Environmental science: atmospheres最新文献

{"title":"Preliminary observation of strong NOx release over Qiyi Glacier in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau†","authors":"Weili Lin, Feng Wang, Chunxiang Ye and Tong Zhu","doi":"10.1039/D3EA00161J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EA00161J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >NO<small>_<em>x</em></small> is released from sunlit snowpack surfaces, and this considerably influences the oxidizing capacity of the clean boundary layer atmosphere in Antarctic and Arctic regions and the potential interpretation of the historical atmospheric composition recorded in the ice core. The Tibetan Plateau is an important snow-covered region in the northern midlatitudes, with strong solar radiation and relatively high NO<small>₃</small><small>⁻</small> in snow/ice. Released NO<small>_<em>x</em></small> on the glacier surface of the Tibetan Plateau should be strong. To confirm this hypothesis, field observations were performed at 4600 m above the sea level in Qiyi Glacier in late August 2004. The surface ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation level reached &gt;4.5 W m<small>⁻²</small> and was increased by the strong reflection of snow/ice and clouds against the Sun and strengthened by the topographical effect. The concentrations of NO<small>₃</small><small>⁻</small> and NH<small>₄</small><small>⁺</small> in water from melting snow were hardly detected, but the average concentration (±1<em>σ</em>) of NO<small>₃</small><small>⁻</small> in snow samples was 8.7 ± 2.7 μmol L<small>⁻¹</small>. Strong correlations were observed between NO<small>_<em>x</em></small> (NO<small>₂</small>) mixing ratios and UVB radiation levels in the Tibetan glacier. Vertical experiments revealed a negative gradient of NO<small>_<em>x</em></small> (NO<small>₂</small>) mixing ratios from the glacier snow surface to a height of 30 cm. As a result of the high levels of UV radiation and high NO<small>₃</small><small>⁻</small> concentrations in snow/ice, the mixing ratios of NOx released by fresh snow in Qiyi Glacier in late August reached several parts per billion (ppbv) and were approximately one order of magnitude higher than those observed in polar regions. This observation provides direct evidence to support the research hypothesis and confirms the release of high concentrations of NOx in the boundary layer of the highland glaciers and snow surfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 2","pages":" 275-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d3ea00161j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139739070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential environmental and climate impacts of stratospheric aerosol injection: a review†","authors":"Han N. Huynh and V. Faye McNeill","doi":"10.1039/D3EA00134B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EA00134B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Given the rise in global mean temperature as a direct consequence of increasing levels of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere, a variety of climate engineering approaches, including stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI), have been proposed. Often criticized as a distraction from global efforts towards reducing GHG emissions, SAI aims to increase the Earth's albedo by seeding aerosols in the lower stratosphere. Inspired in part by observations of temporary cooling of the Earth's surface following major volcanic eruptions which introduced significant loadings of sulfate particles into the stratosphere, SAI has been explored extensively in modeling studies. The cooling effect may be accompanied by other significant consequences including stratospheric heating, stratospheric ozone (O<small>₃</small>) depletion, and reduced global mean precipitation. In order to understand the potential environmental and climate impacts of SAI, we review the state of the knowledge regarding these issues, starting from an aerosol science perspective. We summarize aerosol radiative properties and the role they play in defining the optimal chemical and physical aerosol characteristics for SAI, and their implications for lower stratospheric warming. We then review in depth the impacts of stratospheric aerosol heterogeneous chemistry on global O<small>₃</small> levels. We review SAI modeling studies as well as their uncertainties, in comparison to the observed environmental and climate impacts of volcanically derived sulfate aerosols, including impacts on global temperature, stratospheric warming, and hydrological cycle. We also briefly discuss the current governance and economic considerations of the application of SAI and raise essential questions from both research and social standpoints that should be addressed before SAI is deployed for climate change mitigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 2","pages":" 114-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d3ea00134b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139739067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mobility virtual environment (MoVE): an open source framework for gathering and visualizing atmospheric observations using multiple vehicle-based sensors","authors":"Marc D. Compere, Kevin A. Adkins, Avinash Muthu Krishnan, Ronny Schroeder and Curtis N. James","doi":"10.1039/D2EA00106C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EA00106C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) are becoming prevalent in a wide variety of meteorological investigations. UAS fill an important atmospheric observational gap, namely observations between ground-based sensors and higher altitudes where manned aircraft can safely operate. This paper explores the hardware and software design used for a multi-vehicle atmospheric data collection campaign. The Mobility Virtual Environment (MoVE) is a software framework designed specifically to collect data from multiple vehicles and present a coherent, summary view of a complex scenario. Using both a 2D map and a live updating table, multiple vehicles can be monitored simultaneously to make real-time decisions and quickly assess the mission's effectiveness. MoVE is the software framework used to gather live telemetry inputs before, during, and after flight. MoVE is also the set of tools used to post-process multiple data logs from days of flight experiments into 3D and 4D visualizations over the surrounding terrain. The results are visualizations of otherwise invisible quantities like T, P, RH, and especially vector wind velocities, <img>, captured during flight with drone-based sensors. The open-source software and procedures described here can help the atmospheric research, and broader scientific community, achieve greater understanding when using drone-based sensors.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 2","pages":" 214-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d2ea00106c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139739080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Science: Atmospheres is four and so much more","authors":"Neil M. Donahue","doi":"10.1039/D3EA90050A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EA90050A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A graphical abstract is available for this content</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 1","pages":" 7-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d3ea90050a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139488245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban and Remote cheMistry modELLing with the new chemical mechanism URMELL: part I gas-phase mechanism development†","authors":"Marie Luise Luttkus, Erik Hans Hoffmann, Andreas Tilgner, Ralf Wolke, Hartmut Herrmann and Ina Tegen","doi":"10.1039/D3EA00094J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EA00094J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Air quality is a globally pressing issue as it poses a major threat for human health and ecosystems. Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) are highly reactive substances and known for their impact on O<small>₃</small>, HO<small>_<em>x</em></small> (OH + HO<small>₂</small>) and NO<small>_<em>x</em></small> (NO + NO<small>₂</small>) concentrations. NMVOCs comprise a variety of anthropogenic and biogenic compounds with highly complex and entangled relations. Therefore, it is key to capture these interdependencies for any air quality assessment through modeling. Unfortunately, chemical mechanisms used for air quality modeling are often too simplified and partly outdated. Here, we present the development of the chemical mechanism URMELL (Urban and Remote cheMistry modELLing) comprising an extended chemical treatment of major anthropogenic and biogenic NMVOCs based on current knowledge. Box model simulations of standardized urban and remote conditions were performed with URMELL and other mechanisms, and the obtained concentration time profiles of key compounds were compared. High correlations (&gt;0.9) with the benchmark mechanism MCMv3.3.1 are found for all urban conditions. For remote conditions, the simulations using URMELL have much higher oxidant concentrations, especially for OH reaching concentrations ∼10<small>⁶</small> molecules per cm<small>³</small> which is in the same range of measured ambient OH concentrations at remote isoprene-dominated sites. For further evaluation, URMELL was applied in the chemical transport model COSMO-MUSCAT and simulations for Germany in May 2014 were performed. Modeled O<small>₃</small>, NO and NO<small>₂</small> concentrations were compared with 57 measurement sites indicating improved ozone correlations for urban as well as remote isoprene-influenced sites than the currently applied mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 2","pages":" 164-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d3ea00094j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139739077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving model representation of rapid ozone deposition over soil in the central Tibetan Plateau†","authors":"Chong Zhang, Jianshu Wang, Yingjie Zhang, Wanyun Xu, Gen Zhang, Guofang Miao, Jiacheng Zhou, Hui Yu, Weixiong Zhao, Weili Lin, Ling Kang, Xuhui Cai, Hongsheng Zhang and Chunxiang Ye","doi":"10.1039/D3EA00153A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EA00153A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Ozone soil deposition contributes a major part to the total deposition of ozone on land covered by low vegetation and perturbs the ozone budget on both regional and global scales. Large model-observation divergences in ozone soil deposition require continuous efforts to improve the mechanical understanding and model representation. Observation of ozone deposition over bare soil directly meets the requirement. Here, we performed field observation of ozone deposition over bare soil first available in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) using the aerodynamic gradient method. A top ozone deposition velocity with a daily mean of 0.49 ± 0.11 (1 sd) cm s<small>⁻¹</small> (1 May to 10 July 2019) and an hourly mean maximum across the diel pattern of 0.73 ± 0.67 cm s<small>⁻¹</small> in the afternoon were recorded. Such rapid ozone deposition was mainly attributed to extremely low soil resistance (<em>R</em><small>_soil</small>), which was further regulated by median low soil clay content, dry conditions, and strong solar radiation in the central TP. Parameterization of <em>R</em><small>_soil</small> in the newly developed Stella scheme was demonstrated to be effective according to our verification. An updated scheme was further attained with the inclusion of our observation and better represents the <em>R</em><small>_soil</small> variability than the Stella scheme. More verification is therefore encouraged and hopefully to improve the Stella scheme. Finally, both the Stella scheme and our updated scheme showed great advantages over the oversimplified scheme in current models and should be considered more seriously for the sake of better representation of ozone soil deposition and its variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 2","pages":" 252-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d3ea00153a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139739083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nycterohemeral airborne fungal and bacterial communities and health risks of potential pathogens in Shanghai†","authors":"Xueyun Geng, Changliang Nie, Hui Chen, Xu Tang, Min Wei, Yi Wang, Huanxiang Gao, Dan Li, Mingliang Fang, Ruiting Ju, Bo Li, Haidong Kan, Renjie Chen, Jinzhuo Zhao, Lin Wang and Jianmin Chen","doi":"10.1039/D3EA00141E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EA00141E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Urbanization-influenced airborne microorganisms and megacity bioaerosols have garnered particular attention due to their importance in the atmospheric environment. Herein, the diurnal variation of airborne microbes in PM<small>_2.5</small> between day and night was unveiled by a culture-independent approach and morphological analyses. The results demonstrated that airborne fungi, with values of 8636 copies per m<small>³</small> (daytime) and 9443 copies per m<small>³</small> (nighttime), and bacteria, with values of 38 725 copies per m<small>³</small> (daytime) and 38 613 copies per m<small>³</small> (nighttime), were observed under improved air quality. The recurrent diel cycle's airborne fungal and bacterial concentrations had no discernible difference. The airborne microbial community structure displayed robustness, in which Formitopsidaceae, Meruliaceae, Aspergillaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Caulobacteraceae, and Moraxellaceae dominated. The LefSE analysis revealed <em>Sistotrema</em>, <em>Moesziomyces</em> and <em>Acinetobacter</em> as diurnal biomarkers and <em>Cercospora</em> and <em>Blastomonas</em> as nocturnal biomarkers. In assessing the health risks of potential pathogens, the nocturnal samples contained a higher fungal relative abundance (38.52%), and diurnal samples had a higher proportion of potentially pathogenic bacteria (21.92%). SO<small>₂</small> inhibited the fungal concentrations significantly. The observation of fungi by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) revealed the intact cell structure presumably annotated to Basidiomycota and Ascomycota and acted as the independent atmospheric particle matters of which surface harboured chemical composition. This study offers important insights into airborne fungi and bacteria in metropolitan cities, coupled with high throughput sequencing technologies and morphological observation under low PM<small>_2.5</small> concentration.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 2","pages":" 190-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d3ea00141e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139739078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The molecular scale mechanism of deposition ice nucleation on silver iodide†","authors":"Golnaz Roudsari, Mária Lbadaoui-Darvas, André Welti, Athanasios Nenes and Ari Laaksonen","doi":"10.1039/D3EA00140G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EA00140G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Heterogeneous ice nucleation is a ubiquitous process in the natural and built environment. Deposition ice nucleation, <em>i.e.</em> heterogeneous ice nucleation that – according to the traditional view – occurs in a subsaturated water vapor environment and in the absence of supercooled water on the solid, ice-forming surface, is among the most important ice formation processes in high-altitude cirrus and mixed-phase clouds. Despite its importance, very little is known about the mechanism of deposition ice nucleation at the microscopic level. This study puts forward an adsorption-based mechanism for deposition ice nucleation through results from a combination of atomistic simulations, experiments and theoretical modelling. One of the most potent laboratory surrogates of ice nucleating particles, silver iodide, is used as a substrate for the simulations. We find that water initially adsorbs in clusters which merge and grow over time to form layers of supercooled water. Ice nucleation on silver iodide requires at minimum the adsorption of 4 molecular layers of water. Guided by the simulations we propose the following fundamental freezing steps: (1) Water molecules adsorb on the surface, forming nanodroplets. (2) The supercooled water nanodroplets merge into a continuous multilayer when they grow to about 3 molecular layers thick. (3) The layer continues to grow until the critical thickness for freezing is reached. (4) The critical ice cluster continues to grow.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 2","pages":" 243-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d3ea00140g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139739082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical one-dimensional investigations on a multi-cylinder spark ignition engine using hydrogen/ethanol, hydrogen/methanol and gasoline in dual fuel mode","authors":"Ufaith Qadiri","doi":"10.1039/D3EA00139C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EA00139C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study enhances the application of alternative fuels—specifically hydrogen, methanol, and ethanol—in a multi-cylinder gasoline engine. Using the one-dimensional simulation software AVL Boost, the study aims to predict the performance and emission characteristics of two distinct blends: hydrogen (10%) blended with methanol (90%) and hydrogen (10%) blended with ethanol (90%), in comparison to the baseline of 100% gasoline. The multi-cylinder spark ignition engine operates at variable speed under constant load conditions. The analysis of combustion characteristics involves monitoring pressure at different crank angles for all fuels. The anticipated performance parameters include power, torque, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). Notably, among the blended fuels, the hydrogen/ethanol blend exhibited superior efficiency, with a 20% increase in power compared to the hydrogen/methanol blend. The 90% ethanol with 10% hydrogen blend and the 90% methanol with 10% hydrogen blend both showed improved performance and contributed to reduced emissions compared to the 100% gasoline fuel. Favourable results were observed for CO, HC, and NOx emissions. While hydrogen combustion is carbon-free, the addition of ethanol and methanol led to slight carbon-based emissions, with a marginal increase in NOx for the hydrogen/methanol blend compared to the 100% gasoline fuel.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 2","pages":" 233-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d3ea00139c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139739081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size dependent effectiveness of engineering and administrative control strategies for both short- and long-range airborne transmission control†","authors":"Xiaowei Lyu, Zhiwen Luo and Li Shao","doi":"10.1039/D3EA00115F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EA00115F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Ventilation is recognized as an effective mitigation strategy for long-range airborne transmission. However, a recent study by Li <em>et al.</em> revealed its potential impact on short-range airborne transmission as well. Our study extends their work by developing size-dependent transmission models for both short- and long-range airborne transmission and evaluates the impact of various control strategies, including ventilation. By adopting a recently determined mode-dependent viral load, we first analyzed the role of different sizes of droplets in airborne transmission. In contrast to models with a constant viral load where large droplets contain more viruses, our findings demonstrated that droplets ranging from ∼2–4 μm are more critical for short-range airborne transmission. Meanwhile, droplets in the ∼1–2 μm range play a significant role in long-range airborne transmission. Furthermore, our study indicates that implementing a size-dependent filtration/mask strategy considerably affects the rate of change (ROC) of virus concentration in relation to both distancing and ventilation. This underscores the importance of factoring in droplet size during risk assessment. Engineering controls, like ventilation and filtration, as well as administrative controls, such as distancing and masks, have different effectiveness in reducing virus concentration. Our findings indicate that high-efficiency masks can drastically reduce virus concentrations, potentially diminishing the impacts of other strategies. Given the size-dependent efficiency of filtration, ventilation has a more important role in reducing virus concentration than filtration, especially for long-range airborne transmission. For short-range airborne transmission, maintaining distance is far more effective than ventilation, and its effectiveness is largely unaffected by ventilation. However, the influence of ventilation on virus concentration and its variation with the distance mainly depend on the specific transmission model utilized. In sum, this research delineates the differential roles of droplet sizes and control strategies in both short- and long-range airborne transmission, offering valuable insights for future size-dependent airborne transmission control measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":72942,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science: atmospheres","volume":" 1","pages":" 43-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ea/d3ea00115f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139488242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}