Environmental science: atmospheres最新文献

{"title":"Variability in air quality, ozone formation potential by VOCs, and associated air pollution attributable health risks for Delhi's inhabitants†","authors":"Saurabh Sharma, Anjum Singhal, Veluswamy Venkatramanan, Pawan Verma and Mayank Pandey","doi":"10.1039/D4EA00064A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EA00064A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The present long-term study has been conducted with dual objectives: firstly, to monitor the spatio-temporal variation of ambient air quality parameters and secondly, to evaluate the impact of air pollutants on the Delhi population. Five years (January 2019 to December 2023) of data of six key pollutants (PM<small>₁₀</small>, PM<small>_2.5</small>, NO<small>₂</small>, O<small>₃</small>, Benzene, and Toluene) were collected by continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations, obtained from the Central Pollution Control Board portal. The impact of air pollutants on human health was assessed using different indices and the AirQ+ model developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Additionally, the ozone formation potential (OFP) of benzene and toluene was evaluated. The findings of the study revealed that the concentrations of PM<small>₁₀</small> and PM<small>_2.5</small> exceeded both national and global guidelines across all the sites throughout the study period. Notably, industrial sites were classified as the severe category according to the National Air Quality Index. At industrial sites, the OFP of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was observed to be higher in comparison to commercial sites. The AirQ+ model analysis in the health risk assessment indicated a strong association between PM<small>₁₀</small> exposure and mortality from respiratory (91.36%) and chronic bronchitis (90.85%) diseases. Additionally, long-term PM<small>_2.5</small> exposure was linked to an increased risk of stroke (65%) and circulatory (63.83%) mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 8","pages":" 897-910"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d4ea00064a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141966431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon and nitrogen-based gas fluxes in subarctic ecosystems under climate warming and increased cloudiness†","authors":"Flobert A. Ndah, Marja Maljanen, Riikka Rinnan, Hem Raj Bhattarai, Cleo L. Davie-Martin, Santtu Mikkonen, Anders Michelsen and Minna Kivimäenpää","doi":"10.1039/D4EA00017J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EA00017J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Climate warming is projected to be particularly pronounced in the northern high latitudes coupled with reduced light availability due to increased cloudiness. The changing climate may alter the fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and atmospherically reactive trace gases, which can drive important climate feedbacks. We investigated the individual and combined effects of warming and increased cloudiness on methane (CH<small>₄</small>), carbon dioxide (CO<small>₂</small>), nitrous oxide (N<small>₂</small>O), nitric oxide (NO), nitrous acid (HONO) and biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) fluxes in mesocosms from two tundra and one palsa mire ecosystems kept under strict environmental control in climate chambers. We also examined whether and how prevailing soil physiochemical properties and plant species composition affected the fluxes. In control conditions, all sites were net sinks of CH<small>₄</small> and CO<small>₂</small> during both growing seasons except for the palsa site which was a net source of CO<small>₂</small> in the second growing season. Warming enhanced CH<small>₄</small> uptake, mostly observed in the palsa site, and turned the palsa site from a sink to a source of CO<small>₂</small> in the first growing season and increased the CO<small>₂</small> source strength in the second growing season. Warming increased BVOC emissions while increased cloudiness mostly decreased the emissions. The combined treatment of warming and increased cloudiness decreased CH<small>₄</small> uptake, mostly observed in the palsa site, and BVOC emissions. Fluxes of CO<small>₂</small> were linked to availability of soil carbon and organic matter, litter input, soil pH and bulk density, and cover of mosses. Low emissions of N<small>₂</small>O, NO, and HONO could mainly be explained by limited availability of mineral nitrogen. Warming-enhanced CH<small>₄</small> uptake and BVOC emissions will provide a negative feedback to climate while enhanced CO<small>₂</small> release from palsa mires will exacerbate global warming. Under combined warming and increased cloudiness, subarctic ecosystems may shift from sinks to sources of CH<small>₄</small>, providing a positive feedback to climate. Prevailing soil physiochemical properties and vegetation composition will play a significant role in controlling the fluxes, hence contributing to the overall climate change effects and feedback.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 8","pages":" 942-957"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d4ea00017j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141966310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards automated inclusion of autoxidation chemistry in models: from precursors to atmospheric implications†","authors":"Lukas Pichelstorfer, Pontus Roldin, Matti Rissanen, Noora Hyttinen, Olga Garmash, Carlton Xavier, Putian Zhou, Petri Clusius, Benjamin Foreback, Thomas Golin Almeida, Chenjuan Deng, Metin Baykara, Theo Kurten and Michael Boy","doi":"10.1039/D4EA00054D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EA00054D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In the last few decades, atmospheric formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) has gained increasing attention due to their impact on air quality and climate. However, methods to predict their abundance are mainly empirical and may fail under real atmospheric conditions. In this work, a close-to-mechanistic approach allowing SOA quantification is presented, with a focus on a chain-like chemical reaction called “autoxidation”. A novel framework is employed to (a) describe the gas-phase chemistry, (b) predict the products' molecular structures and (c) explore the contribution of autoxidation chemistry on SOA formation under various conditions. As a proof of concept, the method is applied to benzene, an important anthropogenic SOA precursor. Our results suggest autoxidation to explain up to 100% of the benzene-SOA formed under low-NO<small>_<em>x</em></small> laboratory conditions. Under atmospheric-like day-time conditions, the calculated benzene-aerosol mass continuously forms, as expected based on prior work. Additionally, a prompt increase, driven by the NO<small>₃</small> radical, is predicted by the model at dawn. This increase has not yet been explored experimentally and stresses the potential for atmospheric SOA formation <em>via</em> secondary oxidation of benzene by O<small>₃</small> and NO<small>₃</small>.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 8","pages":" 879-896"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11307592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141918234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particulate matter and nanoplastics: synergistic impact on Artemia salina","authors":"Mohanraj Gopikrishnan, Kanimozhi Subramanian, Ashwin Krn, George Priya Doss C., B. Srimuruganandam and Natarajan Chandrasekaran","doi":"10.1039/D4EA00065J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EA00065J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Global air pollution presents substantial risks to both human health and the environment. Particulate Matter (PM) adversely affects ecosystems through pollution, bioaccumulation, and endangerment of aquatic organisms. These contaminants enter water systems <em>via</em> precipitation and industrial runoff, damaging aquatic invertebrates through physical, physiological, and molecular mechanisms, leading to developmental issues and organ toxicity. This study investigates the combined toxicological effect of environmental exposure to polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles and varying PM concentrations from indoor and outdoor dust particles on <em>Artemia salina</em>. Our findings reveal noteworthy elevations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in air conditioner (AC) dust and PM<small>_2.5</small> exposures, highlighting potential health risks associated with high particulate contamination. Conversely, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased, indicating harm to enzyme systems. In contrast, catalase activity (CAT) increased, suggesting a compensatory response to oxidative stress induced by Polystyrene (PS) and suspended particulate pollutants. These results underscore the severe oxidative stress experienced by marine zooplankton when exposed to PM<small>_2.5</small> combined with NPs, potentially impairing growth. Further research should explore the combined toxicological effects of PM<small>_2.5</small> and NPs on other marine species and investigate long-term exposure effects and bioaccumulation pathways. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate NP pollution and protect human health and aquatic ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 9","pages":" 988-999"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d4ea00065j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142169809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outstanding Reviewers for Environmental Science: Atmospheres in 2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1039/D4EA90025A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EA90025A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We would like to take this opportunity to thank all of <em>Environmental Science: Atmospheres</em>’s reviewers for helping to preserve quality and integrity in chemical science literature. We would also like to highlight the Outstanding Reviewers for <em>Environmental Science: Atmospheres</em> in 2023.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 7","pages":" 707-707"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d4ea90025a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141583658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and seasonal dynamics of gaseous elemental mercury concentrations over Switzerland observed by a passive air sampler network†","authors":"Stefan Osterwalder, Ron Schibler, Christoph Hüglin, Beat Schwarzenbach, Geoff Stupple, Katrina MacSween, Kevin Bishop, Christine Alewell and Nina Buchmann","doi":"10.1039/D4EA00052H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EA00052H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Mercury (Hg) is a threat to the environment and human health. As a consequence, the Minamata Convention on Mercury was adopted in 2013 to reduce Hg pollution by curbing anthropogenic emissions. Analysis of gaseous elemental Hg (Hg<small>⁰</small>) concentration trends in the atmosphere has been identified as a cost-effective means to evaluate progress on reducing Hg pollution. Therefore, spatial coverage of atmospheric Hg<small>⁰</small> concentration measurements should be expanded. We established an atmospheric Hg<small>⁰</small> concentration monitoring network with 22 sites across Switzerland, using the Mercury Passive Air Sampler (MerPAS®). The mean annual atmospheric Hg<small>⁰</small> concentration in Switzerland was 1.34 ± 0.20 ng m<small>⁻³</small> (August 22, 2022 – September 21, 2023), similar to current observations at European air monitoring stations. Mean atmospheric Hg<small>⁰</small> concentrations were significantly lower at rural stations (1.25 ± 0.11 ng m<small>⁻³</small>) than at urban (1.37 ± 0.14 ng m<small>⁻³</small>) stations (Mann-Whitney <em>U</em>-test, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.01). This concentration difference can be explained by more local Hg emissions at urban sites (<em>e.g.</em>, by fuel combustion) throughout the year as well as by more pronounced stomatal Hg<small>⁰</small> uptake at rural sites during spring and summer. We recommend continuing the Swiss Atmospheric Mercury Network to support the call from the Minamata Convention to monitor atmospheric Hg<small>⁰</small> as a control on whether international efforts are successful in reducing Hg in the environment. Longer term records from such monitoring networks will also help improve the understanding of both regional and global Hg cycles.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 8","pages":" 848-860"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d4ea00052h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141966428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New airborne research facility observes sensitivity of cumulus cloud microphysical properties to aerosol regime over the great barrier reef†","authors":"Diana C. Hernandez-Jaramillo, Chris Medcraft, Ramon Campos Braga, Peter Butcherine, Adrian Doss, Brendan Kelaher, Daniel Rosenfeld and Daniel P. Harrison","doi":"10.1039/D4EA00009A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EA00009A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Our work on aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions became hamstrung by the lack of a suitable aerosol and cloud microphysics equipped aircraft in Australia. To address this infrastructure gap, we have established a new airborne research platform, designed primarily for Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB) field studies but with broader applicability across diverse airborne research domains. This platform, comprising a Cessna 337 aircraft was outfitted with a comprehensive suite of meteorological, aerosol, and cloud microphysical instrumentation normally only found on much larger aircrafts. The aircraft has completed its first field deployment over the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) supporting the Reef Restoration and Adaptation Program. Here we present details of the platform configuration, a flight summary of its first campaign and a case study illustrating the capabilities of the new platform. In the case study presented, data was collected from two well-developed cumulus cloud cells which were similar in macrophysical properties but formed under markedly different aerosol regimes. We observed a strong difference in cloud microphysical properties. Higher aerosol concentrations led to more numerous and smaller cloud drops and suppressed warm rain. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that cumulus clouds, dominant over the GBR during summer, are amenable to marine cloud brightening. Our results demonstrate the practical utility of the new research aircraft through a focused case study, laying the groundwork for future scientific investigations of aerosol–cloud interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 8","pages":" 861-871"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d4ea00009a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141966429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of mercury in atmospheric particulate matter in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","authors":"Luis Fhernando Mendonça da Silva, Caio Silva Assis Felix, Madson Moreira Nascimento, Jailson Bittencourt de Andrade, Maria Cristina Canela, Cibele Maria Stivanin de Almeida, Carla Semiramis Silveira, Renato da Silva Carreira and Adriana Gioda","doi":"10.1039/D4EA00044G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EA00044G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Despite its low atmospheric concentration, mercury in particulate matter (PHg) significantly impacts its biogeochemical cycle. This research focused on the airborne Hg concentrations in fine particulate matter (PM<small>_2.5</small>) collected from three distinct sites: an urban area, an urban area affected by sugarcane burning, and protection reserve area within the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, across various seasons during 2022–2023. The findings revealed average concentration of PM<small>_2.5</small> in Gávea was 19 ± 8 μg m<small>⁻³</small> (with values ranging from 8 to 37 μg m<small>⁻³</small>), in PARNASO, it was 24 ± 11 μg m<small>⁻³</small> (with values ranging from 0.2 to 46 μg m<small>⁻³</small>), and in Campos, it was 10 ± 6 μg m<small>⁻³</small> (with values ranging from 1 to 19 μg m<small>⁻³</small>). Given these values, no day surpassed the threshold outlined by Brazilian regulations. However, 63% of the samples showed daily concentrations exceeding the standards established by the World Health Organization. The average mercury concentrations in PM<small>_2.5</small> were 81 ± 116 (3–366) pg m<small>⁻³</small>, 169 ± 139 (2–392) pg m<small>⁻³</small>, and 110 ± 71 (8–272) pg m<small>⁻³</small> for the urban region of the capital, interior with sugarcane burning and forest locations, respectively, throughout the study period. The study also found that PHg concentrations were about twice as high during the dry period compared to the summer season, suggesting contributions from both local sources and transboundary pollution. Furthermore, significant seasonal variation in PHg concentrations was observed, with notably higher levels detected in the interior urban area impacted by burns than in the capital and preserved sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 8","pages":" 872-878"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d4ea00044g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141966430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions of peroxy radicals from monoterpene and isoprene oxidation simulated in the radical volatility basis set†","authors":"Meredith Schervish, Martin Heinritzi, Dominik Stolzenburg, Lubna Dada, Mingyi Wang, Qing Ye, Victoria Hofbauer, Jenna DeVivo, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Jonathan Duplissy, Imad El Haddad, Henning Finkenzeller, Xu-Cheng He, Aleksander Kvashnin, Changhyuk Kim, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Brandon Lopez, Vladimir Makhmutov, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Wei Nie, Tuuka Petäjä, Lauriane Quéléver, Rainer Volkamer, Andrea C. Wagner, Paul Winkler, Chao Yan and Neil M. Donahue","doi":"10.1039/D4EA00056K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EA00056K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Isoprene affects new particle formation rates in environments and experiments also containing monoterpenes. For the most part, isoprene reduces particle formation rates, but the reason is debated. It is proposed that due to its fast reaction with OH, isoprene may compete with larger monoterpenes for oxidants. However, by forming a large amount of peroxy-radicals (RO<small>₂</small>), isoprene may also interfere with the formation of the nucleating species compared to a purely monoterpene system. We explore the RO<small>₂</small> cross reactions between monoterpene and isoprene oxidation products using the radical Volatility Basis Set (radical-VBS), a simplified reaction mechanism, comparing with observations from the CLOUD experiment at CERN. We find that isoprene interferes with covalently bound C<small>₂₀</small> dimers formed in the pure monoterpene system and consequently reduces the yields of the lowest volatility (Ultra Low Volatility Organic Carbon, ULVOC) VBS products. This in turn reduces nucleation rates, while having less of an effect on subsequent growth rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 7","pages":" 740-753"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d4ea00056k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141583696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling molecular composition of SOA from toluene photo-oxidation at urban and street scales†","authors":"Karine Sartelet, Zhizhao Wang, Victor Lannuque, Siddharth Iyer, Florian Couvidat and Thibaud Sarica","doi":"10.1039/D4EA00049H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EA00049H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Near-explicit chemical mechanisms representing toluene SOA formation are reduced using the GENOA algorithm and used in 3D simulations of air quality over Greater Paris and in the streets of a district near Paris. The SOA concentrations formed by the toluene photo-oxidation are found to mostly originate from molecular rearrangement with ring opening of a bicyclic peroxy radical (BPR) with an O–O bridge (45%), followed by OH-addition on the aromatic ring (22%), Highly Oxygenated organic Molecules (HOM) formation without ring opening (13%), condensation of methylnitrocatechol (8%), irreversible formation of SOA from methylglyoxal (6%), and ring-opening pathway (3%). The concentrations simulated using the most comprehensive reduced chemical scheme (rdc. Mech. 3) are also compared to those simulated with a SOA scheme based on chamber measurements, and one reduced from the Master Chemical Mechanism. Using rdc. Mech 3 leads to between 50% and 75% more toluene SOA concentrations than the other schemes, mostly because of molecular rearrangement. The SOA compounds from rdc. Mech. 3 are more oxidized and less volatile, with molecules of different functional groups. Concentrations of methylbenzoquinones, which may be of particular health interest, represent about 0.5% of the toluene SOA concentrations. Those are slightly higher in streets than in the urban background (by 2%).</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 8","pages":" 839-847"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d4ea00049h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141966427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}