeutically than metronidazole and reduce recurrence rates. Accordingly, the subtype of BV may provide a more scientific approach to antibiotic selection, which is absent in current clinical guidelines. We provide support for the role of bacteriophages in the aetiology, recurrence or failure to cure BV following treatment, through parasitic colonisation of lactobacilli that may be sexually transmitted and may be enhanced by other risk factors like smoking, a factor associated with BV.","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41299105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Recent advances in understanding the roles of the enteric nervous system 了解肠神经系统作用的最新进展

Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2022-03-24 DOI: 10.12703/r/11-7

A. Chanpong, O. Borrelli, N. Thapar

{"title":"Recent advances in understanding the roles of the enteric nervous system","authors":"A. Chanpong, O. Borrelli, N. Thapar","doi":"10.12703/r/11-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r/11-7","url":null,"abstract":"The enteric nervous system (ENS), the intrinsic innervation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is a vast, mesh-like network of neurons and glia embedded within the bowel wall. Through its complex circuitry and neuronal diversity, the ENS is capable of functioning autonomously but is modulated by inputs from the central nervous system (CNS). The communication between the ENS and CNS is bidirectional and, together with crosstalk of these systems with microbiota housed within the GI tract, underpins the so-called microbiota-gut-brain axis. The ENS functions as a master regulator and coordinates many of the essential functions of the body, including GI motility, sensation and secretion. It is also capable of interacting with other cells, including intestinal epithelial, neuroendocrine and immune cells, to regulate their development as well as structural and functional integrity. Disruption of these ENS interactions, especially during early life, is likely to contribute to the aetiopathogenesis of disorders of the GI tract as well as elsewhere in the body, including neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the roles of the ENS, especially in its complex and reciprocal interactions that influence GI motility, sensation, intestinal epithelial integrity, immunity and neuroendocrine function, particularly focusing on the influence of the ENS in early life and early life programming.","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45548820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5