Diabetes epidemiology and management最新文献

{"title":"Vascular phenotyping in diabetes research in sub-saharan Africa: A neglected priority with high translational value","authors":"Charles Frederick Hayfron-Benjamin","doi":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The burden of diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is rising faster than in any other region of the world, with affected individuals at a substantially higher risk of developing microvascular and macrovascular complications. Existing evidence indicates that sub-Saharan Africans with diabetes living in SSA experience higher rates of vascular complications compared with their counterparts in high-income settings; studies exploring the biological basis of this remain very limited, as the majority of diabetes research in SSA is limited to descriptive epidemiology. There is minimal incorporation of recommended vascular phenotyping tools, including assessments of arterial stiffness, arterial occlusion, endothelial function, and microvascular function. This limits mechanistic understanding, undermines vascular risk stratification, and constrains translation into effective patient management strategies. This viewpoint advocates for the prioritization of vascular phenotyping within sub-Saharan African diabetes research. Sequentially, the article outlines the differential burden of diabetes-related vascular complications in sub-Saharan Africans living on the continent, current epidemiological gaps, the potential role of vascular phenotyping in improving clinical outcomes and health systems and proposes pragmatic steps in integrating vascular phenotyping into existing research in SSA. Many tools for vascular phenotyping are increasingly becoming affordable, portable, and automated. Given its feasibility, integrating vascular phenotyping into diabetes research in SSA should therefore be treated as an urgent priority rather than a future aspiration, given its clear benefits, including deeper insight into disease mechanisms, more precise targeting of care, and findings with global relevance. What is required now is a deliberate shift in priorities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72796,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes epidemiology and management","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100303"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum triglyceride levels and incidence of diabetes in a general Japanese population: ISSA-CKD study","authors":"Tomohiro Fukushima ,&nbsp;Takako Fujii ,&nbsp;Shintaro Ishida ,&nbsp;Makiko Abe ,&nbsp;Miki Kawazoe ,&nbsp;Toshiki Maeda ,&nbsp;Chikara Yoshimura ,&nbsp;Shunsuke Funakoshi ,&nbsp;Daisuke Morita ,&nbsp;Yori Inoue ,&nbsp;Kazuhiro Tada ,&nbsp;Koji Takahashi ,&nbsp;Kenji Ito ,&nbsp;Tetsuhiko Yasuno ,&nbsp;Daiji Kawanami ,&nbsp;Kosuke Masutani ,&nbsp;Hisatomi Arima","doi":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This study aimed to clarify the relationship between serum triglyceride levels (fasting or non-fasting) and incidence of diabetes in a general Japanese population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using annual health check-up data of residents of Iki City, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. A total of 5632 participants without diabetes at baseline were included in the present analysis. Serum triglyceride levels were classified as tertile1 (≤0.94mmol/L), tertile 2 (0.94–1.51 mmol/L) and tertile 3 (≥1.51 mmol/L) for men, and tertile1 (≤0.84 mmol/L), tertile 2 (0.84–1.28 mmol/L) and tertile 3 (≥1.28 mmol/L) for women. The outcome was incidence of diabetes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During an average follow-up of 5.73 years, 342 participants (194 men and 148 women) developed diabetes. The incidence (per 1000 person-years) of diabetes increased with an elevation in serum triglyceride levels for men (9.70% in tertile1, 12.0% in tertile2, and 20.3% in tertile 3). This association was significant, even after adjustment for other risk factors: hazard ratio 1.06 [95% CI 0.68–1.65] for tertile2, and 1.56 [1.01–2.42] for tertile3 compared with tertile1 (p = 0.029 for trend). Comparable effects were observed for fasting and non-fasting serum triglyceride levels (p = 0.406 for interaction). In contrast, there was no clear association between serum triglyceride levels and incidence of diabetes after adjustment for confounding factors among women (p = 0.111 for trend) although interaction between men and women was not statistically significant (p = 0.631 for interaction).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>High levels of serum triglyceride levels (fasting or non-fasting) were associated with future incidence of diabetes mellitus in general Japanese men but not in women.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72796,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes epidemiology and management","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100320"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148241297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between insurance status and access to health care with diabetes management and control in Switzerland","authors":"Kelly Chabloz,&nbsp;Pedro-Marques Vidal","doi":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>We assessed whether diabetes treatment and control are associated with access to health care and with health insurance status.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Two cross-sectional surveys (S1: 2014-2017 and S2: 2018-2021) of an ongoing prospective study conducted in Lausanne, Switzerland. Participants with diabetes were queried regarding their access to health care and health insurance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We selected 232 (67.5±9.1 years, 31.0% women, 75.8% on antidiabetic drug treatment) and 245 (68.1±9.0 years, 38.0% women, 75.5% on antidiabetic drug treatment) participants in S1 and S2, respectively. Treated participants chose more frequently an ordinary insurance with a lower franchise than untreated (81.6% vs. 65.0%, p=0.024). Most treated participants had consulted a doctor in the previous 12 months (94.9% in S1 and 80.0% in S2) while a minority consulted a diabetologist (24.3%) or an ophthalmologist (34.6%). Among treated participants, diabetic control remained suboptimal (40.9% in S1 and 38.9% in S2 for HbA₁c&lt;48 mmol/mol, the corresponding values being 67.0% and 63.2% for HbA₁c&lt;53 mmol/mol). Controlled (HbA₁c&lt;48 mmol/mol) diabetes tended to be associated with a lower frequency of hospitalizations: odds ratio and (95% CI) 0.54 (0.24-1.24), p=0.148, and this association became significant after inverse probability weighting, 0.29 (0.10-0.81). Conversely, no association was found for less stringent diabetes control levels (HbA₁c&lt;53 or 64 mmol/mol). Similar findings were obtained for consulting a diabetologist.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Diabetes control and consultation of a diabetologist or an ophthalmologist by participants with diabetes are still suboptimal in Lausanne. More stringent diabetes control is associated with lower hospitalization rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72796,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes epidemiology and management","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100324"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148634435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gymnema sylvestre-supplemented chewing gum and sweet food consumption in type 1 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind pilot trial (the sweet victory trial)","authors":"Assaf Buch ,&nbsp;Jacob Atsmon ,&nbsp;Michal Roll ,&nbsp;Gitit Lahav ,&nbsp;Shimrit Lev ,&nbsp;Roy Eldor","doi":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) requires lifelong insulin therapy, yet managing postprandial glucose excursions after refined carbohydrate intake remains challenging. Gymnema Sylvestre (GS), an herbal supplement known for sweetness-suppressing effects, may help reduce sweet cravings/intake. The study assessed the impact of GS-supplemented chewing gum on sweet food consumption and glycemic control in adults with T1DM.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A randomized, double-blind, pilot trial was conducted with 22 adults with T1DM who used continuous glucose monitoring and reported frequent sweets consumption. Participants were randomized 2:1 to GS gum (70 mg GS/gum; 3 times/daily) or placebo for two weeks. The primary outcome was change in glycemic control, defined as time in range (TIR; 70–180 mg/dL). Secondary outcomes included changes in daily sweet food consumption, cravings, and perceived dietary control.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants in the GS and placebo groups consumed an average of 2.41 ± 0.60 and 2.10 ± 0.32 gums per day, respectively. The GS group demonstrated a significant reduction in sweet food consumption from baseline (<em>p</em> = 0.005), while the placebo group showed no significant change. Between-group analysis showed a trend towards reduction in sweet consumption (−0.71 servings/day; 95 % CI: −1.45 to 0.03; <em>p</em> = 0.058). Improvements in subjective craving control were also reported in the GS group. No significant differences were observed in TIR or other glycemic measures.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>GS-supplemented gum may reduce self-reported sweet intake and cravings in adults with T1DM, though differences versus placebo were not statistically significant. Findings suggest a potential behavioral effect that warrants confirmation in larger trials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72796,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes epidemiology and management","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100308"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147537529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological trends and demographic disparities in type 1 Diabetes-related mortality in the United States (1999-2020): a CDC WONDER analysis","authors":"Shahzaib Khan ,&nbsp;Fatima Najam ,&nbsp;Rawdah Shakil ,&nbsp;Momina Javed ,&nbsp;Talha Anwar ,&nbsp;Sabin Zafar ,&nbsp;Amna Rizwan Bhatti ,&nbsp;Hajrah Munir ,&nbsp;Maryam Butt ,&nbsp;Muhammad Wahaj Pirzada ,&nbsp;Ishaque Hameed ,&nbsp;Rida Shakeel ,&nbsp;Asraf Hussain","doi":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) accounts for 5–10 of diabetes cases. Previous studies have shown declining T1D mortality, but comprehensive US data on demographic and geographic disparities are lacking.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To assess demographic and regional trends in T1D-related mortality among adults in the U.S</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Death certificates (1999–2020) from the CDC WONDER database were analyzed for T1D-related mortality in adults aged ≥25 years. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) per million persons (95 % CIs) and annual percentage change (APC) were calculated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From 1999 to 2020, 247,303 T1D-related deaths occurred in the US, with most deaths occurring in medical facilities (43.9 %). AAMRs declined from 117.9 in 1999 to 35.1 in 2020, reflecting an overall 70.2 % decrease. Males consistently had higher mortality rates than females (58.7 vs. 46.9). NH Blacks had the highest AAMR (77.0), 1.5 times greater than NH Whites (52.4), while NH Asian or Pacific Islanders had the lowest (18.4). AAMR declined across all age groups, but mortality increased in younger adults from 2014 onward. Rural areas had the highest AAMRs (72.4) compared to medium-small (55.7) and large metropolitan areas (43.9). The Midwest had the highest AAMR (64), while the West had the lowest (42.6). States in the 90th percentile were West Virginia, Rhode Island, Kansas, Ohio, and Tennessee which had rates four times higher than the 10th percentile states.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Overall mortality has declined, but disparities remain, with higher AAMRs in males, NH Blacks, younger adults, and rural areas. These findings underscore the need for targeted research and interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72796,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes epidemiology and management","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147394927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-effectiveness of stepped care compared to continuous glucose monitoring in hypoglycemia-prone individuals with type 1 diabetes","authors":"Milena Jancev,&nbsp;Erik H. Serné,&nbsp;Harold W. de Valk,&nbsp;J. Hans DeVries,&nbsp;Thomas van Sloten,&nbsp;Frank J. Snoek,&nbsp;Maartje de Wit,&nbsp;Judith E. Bosmans","doi":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>To assess the cost-effectiveness of stepped care (education program plus continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) as needed), compared to immediate CGM use.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Analyses were conducted from a societal perspective over a 12-month horizon. Data were used from the Ecspect-Hypo randomized clinical trial, including 52 individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and impaired hypoglycemia-awareness or a history of recent severe hypoglycemic events (SHEs) (mean age 53 years; 56% female). Outcomes included self-reported SHEs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) based on the EuroQol questionnaire, and costs were assessed using Tic-P questionnaires. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves were estimated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After 12 months, stepped care resulted in more SHEs (mean difference 0.33, 95%CI 0.056;0.60), less QALYs (mean difference -0.12, 95%CI -0.23;-0.0045), and lower societal costs (mean difference €-252, 95%CI -921;656) compared to CGM. The ICER per prevented SHE was €769, and per QALY gained €5518. The probability that stepped care was cost-effective compared to CGM use was 0.73 at a willingness to pay (WTP) of €0/SHE prevented and per individual with restored hypoglycemia-awareness, and 0.14 at €20,000/QALY gained.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Over 12 months, at a WTP threshold of €20,000/QALY, stepped care was not cost-effective compared to immediate CGM use in hypoglycemia-prone individuals with T1D.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72796,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes epidemiology and management","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100319"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148183634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobile health (mHealth) interventions for the management of diabetes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): A scoping review","authors":"Sadia Tasnim,&nbsp;Mohammad Enamul Hoque,&nbsp;Julie Saunders","doi":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This scoping review synthesised mHealth interventions for diabetes management in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), exploring their outcomes and effectiveness, implementation barriers and facilitators, and identifying evidence gaps to inform future research and practice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Following Arksey and O'Malley’s five-stage framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we systematically searched seven databases for English-language studies published from 2015 onwards. After screening 2,135 titles and abstracts and reviewing 213 full texts, 20 studies were included. Findings were synthesised narratively.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The 20 studies, conducted across 16 LMICs, evaluated SMS-based interventions (n = 6), mobile applications (n = 6), voice-based interventions (n = 5), and multicomponent digital platforms (n = 3). Most targeted type 2 diabetes (n = 13). Primary aims included glycaemic control (n = 15), diabetes self-management (n = 15), medication adherence (n = 8), and diabetes knowledge (n = 7), with additional improvements reported in health literacy and self-care behaviours. Common barriers included limited digital literacy, poor access to devices or connectivity, usability challenges, and low user engagement. Key facilitators included high mobile access, involvement of healthcare providers or peer educators, use of local languages, and social support. Evidence gaps included limited long-term evaluation, cultural adaptation beyond language, integration with health systems, and cost-effectiveness data.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>mHealth interventions can support diabetes care in LMICs, with effectiveness driven more by design and system integration than by technological complexity. Sustainable impact requires simple, culturally relevant, and user-centred approaches that combine digital tools with human support, strengthen digital literacy, and are embedded within existing health systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72796,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes epidemiology and management","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147537534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “The efficacy of a 24-hour preoperative pause for SGLT2-inhibitors in type II diabetes patients undergoing bariatric surgery to mitigate euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis” [Diabetes Epidemiology and Management 14 (2024) 100201]","authors":"Samer Younes","doi":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100335","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72796,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes epidemiology and management","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100335"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148934301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High treatment satisfaction among Faroese adults with Type 1 diabetes: A nationwide cross-sectional study","authors":"Tórhalla Vanja Klein Olsen,&nbsp;Maria Skaalum Petersen,&nbsp;Rasmus á Fríðriksmørk Borðoy,&nbsp;Amar Nikontovic,&nbsp;Herborg Líggjasardóttir Johannesen,&nbsp;May-Britt Skoradal","doi":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We aimed to examine treatment satisfaction and associated healthcare-related factors among adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the Faroe Islands in a nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted in 2023. Of 205 eligible adults, 121 had available treatment satisfaction data (59%), of whom 89% reported being satisfied with their treatment <em>to a large extent</em> and 11% reporting being satisfied <em>to some extent</em> with the treatment they receive. High overall treatment satisfaction was associated with satisfaction with relationships with healthcare professionals (p &lt; 0.001), technological treatment opportunities (p &lt; 0.001), involvement in treatment-related decisions (p = 0.04), information provided before treatment initiation (p = 0.050), and high well-being (p = 0.005). These findings indicate that healthcare-related experiences and well-being were associated with high treatment satisfaction within a small, centralized diabetes care system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72796,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes epidemiology and management","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100329"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148730311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Trends and regional disparities in the diabetes burden across Asia, 1990–2021: Insights from the global burden of disease study” [Diabetes Epidemiology and Management (2025) 100287]","authors":"Sufyan Shahid,&nbsp;Aya Abdulrahman Ajeel,&nbsp;Ali Dheyaa Marsool,&nbsp;Muneeb Saifullah,&nbsp;Hiba Mukhtar,&nbsp;Muhammad Umer Sattar,&nbsp;Anum Waseem,&nbsp;Zareen Shafqat,&nbsp;Zunaira Rehman,&nbsp;Raheel Ahmed,&nbsp;Muzammil Farhan","doi":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.deman.2026.100328","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72796,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes epidemiology and management","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100328"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148730312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}