EES catalysis最新文献

{"title":"Tailoring penta-coordinated aluminium species on silica–alumina via flame spray pyrolysis for enhanced arene benzylation","authors":"Xingxu Liu, Wenjie Yang, Luke A. O’Dell, Haipeng Li, Qinfen Gu, Suman Pokhrel, Lutz Mädler and Jun Huang","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00312A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00312A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) was employed to tailor the coordination environment of aluminum species on amorphous silica–alumina (ASA) for enhanced solid acidity. By regulating the oxygen flow, the formation of penta-coordinated Al (Al<small>^V</small>) species was promoted, especially the surface-distorted Al<small>^V</small>b type. Advanced solid-state NMR and XAS analyses confirmed that Al<small>^V</small> species incorporate into the silica network and interact with nearby silanol groups to form strong Brønsted acid sites (BASs) through pseudo-bridging structures. The resulting ASA catalysts exhibited increased acid strength, with TMPO-<small>³¹</small>P NMR shifts up to 67 ppm, comparable to zeolite-like acidity. These structural features correlate with significantly improved catalytic activity and selectivity in arene benzylation. This study establishes a clear synthesis–structure–acidity–function relationship and offers a rational strategy for designing high-performance ASA-based solid acids.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 2","pages":" 367-376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ey/d5ey00312a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147429326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the role of oxygen species in surface promoted Fe–Mn oxides for chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane","authors":"Dennis Chacko, Luke M. Neal, Andrew Pedersen and Fanxing Li","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00325C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00325C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this study, redox catalysts composed of Fe–Mn mixed oxides with Na<small>₂</small>WO<small>₄</small> and Na<small>₄</small>Mg(WO<small>₄</small>)<small>₃</small> promoters are investigated for chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation (CL-ODH) of ethane. Although Na<small>₄</small>Mg(WO<small>₄</small>)<small>₃</small> was shown to be more effective in inhibiting CO<small>_<em>x</em></small> formation when used to promote a Mg–Mn oxide, both promoters performed similarly for Fe–Mn mixed oxides during CL-ODH. Due to their tendency to spontaneously release lattice oxygen at the CL-ODH operating temperature range, a number of reoxidation conditions were investigated for a Na<small>₄</small>Mg(WO<small>₄</small>)<small>₃</small> promoted (Fe<small>_0.1</small>Mn<small>_0.9</small>)<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small> redox catalyst to determine the effect of the cation oxidation state. Tuning the oxidation conditions significantly improved ethylene (from 59 to 63%) and C<small>₂₊</small> high-value products (from 67 to 70%) yields, which can be primarily attributed to lowered CO<small>_<em>x</em></small> formation. From <em>in situ</em> XRD, XPS, and pulsed experiments, the inhibition of CO<small>_<em>x</em></small> formation resulted from the lower proportion of Mn<small>³⁺</small> cations, which decreased the amount of highly active lattice oxygen species responsible for CO<small>_<em>x</em></small> formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 2","pages":" 434-448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ey/d5ey00325c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147429362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking long-term stability in metal-based gas diffusion electrodes for CO2 electroreduction","authors":"Chandani Singh, Jia Song, Ranjith Prasannachandran, Asier Grijalvo, Jing Shen, Zhiyuan Chen, Jan Vaes, Yuvraj Y. Birdja and Deepak Pant","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00330J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00330J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Electrochemical CO<small>₂</small> reduction (ECR) to formate/formic acid (FA) represents one of the most viable pathways for converting CO<small>₂</small> into value-added chemicals, particularly under industrially relevant conditions. However, long-term operational stability of gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) at high current densities remains a critical bottleneck. Herein, we report the development of carbon-free bismuth (Bi) and tin (Sn)-based GDEs fabricated <em>via</em> a custom methodology that enables stable ECR operation for over 4000 hours (Bi) and 1050 hours (Sn) at 100 mA cm<small>⁻²</small>, achieving faradaic efficiencies (FE) of up to 90% and 70%, respectively. A comprehensive mechanistic investigation reveals that performance degradation is predominantly driven by dynamic changes in the bulk catholyte, particularly pH shifts and HCO<small>₃</small><small>⁻</small> ionic depletion, rather than intrinsic catalyst decay. Control experiments and <em>in situ</em> Raman spectroscopy highlight the formation and regeneration of bismuth subcarbonate species as key intermediates in the ECR process. The results demonstrate sustained operation with periodic reactivation, rather than static stability, highlighting how electrolyte management and pulsed electrolysis can extend system durability under industrially relevant conditions. Crucially, we demonstrate that a combination of catholyte refreshment and periodic anodic pulsing reactivates electrode performance, sustaining high selectivity and suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) over extended durations.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 1","pages":" 97-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ey/d5ey00330j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding CO2 reduction selectivity in silver and gold electrocatalysts using atomically precise nanoclusters","authors":"Hoeun Seong, Fang Sun, Qing Tang and Dongil Lee","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00269A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00269A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Au and Ag electrodes have been widely utilized as catalysts for the electrochemical CO<small>₂</small> reduction reaction (CO<small>₂</small>RR) in aqueous solutions. Despite significant differences in their CO<small>₂</small>RR and competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities, the fundamental reasons for these distinctions remain unclear. Herein, we present a comparative analysis employing atomically precise Ag and Au nanocluster (NC) catalysts, Ag<small>₂₅</small>(SR)<small>₁₈</small> and Au<small>₂₅</small>(SR)<small>₁₈</small> (where SR represents a thiolate ligand), to elucidate the molecular-level mechanisms governing the CO<small>₂</small>RR and the HER on Ag and Au surfaces. While Au<small>₂₅</small>(SR)<small>₁₈</small> NCs demonstrate a lower onset potential for the CO<small>₂</small>RR compared to Ag<small>₂₅</small>(SR)<small>₁₈</small> NCs, the CO current density of the Au<small>₂₅</small>(SR)<small>₁₈</small> NCs reaches a plateau and even decreases at high overpotentials due to the increased HER. Electrokinetic and <em>in situ</em> infrared spectroscopy investigations using well-defined model NC catalysts revealed that both Ag<small>₂₅</small>(SR)<small>₁₈</small> and Au<small>₂₅</small>(SR)<small>₁₈</small> NCs facilitate a CO<small>₂</small>RR pathway through enhanced water dissociation (WD) kinetics. However, these NCs display significantly different HER behaviors under CO<small>₂</small>: Au<small>₂₅</small>(SR)<small>₁₈</small> exhibits enhanced activity, while Ag<small>₂₅</small>(SR)<small>₁₈</small> is significantly suppressed. Theoretical studies indicate that the enhanced WD kinetics stem from direct proton abstraction by the CO<small>₂</small>RR intermediate. Adsorption geometry analyses further demonstrate that their differing selectivities arise from distinct HER active sites, thereby explaining the variations in CO<small>₂</small>RR and HER activities between Ag<small>₂₅</small>(SR)<small>₁₈</small> and Au<small>₂₅</small>(SR)<small>₁₈</small> catalysts.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 2","pages":" 377-386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ey/d5ey00269a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147429358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solvation effects in liquid-phase esterification reactions catalyzed by hydrogen-form ion exchange resins","authors":"Mackenzie R. Todd, Jaeryul Park, Mara Kuenen, Griffin Drake, Mohammed Al-Gharrawi, Luke T. Roling and Thomas J. Schwartz","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00230C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00230C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Renewable carbon resources, such as biomass or CO<small>₂</small>, are crucial for replacing unsustainable fossil-based carbon in fuels, chemicals, and materials. However, valorization of these resources is often impeded by high oxygen content, which must be reduced, and low molecular weight, which often must be increased. Solid-acid-catalyzed reactions are critical for this valorization, and the reactions often occur in solution. The well-defined structure of crystalline solid acids, such as zeolites, makes them amenable for study, while other materials, such as the Amberlyst<small>^TM</small> family of polymeric resin catalyst, are harder to characterize. Here, we apply rigorous reaction kinetics measurements coupled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate the influence of solvation on the esterification of butyric acid with <em>n</em>-butanol, used as a model reaction. We find surprising kinetic behavior, whereby the reaction is first-order with respect to both butyric acid and <em>n</em>-butanol when toluene is used as a nonpolar solvent, but the rate both decreases and becomes zero-order with respect to both butyric acid and <em>n</em>-butanol when tetrahydrofuran (THF) is used as a polar, aprotic solvent. DFT calculations reveal strong binding of THF to the sulfonate active sites on Amberlyst<small>^TM</small>, which partially explains the decrease in rate, while strong hydrogen bonding of the reactants with the solvent lead to an overall decrease in entropy in the bulk phase, thereby improving the thermodynamics for adsorption of the reactants to the catalyst and causing the observed shift in reaction order.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 2","pages":" 356-366"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ey/d5ey00230c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147429355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in chemical upcycling of plastic waste: microwave-assisted heating and heterogeneous catalysis","authors":"Rachel Breen, Justin D. Holmes and Gillian Collins","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00271K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00271K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The chemical upcycling of plastic waste offers a sustainable pathway to transform discarded polymers into valuable chemical feedstocks and fuels. Among emerging approaches, microwave (MW)-assisted heating has gained significant attention for its ability to deliver rapid, uniform energy input, dramatically reducing reaction times compared with conventional thermal methods. When coupled with heterogeneous catalysis, MW irradiation can lower activation barriers for depolymerisation, enhance product selectivity and reduce overall energy demand. Heterogeneous catalysts also provide advantages in recovery, reuse and process scalability, making them attractive for industrial adoption. Recent research has focused on tailoring catalyst composition, structure, and surface properties to optimise MW–catalyst interactions across a wide range of polymer types, including polyesters, polyolefins, polystyrene, polyamides and polyvinyl chlorides. This review summarises the fundamental principles of MW-assisted catalysis and critically examines recent advances in catalyst design, reaction optimisation and mechanistic understanding.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 2","pages":" 249-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ey/d5ey00271k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147429350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic control of DRM and RWGS reactions over Ru/YSZ catalysts by applied potential: insights into mechanisms and selectivity","authors":"Andriana Lymperi, Alexandros K. Bikogiannakis, Georgios Kyriakou and Alexandros Katsaounis","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00242G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00242G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study explores the electrochemical promotion of dry reforming of methane (DRM) and reverse water–gas shift (RWGS) reactions over a ruthenium (Ru) catalyst supported on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). Physicochemical properties were examined using a range of surface and structural characterization techniques. Ru remained metallic after reaction, with minor oxidation under high CO<small>₂</small> concentrations. While carbon was detected under all conditions, only oxidizing environments led to the accumulation of oxidized species, indicating surface-bound intermediates. Catalytic behavior was investigated under reducing (<em>P</em><small>_{CH<small>₄</small>}</small> = 4 kPa, <em>P</em><small>_{CO<small>₂</small>}</small> = 1 kPa) and stoichiometric (<em>P</em><small>_{CH<small>₄</small>}</small> = 1 kPa, <em>P</em><small>_{CO<small>₂</small>}</small> = 1 kPa) conditions. DRM dominated under reducing conditions, while stoichiometric feeds led to competition between DRM and RWGS, showing inverted volcano behavior. Positive polarization (+1 V) enhanced CO production by improving CH<small>₄</small> adsorption, while negative polarization (−1 V) suppressed DRM and favored RWGS. Electrochemical promotion of catalysis (EPOC) was quantified by measuring the rate enhancement ratios (<em>ρ</em>). Under reducing conditions, positive polarization increased DRM rates tenfold at low temperatures, with reduced effect at higher temperatures. In contrast, negative polarization suppressed DRM and promoted RWGS. Under stoichiometric conditions, both reactions were enhanced, with selectivity determined by the polarity of the applied potential. Transient experiments at 380 °C confirmed reversibility of EPOC and its ability to dynamically steer selectivity. Reactive oxygen uptake provided insight into electrochemically active surface area and promotion mechanisms. These findings demonstrate the potential of EPOC to modulate the H<small>₂</small>/CO ratio and tailor selectivity in reforming processes, with relevance to renewable energy and biogas utilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 2","pages":" 341-355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ey/d5ey00242g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147429354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fe-modified CoCr layered double hydroxides for boosting the seawater oxygen evolution reaction","authors":"Edmond Nasr, Paul Byaruhanga, Dezhi Wang, Shuo Chen, Luo Yu and Zhifeng Ren","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00267B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00267B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The development of efficient and stable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts for seawater electrolysis is vital to enable sustainable hydrogen production in coastal and arid regions without further burdening scarce freshwater resources. Here, we report the design of an iron-modified cobalt–chromium layered double hydroxide (Fe–CoCr LDH) derived from a cobalt-based metal–organic framework (Co MOF) for the OER in alkaline seawater media. The synthesis was carried out entirely at room temperature using a rapid, solution-based process. The resulting Fe–CoCr LDH catalyst demonstrates high OER activity, achieving low overpotentials of 250, 300, and 320 mV at current densities of 100, 500, and 1000 mA cm<small>⁻²</small>, respectively. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibits very good long-term stability in both 1 M KOH and 6 M KOH natural seawater, maintaining performance over 100 hours at 100 and 500 mA cm<small>⁻²</small>. These results highlight the potential of earth-abundant transition metal-based LDHs as efficient OER electrocatalysts for seawater electrolysis applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 1","pages":" 230-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ey/d5ey00267b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the degradation of catalyst layer and porous transport layer in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers","authors":"Shahid Zaman, Leila Moradizadeh, Dhinesh Kumar Murugaiah, Mohmmad Khalid, S. Roohan Farooq Lala and Samaneh Shahgaldi","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00270B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00270B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are among the emerging technologies for hydrogen production due to their high operational current density, low operating temperature, and ultra-pure hydrogen production. However, industrial scale hydrogen production <em>via</em> PEMWEs is greatly hindered by the interrelated trio-factor of low performance, limited durability, and high cost. The iridium-based catalyst layer (CL) and platinum-coated titanium-based porous transport layer (PTL) are the core components which primarily contribute to the performance, durability and cost of PEMWEs. The degradation of costly CL and PTL (due to Ir and Pt usage) is a significant challenge for wider development of PEMWEs. In this review, we discuss the degradation of CL and PTL and provide an overview of the diagnostic techniques used to investigate the degradation processes. <em>In situ</em> and <em>ex situ</em> analysis reveal that the future development of CL should be focused on ink properties optimization and catalyst coated membrane fabrication methods, which affect the CL architecture and performance. Similarly, the titanium passivation, corrosion and increased interfacial contact resistance are the key factors that affect the PTL microstructure and performance. Thus, it is crucial to develop corrosion resistant coating and incorporation of low-cost materials as interlayers to reduce the cost without compromising the stability of PTL. The understanding of CL and PTL degradation and their characterization methods along with future perspectives will guide the development of durable and low-cost CL and PTL for wider applications of PEMWEs.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 1","pages":" 11-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ey/d5ey00270b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Core–shell structured PtCu/C applied in a high-temperature direct ethanol electroreformer to produce green H2 at reduced energy demand with high CO2 selectivity: performance and techno-economic analyses","authors":"Dryade F. de Paula, Rudy Crisafulli, Jesús González-Cobos, Ángel Caravaca and José J. Linares","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00210A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00210A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Three different electrocatalysts have been prepared, characterized, and applied to a high-temperature direct ethanol polymer electrolyte membrane electroreformer (DEPEME) based on the removal of surface Cu from the initial Pt<small>_<em>x</em></small>Cu/C (<em>x</em> = 3, 1, and 1/3) raw materials. The resulting structure consisted of a Pt-enriched shell on a PtCu alloy core deposited on C [alloyed Pt<small>_<em>x</em></small>Cu@Pt<small>_<em>y</em></small>Cu/C (<em>y</em> ≫ <em>x</em>)], achieved after the acid treatment of the prepared catalysts, in a core–shell (CS) configuration. This structure is confirmed by X-ray diffraction, which evidences the formation of a PtCu alloy, whereas X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals an enriched Pt shell. Finally, transmission electron microscopy images revealed the dispersed deposition of metal nanoparticles at the nanoscale range. Regarding the electrochemical performance, the CS materials displayed enhanced CO tolerance and ethanol electro-oxidation (EEO) performance, characterized by increased current density and a lower onset potential compared to Pt/C. These results were corroborated at the high-temperature DEPEME condition of 150 °C. Moreover, the monitoring of the EEO products revealed that the CS PtCu materials notably enhanced the selectivity for CO<small>₂</small>, resulting in a desirable combination of high hydrogen production rate (0.205 kg of H<small>₂</small> m<small>⁻²</small> h<small>⁻¹</small>) and CO<small>₂</small> selectivity (close to 50%) at a reduced energy consumption (25.46 kWh kg H<small>₂</small><small>⁻¹</small>). Finally, a techno-economic analysis presents the potential of using ethanol produced in a sugarcane plant from bagasse (second-generation) and estimates the cost of H<small>₂</small> produced compared to that of a PEM water electrolyzer.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 1","pages":" 213-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/ey/d5ey00210a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}