Engineering reports : open access最新文献

{"title":"Intelligent Tetracycline Sensing With Carbon Quantum Dots: From Photophysical Engineering to Machine Learning-Enhanced Detection","authors":"Mohamed Abu Shuheil,&nbsp;Rasha Eldalawy,&nbsp;Irwanjot Kaur,&nbsp;Ahmed Aldulaimi,&nbsp;Nada Othman Kattab,&nbsp;Kamal Kishore Thakur,&nbsp;Khushnud Azizjanov,&nbsp;Mukhammadali Buriev,&nbsp;Ahmad Amiri","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70933","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The proliferation of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) in environmental and food matrices necessitates rapid, selective, and field-deployable analytical methods. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as promising fluorescent nanomaterials for tetracycline (TC) sensing; yet translating laboratory prototypes into intelligent, real-world platforms remains challenging. This review systematically examines the evolution from materials design to data-driven detection strategies. We first analyze photophysical engineering approaches, including surface functionalization, heteroatom doping, and bandgap tuning, that govern CQD optical properties and analyte recognition mechanisms. Particular attention is given to selectivity-enhancing interactions, including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, metal-ion-mediated coordination, molecular imprinting, and fluorescence modulation pathways such as photoinduced electron transfer and inner filter effects that enable discrimination of tetracyclines from competing species. Critical evaluation of analytical performance metrics reveals persistent challenges in matrix interference management and cross-reactivity mitigation. Across the reviewed studies, CQD-based sensing platforms have achieved limits of detection ranging from 0.28 nM to 0.158 μM, with linear dynamic ranges extending from the nanomolar domain to as high as 500 μM, depending on sensor architecture, transduction mechanism, and sample matrix. Recent integration of machine learning algorithms, including artificial neural networks, support vector machines, and principal component analysis, has demonstrated enhanced selectivity, interference discrimination, and multianalyte classification capabilities. We further assess emerging portable platforms, including smartphone-integrated devices and paper-based sensors, highlighting the synergy between miniaturization and computational intelligence. Translational barriers, including batch-to-batch reproducibility, regulatory validation, calibration transferability, and algorithm generalizability, are critically discussed. This review provides a roadmap for developing next-generation intelligent sensing systems that bridge fundamental nanomaterial science, chemometric validation, artificial intelligence, and practical deployment in environmental monitoring, food safety surveillance, and resource-limited settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70933","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148386591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Cyber-Physical Systems Security: Threats, Challenges, and Defense in ICS/OT Environments","authors":"M. A. Khalifa,&nbsp;Ahmad Taher Azar,&nbsp;Walid El-Shafai","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70866","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The convergence of operational technology (OT) with IP-based information systems has exposed industrial control systems (ICS), supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) deployments, and broader cyber-physical systems (CPS) to an increasingly diverse and sophisticated threat landscape. Existing reviews commonly address malware taxonomy, defensive architectures, incident analysis, or organizational readiness as separate topics, leaving a need for a unified, evidence-based synthesis that connects documented adversarial behavior with practical defensive controls and unresolved research challenges. This study consolidates the evidence base on CPS/ICS-targeting malware and develops a defense-oriented synthesis that maps documented adversarial tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) to practical mitigation strategies, industrial security standards, and future research directions. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Records were retrieved from IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar using search terms related to CPS security, ICS malware, OT threats, SCADA vulnerabilities, and MITRE ATT&amp;CK. After duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text eligibility assessment, the final set of sources was analyzed to extract malware characteristics, targeted sectors, attack vectors, defensive mechanisms, and TTPs. The extracted TTPs were mapped to the MITRE ATT&amp;CK Enterprise and ICS matrices, while defensive recommendations were interpreted with reference to established industrial security guidance, including IEC 62443 and NIST SP 800-82. The analysis shows that contemporary CPS/ICS malware combines enterprise-oriented intrusion techniques with ICS-specific operational-impact techniques. Across the analyzed malware families, Enterprise techniques represented &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;61&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ 61.2% $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; of mapped TTPs, while ICS-specific techniques represented &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;38&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;8&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ 38.8% $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, demonstrating the hybrid IT/OT character of modern industrial cyberattacks. Frequently observed ICS techniques included &lt;i&gt;unauthorized command message&lt;/i&gt; (T0855), &lt;i&gt;remote system discovery&lt;/i&gt; (T0846), and impact-oriented actions affecting process availability and control. The incident-driven analysis further revealed recurring patterns of social-engineered or credential-based initial access, lateral moveme","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70866","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148386592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy Management of the Major Energy-Intensive Processes in Beer Production: A Systematic Review Within the POET Framework","authors":"J. E. Conduah,&nbsp;K. Kusakana,&nbsp;P. A. Hohne","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70904","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research explores energy efficiency (EE) initiatives for evaluating and enhancing energy efficiency in energy-intensive processes in the beer production industry, using the performance, operation, equipment, and technology efficiency (POET) approach, in South Africa, where beer production can account for 30% of the energy used by the food and beverage industry. Microbreweries spend about 8% of their production costs on thermal processes to produce craft beer. Large breweries have an average energy consumption of 0.43 kWh per liter of beer produced, compared to microbreweries, which use even more energy to produce the same amount. In this work, the energy-intensive processes in microbreweries, including water heating, mashing, boiling, cooling, fermentation, and cold storage, are identified. The paper recommends energy management (EM) initiatives within the POET framework to reduce costs and improve energy efficiency. These initiatives are divided into four sub-levels: conceptual, active, technical, and further improvement. The initiatives are chosen based on cost savings and the effort required. The paper also proposes using external energy sources, such as renewable energy, and energy storage systems, including ice thermal storage. The use of the POET framework suggests there are opportunities for substantial energy cost savings. The paper also demonstrates the role of model predictive control (MPC) in attaining operational efficiency in hybrid energy systems (HES) in heating and cooling applications with thermal and electrical energy storage systems. The adoption of hybrid energy systems can help lower energy costs and enhance technology and equipment. Energy savings in beer production range from 10% to 50%, depending on system size, initial inefficiencies, and energy-efficiency measures adopted (based on diverse literature sources).</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70904","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148386128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Compression-Molded Alkali-Treated Sisal/False Banana Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites","authors":"Fitiwi Gebrenigus Goshu,&nbsp;Dereje Engida Woldemichael,&nbsp;Mesfin Kebede Kassa,&nbsp;Fasikaw Kibrete","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70921","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites are increasingly recognized as sustainable alternatives to synthetic composites due to their low density, renewability, and reduced environmental impact. In this study, alkali-treated hybrid sisal/false banana fibers were used to reinforce a polyester resin matrix. The fibers were chemically modified via 5 wt.% NaOH alkali treatment to enhance fiber–matrix interfacial bonding. Composite laminates were fabricated using compression molding, and their tensile, flexural, and impact behaviors were experimentally evaluated for the designed hybrid configurations according to ASTM standards. Water absorption tests were conducted to evaluate the environmental durability, and finite element analysis was performed to simulate the tensile and flexural responses and validate the experimental results. The alkali-treated hybrid composites exhibited significantly improved interfacial adhesion, resulting in tensile strengths of 13.67 ± 5.69 MPa (HYB-AT-1), 47.00 ± 12.17 MPa (HYB-AT-2), and 35.33 ± 3.21 MPa (HYB-AT-3); flexural strengths of 127.67 ± 5.25, 112.00 ± 4.00, and 117.67 ± 8.33 MPa; and impact strengths of 2.78 ± 0.05, 2.54 ± 0.53, and 5.31 ± 1.68 J for HYB-AT-1, HYB-AT-2, and HYB-AT-3, respectively. Among the hybrid configurations, HYB-AT-1 exhibited a flexural-dominant performance profile, combining the highest flexural strength with moderate tensile and impact resistance and relatively low water absorption, indicating enhanced bending performance and environmental durability. HYB-AT-2 confirmed superior tensile strength, whereas HYB-AT-3 presented the highest impact resistance, reflecting the strong influence of fiber composition on property-specific performance optimization. Good agreement between experimental and numerical results confirmed the reliability of the developed finite element model. These findings show that alkali-treated hybrid sisal/false banana fiber composites can be tailored to achieve application-specific performance, making them promising candidates for lightweight structural and semi-structural applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70921","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148386386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revocable and Traceable Data Sharing and Encryption Methods in Cloud Computing Environments","authors":"Ming Fang,&nbsp;Xin Li,&nbsp;Yuanliang Zhang,&nbsp;Handong Lu","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70864","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cloud computing faces critical security challenges in permission management and leak traceability. This paper proposes a revocable and traceable data sharing scheme addressing limitations in revocation timeliness, tracking accuracy, and multi-authority collaboration. Our framework involves four components: attribute authorities for key management, public clouds for secure storage and re-encryption, data owners using binary decision tree policies for pre-encryption, and data users requiring policy compliance for decryption. Technically, we combine bilinear mapping with attribute-based encryption for fine-grained access control, optimizing performance via strategic key segmentation. Security mechanisms include key integrity verification, precise traitor tracking, and dynamic key updates with real-time ciphertext re-encryption for immediate revocation. Evaluation on a manufacturing data platform demonstrates practical effectiveness, handling 1 GB design documents with re-encryption times of 3.5–4.3 s post-permission changes. The solution maintains strong privacy, keeping information entropy below 0.20, achieving an optimal security-tracking-performance balance.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70864","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148357977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the Construction and Optimization of Art and Design Curriculum System for AIGC Intelligent Context","authors":"Liang Cao","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70918","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Artificial Intelligence–Generated Content (AIGC) is transforming design education; however, existing curricula lack structured integration of human–AI collaboration within instructional processes. This study proposes a five-stage AIGC-integrated teaching model comprising cognition, thinking, collaboration, discrimination, and refinement to support student-centered learning and systematic skill development. The model is implemented in undergraduate art and design programs in Henan Province and evaluated using a mixed-methods research design. Quantitative data are collected through questionnaire surveys from 200 participants, while qualitative insights are obtained from semi-structured interviews with 30 respondents. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis are applied to assess learning outcomes and instructional effectiveness. Results indicate improved understanding of AI-assisted design processes, enhanced human–AI collaboration, and strengthened evaluation and refinement skills. Higher positive responses are observed in collaboration (49.1%) and refinement (46.8%) stages. The proposed framework offers a scalable and structured approach for integrating AIGC into art and design curricula in intelligent learning contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70918","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148358040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Hybrid Optimization-Based Controller for AGC in Deregulated Environments With Electric Vehicle Loads","authors":"Ajay Kumar,&nbsp;S Ramana Kumar Joga,&nbsp;Theophilus A. T. Kambo Jr,&nbsp;Chidurala Saiprakash","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70889","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes an IGSA-BPSO optimized hybrid PIDNPDN controller for Automatic Generation Control in a deregulated multisource power system with Electric Vehicle load participation. The hybrid power system considered comprises thermal, hydro, wind, diesel units, and aggregated EV fleets, with physical nonlinearities such as Generation Rate Constraint, Governor Dead Band, and Boiler Dynamics. To overcome the limitations of classical controllers in frequency regulation, an improved hybrid optimization technique—Improved Gravitational Search Algorithm–Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (IGSA-BPSO)—is employed to tune controller gains by minimizing the Integral of Time multiplied Absolute Error. The system is evaluated under Poolco, Bilateral, and Contract Violation Transactions, where the proposed controller consistently demonstrates faster dynamic response, minimal overshoot, and improved robustness against disturbances. The results highlight that the proposed IGSA-BPSO tuned PIDNPDN controller achieves significantly reduced settling times (ΔF₁: 2.0048 s, ΔF₂: 1.2261 s, ΔP_tie: 1.6051 s in Poolco transactions) compared to PID, PIDN, and TIDF controllers. Furthermore, the inclusion of Redox Flow Battery (RFB) and Unified Power Flow Controller in coordination with EV loads yields superior damping of oscillations and frequency stability and demonstrates that integrating EV fleets enhances system flexibility by compensating uncontracted demand during contract violations, thereby improving reliability and environmental sustainability. Overall, the study confirms that the integration of EV loads with IGSA-BPSO optimized hybrid controllers offers a promising pathway for achieving resilient and sustainable AGC in deregulated power systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70889","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148386301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity of Double-Diffusive Mixed Convection in an Enclosure With a Zigzag Bottom Wall and a Torsionally Oscillating Lid Using Hybrid Nanofluid","authors":"Romana Sultana,&nbsp;Md. Arafat Hossain,&nbsp;Saiful Islam,&nbsp;Badhan Neogi,&nbsp;Md. Mamun Molla,&nbsp;M. M. Rahman","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70885","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the nature of sensitivity in an unsteady double-diffusive mixed convective analysis in a trapezoidal enclosure featuring a zigzag bottom wall and a torsionally oscillating lid. This cavity is filled by a hybrid nanofluid (<i>Ag</i>-<i>MgO</i>-<i>H</i>_<i>2</i><i>O</i>). The cavity also contains internal heat generation. The finite element method (FEM) is applied to solve the governing equations, while sensitivity analysis is conducted using RSM. The impacts of several dimensionless factors, including Reynolds number (10 ≤ <i>Re</i> ≤ 40), volume fraction (0.02 ≤ <i>φ</i> ≤ 0.1), and oscillation frequency (0.8 ≤ <i>ω</i> ≤ 5), were studied while keeping the other parameters constant. These variables are examined in connection with the streamlines, isotherm lines, iso-concentration lines, average Nusselt number (<i>Nu</i>_<i>avg</i>), and average Sherwood number (<i>Sh</i>_<i>avg</i>). The observations suggest the nanofluid's thermal performance is strengthened by the increasing values of <i>Re</i> and <i>φ</i>, whereas higher dimensionless time decreases it. Dynamic instabilities from the oscillating lid reduce heat and mass transport. Higher solid volume fractions increase heat transport but decrease mass transport. Additionally, the <i>Re</i> is positively sensitive to both <i>Nu</i>_<i>avg</i> and <i>Sh</i>_<i>avg</i>. Ultimately, the outcome indicates that cavity shape, lid oscillation, and hybrid nanofluid characteristics are significant factors in regulating convective transport, with potential uses in energy systems, microfluidic devices, and effective cooling.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70885","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148357972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Printed Wide-Slot Antenna With Modified Tuning Stub and Parasitic Elements for Glucose Sensing Applications","authors":"A. K. Arya,&nbsp;Rao Shahid Aziz,&nbsp;Ali M. Almuhlafi,&nbsp;Hamsakutty Vettikalladi,&nbsp;Zhenzhen Jiang,&nbsp;Arjun Kumar,&nbsp;Vipin Balyan,&nbsp;Gunjan Gupta","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70919","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a printed wideband slot antenna, achieving bandwidth enhancement through a centered parasitic rectangular patch and a fork-shaped tuning stub with diamond tips applicable for glucose sensing applications. Performance is further augmented by rectangular parasitic elements placed alongside the feed line. The analysis of simulation data indicates that the impedance bandwidth is significantly influenced by the geometry of three critical components: (1) the diamond-shaped tuning stub front, (2) the parasitic patches located near the feeding point, and (3) the spacing between the feed line and these parasitic patches. Experimental results confirm the proposed antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth (−10 dB) of 256%, covering 2.4 to 16.2 GHz. For glucose sensing, a frequency shift of approximately 2.85 GHz is observed when the dielectric constant decreases from 72 to 68 (corresponding to increase glucose concentration), yielding an average sensitivity of ∼712.5 MHz per unit dielectric constant change. This broad frequency response along with dielectric variations-based frequency shift, enabled by its capacitive properties, makes the proposed design highly suitable for glucose detection applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70919","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148386209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black Phosphorus Quantum Dot–Based Hybrid Nanoplatforms: From Surface Reactivity to Multifunctional Integration","authors":"Faiz Mahmood,&nbsp;Waqar Ahmad,&nbsp;Mehulkumar B. Patel,&nbsp;R. Premkumar,&nbsp;Rishika Goel,&nbsp;Kamaljeet Kaur,&nbsp;Huseyn Imanov,&nbsp;Ramazonov Khushniddin,&nbsp;M. Atif,&nbsp;Sharmin Smaeilpour","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70883","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) represent a structurally and electronically distinctive nanomaterial class whose anisotropic layered architecture, tunable bandgap, and lone-pair-driven surface reactivity collectively engender functional capabilities inaccessible to conventional zero-dimensional systems. Paradoxically, the same electronic configuration underlying these exceptional properties governs the oxidative degradation that constitutes the platform's most consequential translational barrier. This review provides the first comprehensive analysis of BPQD-based hybrid nanoplatforms as an integrated materials class. Three converging application domains are examined: dual-mode biosensing architectures exploiting surface coordination chemistry, near-infrared bioimaging systems leveraging quantum-confined optical transitions, and flexible self-powered electronic platforms enabling simultaneous mechanical energy harvesting and stimulus transduction. Across these domains, photoluminescence quantum yield inconsistency, insufficient longitudinal biocompatibility evidence, and batch-to-batch reproducibility gaps are identified as foundational barriers to practical deployment. A forward-looking roadmap emphasizing selective covalent passivation and standardized stability protocols is proposed to accelerate the translation of BPQD hybrid systems toward real-world device integration.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70883","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148386208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}