Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)最新文献

{"title":"Sagittal Parameters and Clinical Outcomes in Cervical Spondylitis: The Cohort Analysis.","authors":"Denis Naumov, Sergey Tkach, Natalia Linkova, Dmitrii Medvedev, Alexander Krasichkov, Olga Sokolova, Victoria Polyakova, Giuseppe Gullo, Piotr Yablonskiy","doi":"10.3390/diseases13020049","DOIUrl":"10.3390/diseases13020049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cervical spondylitis is accompanied by segmental instability and sagittal imbalance. The purpose of this work is to conduct a search of correlation between sagittal parameters and clinical outcomes in cervical spondylitis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The monocentric cohort study encompassed the clinical and radiological data of 59 patients who underwent reconstructive surgeries on the suboccipital, subaxial, and cervicothoracic spine. We evaluated local cervical sagittal parameters: cervical sagittal vertical axis (CSVA), T1 slope (T1S), <b>Health-Related Quality of Life</b>-HRQOL (Oswestry Disability Index-ODI)-and others pre- and postoperatively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The duration of the therapeutic pause and T1S correlated with HRQOL. It revealed the direct relationship between the age of the patient and the value of CSVA. A significant predictor of postoperative complications is the level of comorbidity with an index of 7 or more on the Charlson scale.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The factors influencing HRQOL in this pathology are the duration of the therapeutic pause and the magnitude of T1S compensation. Anterior reconstruction of the cervical spine in the presence of spondylitis yields a correction of the sagittal balance parameters. The leading predictors of complications from the surgical treatment of cervical spondylitis are the Charlson comorbidity index and the variant of anterior reconstruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":72832,"journal":{"name":"Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11854115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Their Impact on Pediatric COVID-19: Clinical Manifestations and Hematological Profiles.","authors":"Konstantinos Paris Trempelis, Chrysoula Kosmeri, Panagiotis Kalavas, Fani Ladomenou, Ekaterini Siomou, Alexandros Makis","doi":"10.3390/diseases13020048","DOIUrl":"10.3390/diseases13020048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to analyze data on pediatric cases of COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary referral hospital in northwest Greece.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted on the most common clinical manifestations and laboratory findings, stratified by age group and SARS-CoV-2 strain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 254 children were hospitalized, with a mean age of 4.5 years. Underlying conditions were present in 10.2% of cases; two children required pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, and one child died. The most common hematological manifestations, in general, were neutropenia (30%) and lymphopenia (23%), whereas the findings varied when the children were stratified by age group. Eight children developed multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), with the most common findings being anemia (75%), lymphopenia (50%), and thrombocytopenia (25%). Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 strains revealed the proportions of the dominant strain over time. Fever was the predominant symptom across all strains, particularly in the Omicron group, which also had a high incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms. The longest hospital admission occurred in children with the Omicron strain, followed by the Wuhan, Alpha, and Delta strains.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Fever was the most consistent symptom across all age groups and virus strains. The most common hematological manifestations were neutropenia (30%) and lymphopenia (23%). The Omicron strain was associated with the longest hospital stay.</p>","PeriodicalId":72832,"journal":{"name":"Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11854181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Biomass Fuel Use and Depression Symptoms in the Adult Population of Oaxaca, Mexico.","authors":"Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga, Silvia Mercedes Coca, Moréniké Oluwátóyin Foláyan, Javiera Fanta Garrido, Gabriela Narcizo de Lima","doi":"10.3390/diseases13020047","DOIUrl":"10.3390/diseases13020047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The impact of biomass fuel exposure on mental health, along with the associated gender disparities, remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to examine the association between biomass fuel use and depressive symptoms in the population of Oaxaca, Mexico, while also identifying gender differences in this relationship.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used data from the 2022 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT). Depressive symptoms, the outcome variable, were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD). The primary predictor variable was biomass fuel use, with gender, age, and residency stratum included as covariates. First, a binary logistic regression model was developed to estimate the dichotomous variable \"depression symptoms\". Subsequently, a second binary logistic regression model was constructed to evaluate potential interactions between the covariates and the predictor variable.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>The sample included 1.4 million adults from Oaxaca, with a prevalence of depressive symptoms of 15%. Biomass fuel was used by 15.4% of the population. The first logistic regression model showed that women (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.249; 95% CI: 1.235-1.263; <i>p</i> < 0.001), individuals aged 60 years and older compared to the younger population group (OR: 12.192; 95% CI: 12.064-12.321; <i>p</i> < 0.001), those residing in rural areas (OR: 1.245; 95% CI: 1.232-1.259; <i>p</i> < 0.001), and individuals using firewood or charcoal for cooking (OR: 1.674; 95% CI: 1.651-1.697; <i>p</i> < 0.001) had higher odds of depressive symptoms. In the second binary logistic regression model, all associations and OR coefficients retained their direction, although the coefficients underwent a slight adjustment following the introduction of the interaction term, indicating the presence of an interaction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study findings suggest a gendered association between biomass fuel exposure and depressive symptoms in the adult population of Oaxaca, with older women and women dwelling in rural areas being the most vulnerable. Interventions aimed at reducing biomass air pollution exposure and strengthening mental health support for women are strongly recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":72832,"journal":{"name":"Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11854031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Effects of Social and Behavioral Factors on Stress and Depression.","authors":"Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi, Sonya Parker","doi":"10.3390/diseases13020046","DOIUrl":"10.3390/diseases13020046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic stress, driven by the persistent activation of the body's stress response system-including the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-has far-reaching effects on both physical and mental health. This study examines the combined effects of social and behavioral factors on a latent variable consisting of stress and depressive symptoms, using a comprehensive framework to explore the complex interactions of these factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Leveraging data from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we operationalized allostatic load-a measure of cumulative physiological stress-through 10 biomarkers spanning cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic systems. Depressive symptoms were measured via the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and a latent variable capturing the shared variance between stress and depressive symptoms was derived using factor analysis. To assess the influence of social (income and education) and behavioral (alcohol consumption and smoking) factors on this latent variable, we employed Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR), allowing us to examine potential non-linear and interactive effects among these predictors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results revealed a significant positive association between allostatic load and depressive symptoms across the sample, regardless of ethnic background. Alcohol consumption emerged as a key behavioral factor, with significant positive associations with stress. Conversely, education showed a protective effect, with higher education levels associated with decreased stress and depressive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings underscore the importance of addressing both social determinants and behavioral risk factors in mitigating the cumulative impacts of stress and depressive symptoms. By highlighting the roles of alcohol consumption and education, this study provides insights that can inform public health strategies aimed at promoting resilience and reducing stress-related health disparities.</p>","PeriodicalId":72832,"journal":{"name":"Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11854132/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Loneliness in Older Adults During the Pandemic: Predictors and Questionnaire Validation.","authors":"Rahela Orlandini, Linda Lušić Kalcina, Vesna Antičević","doi":"10.3390/diseases13020045","DOIUrl":"10.3390/diseases13020045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic is behind us, but the experiences gained during its course can serve as a framework for preventive actions in future crises. The main objectives were to examine the predictors of loneliness in older adults during the pandemic and to explore the mediating effects of emotional stability between pandemic-specific stressors and loneliness. To achieve the set objectives, we developed a questionnaire to measure pandemic-specific stressors in older adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional research design was used. A total of 578 participants of both genders (38.9% male, 61.1% female) aged 65 and above (M = 74.09, SD = 6.72) participated in this study. The self-reported measures used included the following: The Ten-Item Personality Inventory, The Revised Loneliness Scale, The Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation, and The Pandemic-Specific Stressors Questionnaire for Older Adults.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using exploratory factor analysis, two factors were extracted, providing evidence of face and convergent validity, together explaining 71.3% of the variance. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good model fit. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated the greatest contribution of the psychological factors to loneliness in older adults during the pandemic, while marital status and pandemic-specific stressors had a minor but still significant impact. Mediation analysis revealed that emotional stability mediated the association between social distancing experiences and loneliness.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In future global pandemics, it is necessary to pay full attention to psychological factors to preserve the mental health of older people. The newly-constructed questionnaire identifies pandemic-specific stressors in older adults, aiding their mitigation and easing recovery from the pandemic crisis.</p>","PeriodicalId":72832,"journal":{"name":"Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11853930/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of HPV Types and Dendritic Cells on Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis' Aggressiveness.","authors":"Ellen Eduarda Fernandes, Maria Leticia de Almeida Lança, Yan Aparecido de Souza, Vivian Narana El-Achkar, Victor Costa, Román Carlos, Alfredo Ribeiro-Silva, Laura Sichero, Luisa Lina Villa, Jorge Esquiche León, Estela Kaminagakura","doi":"10.3390/diseases13020043","DOIUrl":"10.3390/diseases13020043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study assesses the associations between dendritic cells, HPV 6 and 11, and Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP) aggressiveness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Derkay score was calculated using information obtained from the medical records. Biopsies from 36 patients with juvenile RRP (JRRP) and 43 adult RRP (ARRP) patients were analyzed under light microscopy, and their clinical data were collected. Immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies against CD83, CD1a, Factor XIIIa, and S100 was performed, and inflammatory cells were quantified. Data obtained were analyzed using the chi-squared test, in addition to the Mann-Whitney and Z tests for two proportions, considering a confidence interval of 95% and <i>p</i> < 0.05 as statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A higher quantity of S100 was identified in the epithelium (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and in the conjunctive tissue (<i>p</i> = 0.027) among the ARRP cases, while CD83 (<i>p</i> = 0.025) and Factor XIIIa (<i>p</i> = 0.018), both in the epithelium, were identified among the JRRP cases. We observed significant association between a higher quantity of CD83 in the epithelium in the juvenile group with a low Derkay index (<i>p</i> = 0.034) and with HPV 6 (<i>p</i> = 0.039).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>An increased quantity of dendritic cells is present in individuals diagnosed with RRP, regardless of age, and this may be related to the lower Derkay index, regardless of the HPV type detected.</p>","PeriodicalId":72832,"journal":{"name":"Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11854725/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World Efficacy and Safety of Dupilumab Use in Japanese Adult Patients with Atopic Dermatitis: A Single-Center, Retrospective, 104-Week, Observational Study.","authors":"Tetsuharu Ikegami, Ken Igawa","doi":"10.3390/diseases13020044","DOIUrl":"10.3390/diseases13020044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Dupilumab is an interlekin-4 receptor antibody that exerts its efficacy by inhibiting the signaling pathway of interleukin-4/interleukin-13, and it is currently used clinically as a highly potent therapeutic for atopic dermatitis. However, there have been few reports on the therapeutic effect of dupilumab using long-term real-world data. To accumulate further real-world data through long-term use of dupilumab, we performed a retrospective study on the courses of patients with atopic dermatitis who were treated with dupilumab for at least 104 weeks in our university hospital. <b>Methods:</b> We examined the treatment courses of 30 adult patients. <b>Results:</b> Subjective (e.g., itch visual analog scale and Dermatology Life Quality Index) and objective (e.g., Eczema Area and Severity Index) indices and some biomarkers showed improvements over time with dupilumab treatment, even in cases with poor early response to dupilumab treatment. As for the therapeutic effect on anatomical regions, although the therapeutic effect on the head and neck region was weak in the early stages, it improved over time, and at 104 weeks, it showed a therapeutic effect that was comparable to other regions. <b>Conclusions:</b> Therefore, our study demonstrated the advantages of prolonged administration of dupilumab in atopic dermatitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":72832,"journal":{"name":"Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11854216/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Cortisol and Dehydroepiandrosterone in Obesity, Pain, and Aging.","authors":"Nikolina Erceg, Miodrag Micic, Eli Forouzan, Nebojsa Nick Knezevic","doi":"10.3390/diseases13020042","DOIUrl":"10.3390/diseases13020042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity, chronic pain, and aging are prevalent global challenges with profound implications for health and well-being. Central to these processes are adrenal hormones, particularly cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), along with its sulfated form (DHEAS). Cortisol, essential for stress adaptation, can have adverse effects on pain perception and aging when dysregulated, while DHEA/S possess properties that may mitigate these effects. This review explores the roles of cortisol and DHEA/S in the contexts of obesity, acute and chronic pain, aging, and age-related diseases. We examine the hormonal balance, specifically the cortisol-to-DHEA ratio (CDR), as a key marker of stress system functionality and its impact on pain sensitivity, neurodegeneration, and physical decline. Elevated CDR and decreased DHEA/S levels are associated with worsened outcomes, including increased frailty, immune dysfunction, and the progression of age-related conditions such as osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease. This review synthesizes the current literature to highlight the complex interplay between these hormones and their broader implications for health. It aims to provide insights into potential future therapies to improve pain management and promote healthy weight and aging. By investigating these mechanisms, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of the physiological intersections between pain, aging, and the endocrine system.</p>","PeriodicalId":72832,"journal":{"name":"Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11854441/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Retrospective Review of 28 Cases of Pediatric Malignant Renal Tumors at a Single Institution.","authors":"Takafumi Kawano, Koshiro Sugita, Ryuta Masuya, Nanako Nishida, Ayaka Nagano, Masakazu Murakami, Keisuke Yano, Shun Onishi, Toshio Harumatsu, Tatsuro Nakamura, Koji Yamada, Waka Yamada, Mitsuru Muto, Yuichi Kodama, Takuro Nishikawa, Tatsuru Kaji, Yasuhiro Okamoto, Satoshi Ieiri","doi":"10.3390/diseases13020040","DOIUrl":"10.3390/diseases13020040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Advances in treatment have dramatically improved the outcomes of pediatric renal malignancies. We reviewed cases of renal malignant tumors that were managed in our institution. The patients' background factors, pathological diagnoses, stages, outcomes and late complications were retrospectively reviewed using medical records of 28 patients with renal tumors who were treated at our institution from 1984 to 2022. Wilms' tumors were recognized in 24 patients (85.7%), all of whom had favorable histology. Wilms' tumors were Stage I in six patients (6/24; 25.0%), Stage II in nine patients (9/24; 37.5%), Stage III in five patients (5/24; 20.8%), Stage IV in two patients (2/24; 8.3%), and Stage V in two patients (2/24; 8.3%). Two patients (7.1%) with clear cell sarcoma of the kidney both had Stage I disease. One patient had Stage IV rhabdoid sarcoma of the kidney (3.5%), and one had Stage IV renal cell carcinoma (3.5%). The overall 5-year survival rate was 85.2% for all renal malignancies. Late complications included chronic renal failure in four patients (14.2%). The outcomes are comparable to those reported previously. However, the prognosis of MRTK and renal cell carcinoma remained poor in advanced cases; thus, another therapeutic protocol should be established.</p>","PeriodicalId":72832,"journal":{"name":"Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11854009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Critical Role of Penicillin in Syphilis Treatment and Emerging Resistance Challenges.","authors":"Arun Kumar Jaiswal, Lucas Gabriel Rodrigues Gomes, Aline Ferreira Maciel de Oliveira, Siomar de Castro Soares, Vasco Azevedo","doi":"10.3390/diseases13020041","DOIUrl":"10.3390/diseases13020041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Syphilis, a global healthcare burden, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete <i>Treponema pallidum</i>, a spiral-shaped, Gram-negative obligate human pathogen. Despite its easy identification and treatability, the disease affects over 50 million people worldwide, with 8 million new cases in the 15-49 age group annually, as per the WHO 2024 report. If left untreated, syphilis progresses through its primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary stages, causing severe complications like neurosyphilis, congenital syphilis, and organ damage. The first-line treatment, penicillin, faces challenges, including logistical issues, shortages, allergic reactions, and patient non-compliance. Secondary treatment options are sparse, and there are reported cases of <i>T. pallidum</i> strains resistant to those antibiotics. The absence of an effective vaccine for syphilis has led to efforts to control its spread through sexual education, condom usage, and post-exposure prophylaxis with doxycycline, which raises concerns about antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The continued reliance on penicillin and the increasing rates of doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis (DoxyPEP) use have both contributed to concerns about AMR development. Recent works pointing to emerging antibiotic resistance and treatment failures highlight the urgent need for new antibiotics to manage syphilis effectively and reduce dependency on penicillin. This review has focused on the shortcomings and limitations of penicillin treatment, recently identified antimicrobial-resistant strains of <i>T. pallidum</i>, and case studies where its application failed to treat the disease adequately.</p>","PeriodicalId":72832,"journal":{"name":"Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11854480/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}