Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health最新文献

{"title":"A Scientometric Insight into 70 Years of Research in Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports","authors":"A. Carollo,&nbsp;O. Rabin,&nbsp;O. Corazza,&nbsp;G. Esposito","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The use of performance-enhancing substances is extremely high among athletes. Besides compromising the spirit of fair sport competition, performance-enhancing substances also pose a serious threat to athletes’ health. The control of such substances requires a close dialogue between science, medicine, and legislation. Therefore, providing an updated review of the literature on performance-enhancers is paramount.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The current study aims to identify the key publications and main thematic domains in the literature on performance-enhancing substances. To do so, a scientometric approach was used to analyze an amount of 4330 documents collected from Scopus. A document co-citation analysis was performed, and a network of co-cited documents was generated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the network, the most impactful document emerged to be authored by Ntoumanis et al. in 2014, who examined the psychosocial predictors of doping use in physical activity. Furthermore, seven major thematic clusters were identified. Overall, researchers focused on investigating specific substances, such as erythropoietin, growth hormone, and dietary supplements.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In the literature, the discussion about adequate screening methods represented a strong and recurrent thematic interest. Additionally, the pivotal role of physicians and sports medicine practitioners in educating athletes was identified.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Psychoactive Substance Consumption Within the UK Homeless Population","authors":"T. Coombs,&nbsp;T. Ginige,&nbsp;P. Van Calster,&nbsp;A. Abdelkader,&nbsp;O. Corazza,&nbsp;S. Assi","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The last few years have seen the emergence of new psychoactive substance among the homeless population, specifically synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. The purpose of this study is to investigate the knowledge and experiences of new psychoactive substances amongst users from the homeless population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An explanatory research design was applied using a semi-structured questionnaire with the focus on gaining insights on the prevalence, motivations, and effects. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling from support organizations and charities UK-wide. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were applied to analyze the data obtained from participant surveys.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 105 participants met the inclusion criteria and were in the age range of 18 to 64 years old. Almost 70% consumed new psychoactive substance products, which “Spice” was the most prevalent substance. Homeless users had consumed new psychoactive substance to escape reality and to self-treat themselves and stopped consumption due to the adverse effects. Adverse events were reported from the majority of the participants and led to more than 20% of the participants requiring medical treatment following hospitalization.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Findings from this study can contribute to the development of guidelines and policies that specifically address the needs of the homeless population who use new psychoactive substances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100080"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EMCDDA Framework for Naming Cathinones","authors":"B. Pulver,&nbsp;S. Fischmann,&nbsp;A. Gallegos,&nbsp;R. Christie","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The short names attributed to the 170 cathinones monitored by the EMCDDA are only loosely associated with structural features. Although related to the parent compound cathinone, one of the psychoactive principals in khat, attributing consistent, informative, and user-friendly common names to these substances is challenging.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Current naming approaches were reviewed and common structural features of cathinones identified, for which abbreviations were derived from organic chemistry nomenclature and current names.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>An EMCDDA naming framework based on the main motifs ‘cathinone’ and ‘phenone’ was developed by incorporating earlier naming approaches. The framework name of each cathinone is composed of a parent element, which, combined with information on the keto alkyl chain or the amine substitution, yields the principal name. Additional substitutions are prepended to the principal name. Other parent elements besides the two main motifs (e.g., naphthalen-2-yl) are included in the naming framework. The framework also provides exceptions for several cathinones scheduled under UN and EU legislation and structural analogs (e.g. mephedrone/4 MMC/4-methylmethcathinone).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The EMCDDA framework on naming cathinones provides practical guidance through examples and explanations of the rationale on how consistent semi-systematic names can be derived. Owing to the structural diversity of NPS, the forensic community, researchers, and policy makers widely recognize the need for harmonized naming to achieve consensus in the denomination of NPS in legislative texts and scientific dialogue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurobiological Sequelae of the Passive or Voluntary Administration of the Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist JWH-018","authors":"M.A. De Luca","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of synthetic cannabinoids receptor agonists (SCRAs) is growing among adults and adolescents, posing major medical and psychiatric risks. JWH-018 represents the reference compound of SCRA-containing products. Our studies were performed to evaluate the enduring consequences of repeated JWH-018 exposure by both passive administration (0.25 mg/kg ip qd, 14 days) in adult rats, and by intravenous self-administration (lever pressing, Fixed Ratio 1–3; 7.5 µg/kg/inf) in adolescent mice. Main results, obtained 24 hours and 7 days after drug discontinuation, showed that repeated JWH-018 exposure in adult rats: (i) induced anxious/aversive behaviors; (ii) decreased spontaneous activity and number of dopamine neurons in the VTA; and (iii) decreased dopamine sensitivity in the NAc shell and core, but not in the mPFC, to a first chocolate exposure; conversely, after a second exposure, dialysate dopamine fully increased in the NAc shell and core but not in the mPFC. Moreover, passive JWH-018 induced: (iv) astrogliosis (mPFC, NAc shell/core, VTA), microgliosis (NAc shell/core), and downregulation of CB1 receptors (mPFC, NAc shell/core). Other studies showed that adolescent JWH-018 IVSA induced at adulthood: (i) repetitive/compulsive-like behaviors; (ii) microgliosis (CPu, NAc) and astrocytopathy (CPu), as revealed by a decreased GFAP expression; (iii) increased of the chemokines MPC1 (striatum) and RANTES (cortex), and a decrease of the cytokines IL2 and IL13 (cortex). Taken together, these data suggest that the long-lasting behavioral and neurochemical effects of JWH-018 exposures may not differ substantially as a function of passive or voluntary administration except for some specific aspects of the brain immune response, that deserve further clarification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthetic Cannabinoid and Methadone Co-administration in Prolonging the QTc Interval","authors":"K.L. Rock,&nbsp;L. Hesketh,&nbsp;M. Shattock,&nbsp;M. Curtis,&nbsp;S. Hudson,&nbsp;C.S. Copeland","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are frequently used with other psychoactive substances. We aimed to investigate the poly-pharmacology of SCRA-related deaths and mechanism of SCRA toxicity.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>NPSAD analysis - Cases with post-mortem detections of SCRA(s) and/or methadone were extracted from the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths (NPSAD). In vitro pharmacology - Guinea pig hearts were perfused in standard Krebs solution at constant pressure. The ECG was recorded, with the beat-to-beat ventricular cycle length variability quantified. Methadone and the SCRA 5F-ADB were applied alone and in combination.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>NPSAD analysis - In SCRA-related deaths, methadone was the most commonly co-detected pharmaceutical medication (n=68/254 cases). The median methadone concentration in methadone-only deaths (0.66mg/L) was significantly higher than in deaths attributable to methadone-SCRA co-administration (0.47mg/L; p&lt;0.05). In vitro pharmacology - Low dose (10µM) methadone elongated the QTc interval (13.8msec±2.6). Co-application of 5F-ADB further increased the QTc interval, in a dose-dependent manner (0.3-30nM), by a maximum of 60.9msec±7.4. 5F-ADB alone had no effect.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The SCRA 5F-ADB significantly reduces the toxicity threshold of methadone, likely via QT elongation. SCRA-related fatality may therefore be linked to co-administration with compounds that induce long QT syndrome. Careful consideration is needed when prescribing medications to people who use SCRAs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Psychoactive Substances Discharged at Rest Areas along Interstate Highway in Kentucky - Wastewater Analysis","authors":"B. Subedi,&nbsp;A. Rani,&nbsp;C. Delcher,&nbsp;A. Stites","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>New psychoactive substances (NPS) such as synthetic opioids, synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, and piperazines are intermittently introduced in the illicit drug supply chain. To monitor this ever-changing landscape of NPS, wastewater-based epidemiology offers a comprehensive, non-invasive, cost-effective, and time-efficient approach.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty-three forensically identified NPS were simultaneously analyzed in wastewater samples collected from rest areas along the interstate highway in Kentucky over twelve months using solid phase extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Para-hydroxy methamphetamine and 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine were the most frequently detected NPS (detection frequency, df = 100%). The mean mass load of para-hydroxy methamphetamine (methamphetamine corrected 85.9 mg/d/1000 people) and MAB- CHMINACA (9.06 mg/d/1000 people) were among the highest. Mitragynine and 4-methyl pentedrone have recently been associated with overdose deaths. In wastewater samples, mitragynine and 4-methyl pentedrone were detected (df ≥ 98%) at 36.4 and 28.5 mg/d/1000 people, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study shows that wastewater surveillance at the rest areas can potentially complement the existing forensic surveillance, such as components of the National Drug Early Warning System, in detecting NPS outbreaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Nine Compounds known as “Smart Drugs” in Japan from 2020 to 2022","authors":"R. Tanaka,&nbsp;M. Kawamura,&nbsp;S. Mizutani,&nbsp;R. Kikura-Hanajiri","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>In recent years, several compounds known as “smart drugs”, also known as “nootropics”, have been detected in Japan. The smart drugs have been claiming to enhancing human brain activity. In this study, nine compounds known as “smart drugs” were isolated and identified from the products sold as reagents or supplements.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Six powdery products and three capsule products were obtained on the internet in Japan between April 2020 and June 2022. They were analyzed by LC-PDA-MS and GC-MS, and compounds detected in the products were identified by direct comparison with data of analytical standards or performed by NMR (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HMQC, HMBC, H-H COSY).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Two of these substances were identified as Phenylpiracetam and Phenylpiracetam hydrazide by the LC-QTOF-MS and NMR. The other seven unknown substances were identified as IDRA-21, Bromantane, Sunfiram, 9-MBC, Fasoracetam, CE-123, and GTS-21 by comparing the data with those of the authentic substances. Phenylpiracetam and Phenylpiracetam hydrazide are analogs of piracetam, which is used to treat memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and Parkinson's disease. CE-123 is an analog of modafinil, a psychostimulant, used for the treatment of narcolepsy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Some of the compounds detected in this study are analogs of pharmaceuticals or compounds synthesized for drug development. Since these pharmaceuticals have pharmacological effects on central nervous system, an excessive intake of these analogs may cause health problems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adding the Clues to CanKet's Presence in Toxicological Casework","authors":"J. Huynh,&nbsp;V. Gosselin,&nbsp;B. Garneau,&nbsp;P. Mireault","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>A driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) case brought on the identification of a newly emerging ketamine analogue. Following a 12-step evaluation, a drug recognition expert collected a urine sample and a nasal swab from an individual who admitted to ketamine consumption.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Systematic targeted screening was performed on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This method covers 144 analytes, including 57 novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Further general unknown screening was performed using a gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>While both urine and the nasal swab were negative for ketamine in the LC-MS/MS analysis, an interference was noted in the 7-aminonitrazepam (urine) and eutylone (urine and nasal swab) windows (erroneous ion ratio). Both items’ GC-MS analysis turned out positive for 3- fluoro-2-oxo PCE (fluorexetamine) when compared to the Cayman library. Discussion with the Canadian drug chemistry laboratory brought to light recent seizures of 2-fluoro-2-oxo PCE (CanKet). Injection of reference materials showed that these were undistinguishable under our current analytical methods.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This case demonstrates that forensic toxicologists must remain alert to the appearance of previously undetected NPS in casework, the possibility of false identifications when relying on libraries, and subtle clues appearing in casework, such as interferences in other methods. Using the LC-MS/MS interferences as a CanKet proxy, 7 cases of DUID were subsequently sent to GC-MS analysis and confirmed to contain 2-fluoro-2-oxo PCE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100097"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chromatographic Retention Index for the Identification of Illicit Substances","authors":"G.H. Giudice,&nbsp;A.H.L. Machado,&nbsp;J.J. Zacca,&nbsp;M.P. Souza,&nbsp;L.N.B. Caldas,&nbsp;E.D. Botelho,&nbsp;J.C.L. Ambrósio","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>New Psychoactive Substances have a high introduction rate into the market and represent a huge challenge from a regulatory and forensic point of view. Thus, the need for a method capable of identifying NPS, without the availability of certified analytical standards, arises.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The methodology of the work relies on the development of a GC/MS method; its validation; and the calculation of the Kovats’ Retention Index. This index was selected because it was reported as a tool for high-precision identification. A total of twenty-two substances were used: AM-2201, MAM-2201, JWH-081, JWH-210, N-ethylpentylone, 5-MAPB, 2-FA, 25C-NBOMe, o-CPP, p-CPP, U-47700, 5-MeO-MiPT, 5-IAI, Salvia divinorium, methiopropamine, THC, heroin, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, cocaine, and ephedrine.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The method presented one Selectivity limitation (coelution of methiopropamine and methamphetamine). Resolution values were higher than 1.25, indicating signal separation. Separation Factor, Number of Theoretical Plates, and Tailing provided satisfactory results. Evaluation of Intermediate Precision indicated Relative Standard Deviations (RSD) that varied from 0.02 to 0.29%, lower than the literature. Robustness evaluation using a Fractional Factorial Design identified that changing the column polarity was the most influential factor, while column brand, gas flow, split rate, injector temperature, and ramp temperature did not interfere significantly. Retention Index was calculated without overlap and the Global Confidence Interval varied from 0,5 to 20,6 Retention Index Unity and the RSD varied from 0,02 to 0,29%, inferior to the range found in the literature.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The results of the development and validation indicate the adequacy of the method that uses Kovats’ Retention Index to identify NPS. The collection of Index calculated can be updated and made available to forensic institutes to be used as a tool in NPS identification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential in Vitro Activation Profiles for Psychedelic versus Non-psychedelic Ergolines at the 5-HT2A Receptor","authors":"E. Pottie,&nbsp;G.C. Glatfelter,&nbsp;M.H. Baumann,&nbsp;C.P. Stove","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Serotonergic psychedelics induce their characteristic subjective effects via activation of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR). This structurally diverse class of drugs includes ergolines (e.g., LSD), phenethylamines (e.g., mescaline), and tryptamines (e.g., psilocin), all of which have NPS analogues that have emerged on recreational drug markets. Importantly, certain ergolines with structural similarity to LSD, such as lisuride, are unable to evoke psychedelic effects, and the underpinnings of such observations are debated and inconclusive.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A selection of psychedelic and non-psychedelic LSD analogs (including lisuride, AL-LAD, and LAMPA) was tested in two in vitro cell-based 5-HT2AR activation assays. These assays monitor the recruitment of β-arrestin 2 (βarr2) or miniGαq, allowing the assessment of potencies and efficacies in both assays, and affording estimates of biased agonism.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The known psychedelic compound AL-LAD activated 5-HT2AR in both assays with higher intrinsic efficacies (137 – 167 %) than LSD. Conversely, LAMPA, a compound with poorly defined psychedelic properties, showed slightly decreased potencies and intrinsic efficacies (87 - 89%) compared to LSD in both assays. The non-psychedelic lisuride, displayed a notably decreased efficacy (49%) in the βarr2 assay, and no perceptible recruitment of miniGαq.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Collectively, our results suggest that ergoline compounds may need to reach a defined threshold of 5-HT2AR activation, in both βarr2 and miniGαq pathways, to elicit psychedelic subjective effects. This intriguing hypothesis warrants further investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}