EES catalysis最新文献

{"title":"Quantum catalysts","authors":"Jose Gracia","doi":"10.1039/D4EY00288A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EY00288A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >There is a non-local energy wave reality that rules our local observable experiences, which is non-observable directly using quantum mechanics based on continuous functions in space-time. Thus, wavefunctions start the transition from a classical deterministic realm to a probabilistic and discrete one. The principles of quantum mechanics fundamentally diverge from classical intuitions; thus, quantum materials have emerged as materials that cannot be described in terms of semiclassical particles and low-level approximations of quantum mechanics. Quantum materials have unique properties including non-weak (strong) electronic correlations and some type of electronic orders, such as superconducting and spin–orbital (magnetic) orders, and multiple coexisting interdependent phases, which are associated with new perceptions such as superposition and entanglement. Examples of quantum materials include superconductors, topological materials, Moiré superlattices, quantum dots and magnetically ordered materials. Many (solid) catalysts show distinctive quantum behaviours, which are frequently associated with open-shell orbital configurations. Thus, this perspective aims to show that the literature is already full of quantum catalysts, and it is necessary to distinguish them and adapt/improve their theoretical models for better understanding. Part of this work is focused on clarifying the complex language of many-body quantum physics, isolating the approximations that are not fundamentally complete, and connecting the non-classical interactions with more familiar concepts in chemistry. This approach is also valuable for the physics community, since it gives a more chemical view to the properties of quantum materials, with its adapted terminology. In this case, we aim to go beyond mathematics to try to explain the possible meaning and plausible real interpretation of quantum correlations. Only the understanding of true quantum potentials and their interplay within the transition state theory would enable a complete conceptual description of the most relevant electronic interactions in catalysis. Consequently, there is almost no new science in this article; it is mainly a collection of examples of quantum catalysts and the origin of the successful theoretical models that predicted the results. Finally, a perspective on the status of this emerging field is presented, emphasizing the imminent significant role of quantum correlations. Currently, the advanced incorporation of the fundamental principles of orbital physics in solid-state quantum catalysts is leading the technological transition towards a greener and more sustainable economy. Quantum correlations unify catalysis and embrace advanced physics, because the rivalry between quantum interactions is likewise the reference electronic background that explains the properties of quantum materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 5","pages":" 994-1029"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ey/d4ey00288a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dry reforming of methane in gliding arc plasma: bridging thermal and post-plasma catalysis†","authors":"Colin O’Modhrain, Arturo Pajares, Eduardo Coutino-Gonzalez, Yoran de Vos, Pablo Guardia, Yury Gorbanev, Bart Michielsen and Annemie Bogaerts","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00067J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00067J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study compares thermal and post-plasma catalysis for dry reforming of methane (DRM) using nickel–alumina catalyst spheres. The optimum catalyst loading was first determined by thermo-catalytic performance testing and characterization. The selected catalyst spheres (4 wt% Ni loading) were introduced to a novel post-plasma-catalytic bed, designed to utilize the sensible heat from the plasma reactor and boost the DRM reaction without additional heating. A parametric scan of inlet CH<small>₄</small> fractions (10–50 vol%) consistently shows improved CH<small>₄</small> conversion in the presence of a catalyst. The CO and H<small>₂</small> production rates reach peak values of <em>ca.</em> 24.4 mol mol<small>_Ni</small><small>⁻¹</small> min<small>⁻¹</small> with 40 vol% CH<small>₄</small> at the inlet, at a minimum energy cost (EC) of around 0.24 MJ per mol of reactant mixture. Interestingly, the addition of catalyst does not benefit the EC, but instead results in an improved syngas (H<small>₂</small>/CO) ratio for 10–30 vol% CH<small>₄</small>. In addition, a long-run post-plasma-catalytic test (6 h) demonstrates stable conversion and syngas ratio values. The EC obtained in this study is by far the lowest reported in post-plasma-catalytic DRM to date, and the insulated bed design reduces the heat loss from the bed and enables a more stable output. The successful coupling of a thermo-catalytic catalyst selection process with implementation in a post-plasma-catalytic bed demonstrates the coupling potential that can be realized between both research domains.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 5","pages":" 1087-1097"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ey/d5ey00067j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biphasic anion-exchange nanofibers enable bipolar junction engineering for enhanced electrocatalytic CO2 conversion in acidic media†","authors":"Peng Liu, Fenglei Lyu, Xiya Yang, Zhangyi Zheng, Wei Hua, Shiwei Mei, Mutian Ma, Haojun Wang, Xiaolin Ge, Liang Wu, Tongwen Xu, Zhao Deng and Yang Peng","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00153F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00153F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Driven by renewable energies, electrocatalytic CO<small>₂</small> reduction (eCO<small>₂</small>R) in acidic media using membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) has emerged as a highly promising approach for large-scale CO<small>₂</small> utilization with economic viability. Nevertheless, the practical implementation faces significant challenges, including competing hydrogen evolution reaction, salt precipitation, and water flooding, which collectively undermine the long-term faradaic efficiency and operational durability. In this work, we develop an innovative asymmetric porous bipolar membrane (BPM) architecture by integrating electrospun anion-exchange nanofibers with a planar cation-exchange membrane, and configure it in the forward-bias mode (f-BPM) within MEAs to enable efficient acidic eCO<small>₂</small>R. The biphasic anion-exchange nanofibers, comprising polycationic piperidinium copolymer and hydrophobic polyvinylidene difluoride, are engineered to simultaneously optimize ion conductivity, membrane swelling, and mechanical integrity, thereby effectively regulating cation migration, electrochemical impedance, and water and gas transport properties. The optimized f-BPM configuration demonstrates exceptional performance, maintaining stable operation for 325 hours in acidic conditions, while achieving an average CO faradaic efficiency of 88% and a remarkable single-pass CO<small>₂</small> conversion efficiency of 67% at a current density of 300 mA cm<small>⁻²</small> with a CO<small>₂</small> flow rate of 15 sccm. Furthermore, the scalability of this technology is successfully demonstrated through the fabrication of a larger 5 × 5 cm<small>²</small> f-BPM, showcasing a stable operation over 110 hours with an energy efficiency of 34.2%. This breakthrough represents a significant advancement in acidic MEA technology, marking a crucial step toward industrial-scale implementation of eCO<small>₂</small>R.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 5","pages":" 1117-1127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ey/d5ey00153f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amino functionalization of the support toward enhanced selective hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate to methyl glycolate on silver–silicon catalysts†","authors":"Guilin Dong, Haiyong Wang, Qian Jiang, Yuhe Liao and Chenguang Wang","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00123D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00123D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The development of highly efficient catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) to methyl glycolate (MG) is an important step in the conversion of syngas into high-value chemicals, which is of great significance for reducing dependence on petroleum and facilitating the transformation of energy structures. Herein three Ag nanoparticles with different size distributions were supported on mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNS) with uniform center-radial mesopore channels (∼7 nm). The effects of the electronic and crystal structures of Ag nanoparticles on the adsorption and activation of DMO and H<small>₂</small> were studied. The characterization results reveal that amino-functionalization of the support enables the silver–silicon catalyst to possess easily accessible highly dispersed Ag active components, lattice defects which are conducive to the adsorption, activation and diffusion of H<small>₂</small>, as well as electron-rich Ag<small>^{<em>δ</em>−}</small> species beneficial for the adsorption and activation of DMO, thereby endowing it with high activity, selectivity, and stability. In the reaction of DMO to MG, under the conditions of <em>P</em> = 2.0 MPa, <em>T</em> = 220 °C, H<small>₂</small>/DMO molar ratio = 80, and LHSV = 1.0 h<small>⁻¹</small>, the best catalytic state achieved a DMO conversion of 100%, a MG selectivity of 96.6%, a TOF as high as 207, and the MG yield could still remain above 95% after a 250 h lifetime investigation. Our research highlights a promising route for the development of high-performance Ag catalysts used in the syngas to MG process.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 5","pages":" 1155-1168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ey/d5ey00123d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-TiO2-based photoanodes for photoelectrocatalytic wastewater treatment: electrode synthesis, evaluation, and characterization†","authors":"Jingyang Liu, Huizhong Wu, Jiangli Sun, Shuaishuai Li, Aydin Hassani and Minghua Zhou","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00068H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00068H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >To address the increasingly serious problem of water pollution, photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), has gained significant attention due to its ability to utilize sunlight and its low energy consumption. In PECs, TiO<small>₂</small> is the most widely used and established photoanode; however, non-TiO<small>₂</small>-based photoanodes have increasingly become a focus for improving visible light utilization and meeting the requirements of specific reactions. The performance of these non-TiO<small>₂</small>-based photoanodes in wastewater treatment varies based on different synthesis strategies and structures. Therefore, this paper critically reviews the synthesis, evaluation and characterization methods of non-TiO<small>₂</small>-based photoanodes used in wastewater treatment. Specifically, it reveals the application potential of various non-TiO<small>₂</small>-based photoanodes (such as WO<small>₃</small>, ZnO, g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small>, and BiVO<small>₄</small>), compares the costs and electrode stability of different synthesis methods from a practical application-oriented perspective, elucidates the synthesis–structure–mechanism–activity relationship, proposes an evaluation framework for PEC wastewater treatment based on multiple dimensions (including pollutant removal, electrode stability, light utilization efficiency, and environmental applicability), and introduces frontier theoretical simulations and characterization techniques of PEC wastewater treatment in depth according to the reaction process. Finally, an outlook on the preparation, evaluation and characterization of non-TiO<small>₂</small>-based photoanodes is proposed, covering perspectives from the atomic level to large-scale applications. This work aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of these ‘rising stars’ and guide the synthesis of photoanodes with enhanced performance, as well as more accurate evaluation and characterization.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 5","pages":" 921-942"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ey/d5ey00068h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-in-one approach to fabricate a porous porphyrin-heptazine polymer for highly efficient visible light photocatalysis†","authors":"Weijie Zhang, Zhou Lu, Dipesh Adhikari, Shan Li, Thamraa AlShahrani and Shengqian Ma","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00084J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00084J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Efficient metal-free heterogeneous photocatalysts, using visible light from the sun, continue to be a design challenge for use in chemical synthesis. Compared to metal-free photocatalysts involving a fundamental redox process, multi-dimensional photocatalytic systems with enhanced performance are limited. In this contribution, we demonstrated a general three-in-one approach to construct a donor–acceptor (D–A)-based porous organic polymer <em>via</em> connecting the most applied porphyrin with heptazine into a porous framework structure. Herein, a cooperative excitation process for O<small>₂</small> activation was established, where porous organic polymers can not only generate <small>¹</small>O<small>₂</small> under light irradiation <em>via</em> a triplet state, but also capture O<small>₂</small> and reduce it to O<small>₂</small>˙<small>⁻</small>. This synergistic effect dramatically improved the photocatalytic performance, as exemplified in the context of several important aerobic oxidative transformations, including sulfur mustard simulant degradation, oxidative coupling of primary amine molecules, and oxidative conversion of sulfides. Our work, therefore, paves a new way for the development of highly efficient heterogeneous photocatalysts.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 5","pages":" 1128-1133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ey/d5ey00084j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DBD plasma-thermal tandem reactors for converting biogas to carbon nanofibers†","authors":"Kevin K. Turaczy, Zhenhua Xie and Jingguang G. Chen","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00009B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00009B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Sequestering greenhouse gases (CO<small>₂</small> and CH<small>₄</small>) in biogas into carbon nanofibers (CNF) offers a promising route to mitigate carbon emissions and create value-added solid carbon materials. Coupling non-thermal plasma with a thermocatalytic reactor in a tandem setup is a promising approach for tandem reactions of dry reforming of methane to synthesis gas and its subsequent conversion to CNF. Various parameters were studied to determine their effects on CNF growth. Decreasing the total flow rate resulted in an increase in CNF growth. Increasing the plasma power input or the plasma zone length also enhanced the production of CNF. These results illustrate that plasma-thermal tandem reactors can be used to synthesize CNF from biogas with tunable parameters that may be further optimized in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 4","pages":" 756-762"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ey/d5ey00009b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"N, Fe co-incorporated CoO nanoarray enhanced by magnetic field for efficient water oxidation†","authors":"Keke Huang, Yaotian Yan, Yaqiang Yu, Taili Yang, Liang Qiao, Jinchun Tu, Jiehe Sui, Wei Cai, Shude Liu and Xiaohang Zheng","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00040H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00040H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >CoO, as a typical water oxidation electrocatalyst, has gradually entered the bottleneck stage of performance modulation through composition optimization. Herein, the N, Fe co-bonded CoO was achieved by N plasma, which suggests further potential to be enhanced by a magnetic field during oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysis. N atoms are a bridge for bonding Fe and Co centers, which serve as a fast channel for electron transfer. N, Fe co-doping decreases the electron density around Co<small>²⁺</small> centers, which increases the unpaired electrons for electron acceptors. As a result, the intrinsic OER activities are boosted, which is further beneficial for amplifying the magnetic enhancement effect. The best performance emerges under a parallel magnetic field with 420 mT intensity, which results in a lowered overpotential of 217 mV and a Tafel slope of 25.1 mV dec<small>⁻¹</small> in alkaline media. The magnetic enhancement comes from the magnetohydrodynamic effect and the escape energy barrier reduction of the paramagnetic triplet state of O<small>₂</small>. The magnetic enhancement effect would be amplified when the catalytic current becomes larger (magnetic current is 8 mA and 22 mA under 500 mA and 1000 mA total current, respectively). This work provides an in-depth insight into the magnetic enhancing mechanism and a highly feasible strategy for coupling heteroatoms with the magnetic field to operate and break through the bottleneck of non-noble electrocatalysis performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 5","pages":" 1044-1054"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ey/d5ey00040h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalysts for selective CO2/CO electroreduction to C3+ compounds","authors":"Ngoc Huan Tran, Moritz W. Schreiber and Marc Fontecave","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00047E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00047E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Electroreduction of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide to organic compounds is considered a promising way for (i) exploring a source of carbon alternative to fossil carbon; (ii) storing electrical energy as stable chemical energy; and (iii) producing useful e-chemicals and e-fuels for the chemical industry. While it is generally considered that only Cu-based catalysts facilitate the formation of multicarbon compounds, which are mainly limited to ethylene and ethanol, recent studies have challenged this assumption. In this review, we provide exhaustive, structural and mechanistic analyses of the solid materials that have been reported as catalysts for electroreduction of CO<small>₂</small> and CO to more complex molecules. This review elucidates that besides copper, metals such as nickel, iron and molybdenum have the potential to favor C–C coupling reactions to form important molecules in the chemical industry, such as propane, propanol, and butanol, along with offering substantial faradaic efficiencies. Thus, this review offers fresh perspectives on CO<small>₂</small>R and COR.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 4","pages":" 644-668"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ey/d5ey00047e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct electrolysis of liquid anhydrous ammonia for continuous production of high-purity, pressurized hydrogen at ambient temperature†","authors":"Seungmok Han, Junsoo Ha, Jae Seung Lee, Hyukjoo Lee, Chang Hyun Lee, Kangwoo Cho and Chang Won Yoon","doi":"10.1039/D5EY00140D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EY00140D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The direct electrolysis of liquid anhydrous ammonia (NH<small>₃</small>(l), &gt;99.99% of NH<small>₃</small>, free of water and solvent) is demonstrated using a 25 cm<small>²</small> zero-gap electrolyzer, consisting of a Ru/C anode and a Pt/C cathode, with the two electrodes spatially separated by a cation exchange membrane. This system, supplied by NH<small>₃</small>(l) and NH<small>₄</small>Br as the supporting electrolyte, continuously produces high-purity and pressurized hydrogen (H<small>₂</small>, &gt;99.99%, &gt;5.5 bar) at a temperature of 10 °C and a pressure of 6.2 bar, without requiring H<small>₂</small>/N<small>₂</small> separation and compression processes. The direct NH<small>₃</small>(l) electrolyzer exhibits a cell potential of 1.1 V at 0.1 A cm<small>⁻²</small>, presenting a faradaic efficiency of &gt;99.3% for H<small>₂</small> production. The developed system achieves a H<small>₂</small> production rate of &gt;18.8 mol-H<small>₂</small> g<small>_cat</small><small>⁻¹</small> h<small>⁻¹</small> at 0.5 A cm<small>⁻²</small>, which is 4.7-fold higher than the highest H<small>₂</small> production rate reported to date for NH<small>₃</small>(g) thermolysis at temperatures of over 500 °C.</p>","PeriodicalId":72877,"journal":{"name":"EES catalysis","volume":" 4","pages":" 694-700"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ey/d5ey00140d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}