Development & reproduction最新文献

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Banana Peel Extracts Enhance Climbing Ability and Extend Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. 香蕉皮提取物能增强黑腹果蝇的攀爬能力并延长其寿命
Development & reproduction Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.12717/DR.2024.28.3.87
Hyejin Seo, Jong-Won Yoon, Younghwi Kwon, Eunbyul Yeom
{"title":"Banana Peel Extracts Enhance Climbing Ability and Extend Lifespan in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>.","authors":"Hyejin Seo, Jong-Won Yoon, Younghwi Kwon, Eunbyul Yeom","doi":"10.12717/DR.2024.28.3.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12717/DR.2024.28.3.87","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Banana peels, often discarded as waste, represent one of the most abundant food by-products, highlighting the need for effective waste management and resource recycling strategies. Due to their rich nutritional content, banana peels have been investigated for various health benefits, including anti-obesity effects. In this study, we examined the potential anti-aging properties of banana peel extracts (BPEs) in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Our findings demonstrated that flies fed with BPEs exhibited an extended lifespan and a significant improvement in age-related decline in climbing ability. Additionally, <i>Dilp2</i> mRNA expression level is markedly decreased in aged flies fed with BPEs. These results suggest that BPEs may serve as a potential anti-aging agent by enhancing locomotor function and extending lifespan, potentially through the modulation of insulin signaling in <i>D. melanogaster</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":72791,"journal":{"name":"Development & reproduction","volume":"28 3","pages":"87-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11495883/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142514050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Actin Depolymerizing Factor Destrin Regulates Cilia Development and Function during Vertebrate Embryogenesis. 肌动蛋白解聚因子Destrin在脊椎动物胚胎发生过程中调控纤毛的发育和功能
Development & reproduction Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.12717/DR.2024.28.3.109
Youni Kim, Hyun-Kyung Lee, Kyeong-Yeon Park, Tayaba Ismail, Hongchan Lee, Hyun-Shik Lee
{"title":"Actin Depolymerizing Factor Destrin Regulates Cilia Development and Function during Vertebrate Embryogenesis.","authors":"Youni Kim, Hyun-Kyung Lee, Kyeong-Yeon Park, Tayaba Ismail, Hongchan Lee, Hyun-Shik Lee","doi":"10.12717/DR.2024.28.3.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12717/DR.2024.28.3.109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The actin cytoskeleton plays fundamental roles in ciliogenesis and the actin depolymerizing factor destrin regulates actin dynamics by treadmilling actin filaments and increasing globular actin pools. However, the specific developmental roles of destrin in ciliogenesis have not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the function of destrin in ciliogenesis using <i>Xenopus laevis</i> and human retinal pigmented epithelial (hRPE1) cells. We discovered the loss of destrin increased the number of multiciliated cells in the <i>Xenopus</i> epithelium and impeded cilia motility. Additionally, destrin depletion remarkably reduced the length of primary cilia in the <i>Xenopus</i> neural tube and hRPE1 cells by affecting actin dynamics. Immunofluorescence using markers of ciliary components indicated that destrin controls the directionality and polarity of basal bodies and axonemal elongation by modulating actin dynamics, independent of basal body docking. In conclusion, destrin plays a significant role during vertebrate ciliogenesis regulating both primary and multicilia development. Our data suggest new insights for understanding the roles of actin dynamics in cilia development.</p>","PeriodicalId":72791,"journal":{"name":"Development & reproduction","volume":"28 3","pages":"109-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11495882/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142514048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Potential Role of fgf4, fgf24, and fgf17 in Pharyngeal Pouch Formation in Zebrafish. fgf4、fgf24 和 fgf17 在斑马鱼咽囊形成中的潜在作用
Development & reproduction Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-30 DOI: 10.12717/DR.2024.28.2.55
Sil Jin, Chong Pyo Choe
{"title":"A Potential Role of <i>fgf4</i>, <i>fgf24</i>, and <i>fgf17</i> in Pharyngeal Pouch Formation in Zebrafish.","authors":"Sil Jin, Chong Pyo Choe","doi":"10.12717/DR.2024.28.2.55","DOIUrl":"10.12717/DR.2024.28.2.55","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In vertebrates, Fgf signaling is essential for the development of pharyngeal pouches, which controls facial skeletal development. Genetically, <i>fgf3</i> and <i>fgf8</i> are required for pouch formation in mice and zebrafish. However, loss-of-function phenotypes of <i>fgf3</i> and <i>fgf8</i> are milder than expected in mice and zebrafish, which suggests that an additional <i>fgf</i> gene(s) would be involved in pouch formation. Here, we analyzed the expression, regulation, and function of three <i>fgfs</i>, <i>fgf4</i>, <i>fgf24</i>, and <i>fgf17</i>, during pouch development in zebrafish. We find that they are expressed in the distinct regions of pharyngeal endoderm in pouch formation, with <i>fgf4</i> and <i>fgf17</i> also being expressed in the adjacent mesoderm, in addition to previously reported endodermal <i>fgf3</i> and mesodermal <i>fgf8</i> expression. The endodermal expression of <i>fgf4</i>, <i>fgf24</i>, and <i>fgf17</i> and the mesodermal expression of <i>fgf4</i> and <i>fgf17</i> are positively regulated by Tbx1 but not by Fgf3, in pouch formation. Fgf8 is required to express the endodermal expression of <i>fgf4</i> and <i>fgf24</i>. Interestingly, however, single mutant, all double mutant combinations, and triple mutant for <i>fgf4</i>, <i>fgf24</i>, and <i>fgf17</i> do not show any defects in pouches and facial skeletons. Considering a high degree of genetic redundancy in the Fgf signaling components in craniofacial development in zebrafish, our result suggests that <i>fgf4</i>, <i>fgf24</i>, and <i>fgf17</i> have a potential role for pouch formation, with a redundancy with other <i>fgf</i> gene(s).</p>","PeriodicalId":72791,"journal":{"name":"Development & reproduction","volume":"28 2","pages":"55-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11268894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141763029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Yeast Small Ubiquitin-Like Modifier (SUMO) Protease Ulp2 is Involved in RNA Splicing. 酵母小类泛素修饰蛋白(SUMO)蛋白酶 Ulp2 参与了 RNA 剪接。
Development & reproduction Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-30 DOI: 10.12717/DR.2024.28.2.47
Jeong-Min Park, Seungji Choi, Dong Kyu Choi, Hyun-Shik Lee, Dong-Hyung Cho, Jungmin Choi, Hong-Yeoul Ryu
{"title":"Yeast Small Ubiquitin-Like Modifier (SUMO) Protease Ulp2 is Involved in RNA Splicing.","authors":"Jeong-Min Park, Seungji Choi, Dong Kyu Choi, Hyun-Shik Lee, Dong-Hyung Cho, Jungmin Choi, Hong-Yeoul Ryu","doi":"10.12717/DR.2024.28.2.47","DOIUrl":"10.12717/DR.2024.28.2.47","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In eukaryotes, RNA splicing, an essential biological process, is crucial for precise gene expression. Inaccurate RNA splicing can cause aberrant mRNA production, disrupting protein synthesis. To regulate splicing efficiency, some splicing factors are reported to undergo Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO)ylation. Our data indicate that in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, the SUMO protease, Ulp2, is involved in splicing. In the <i>ulp2Δ</i> mutant, some ribosomal protein (RP) transcripts exhibited a significant increase in the levels of intron-containing pre-mRNA because of improper splicing. Moreover, we confirmed Ulp2 protein binding to the intronic regions of RP genes. These findings highlight a critical Ulp2 role in RP transcript splicing.</p>","PeriodicalId":72791,"journal":{"name":"Development & reproduction","volume":"28 2","pages":"47-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11268891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141763032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Physiology of Cellular Prion Proteins in Reproduction. 细胞朊病毒蛋白在生殖过程中的生理学作用。
Development & reproduction Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-30 DOI: 10.12717/DR.2024.28.2.29
Željko M Svedružić, Chongsuk Ryou, Donchan Choi, Sung-Ho Lee, Yong-Pil Cheon
{"title":"Physiology of Cellular Prion Proteins in Reproduction.","authors":"Željko M Svedružić, Chongsuk Ryou, Donchan Choi, Sung-Ho Lee, Yong-Pil Cheon","doi":"10.12717/DR.2024.28.2.29","DOIUrl":"10.12717/DR.2024.28.2.29","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cellular prion protein (PrP<sup>C</sup>) encoded at <i>Prnp</i> gene is well-known to form a misfolded isoform, termed scrapie PrP (PrP<sup>SC</sup>) that cause transmissible degenerative diseases in central nervous system. The physiological role of PrP<sup>C</sup> has been proposed by many studies, showing that PrP<sup>C</sup> interacts with various intracellular, membrane, and extracellular molecules including mitochondrial inner membrane as a scaffold. PrP<sup>C</sup> is expressed in most cell types including reproductive organs. Numerous studies using PrP<sup>C</sup> knockout rodent models found no obvious phenotypic changes, in particular the clear phenotypes in development and reproduction have not demonstrated in these knockout models. However, various roles of PrP<sup>C</sup> have been evaluated at the cellular levels. In this review, we summarized the known roles of PrP<sup>C</sup> in various cell types and tissues with a special emphasis on those involved in reproduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":72791,"journal":{"name":"Development & reproduction","volume":"28 2","pages":"29-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11268893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141763031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Overexpression of Hypermethylated Homeobox A11 (HOXA11) Inhibits Tumor Cell Growth and Induces Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer. 宫颈癌中过表达的高甲基化Homeobox A11(HOXA11)可抑制肿瘤细胞生长并诱导其凋亡
Development & reproduction Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-30 DOI: 10.12717/DR.2024.28.2.37
Seung-Yul Lee, Tae Jeong Oh, Sungwhan An, Seung-Hoon Lee
{"title":"Overexpression of Hypermethylated Homeobox A11 (HOXA11) Inhibits Tumor Cell Growth and Induces Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer.","authors":"Seung-Yul Lee, Tae Jeong Oh, Sungwhan An, Seung-Hoon Lee","doi":"10.12717/DR.2024.28.2.37","DOIUrl":"10.12717/DR.2024.28.2.37","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to elucidate the potential of Homeobox A11 (HOXA11) as a therapeutic target and a diagnostic methylation marker for cervical cancer. Gene expression analysis using cDNA microarray in cervical cancer cell lines revealed significantly reduced expression of the HOXA11 gene. Subsequent investigation of HOXA11 promoter methylation in samples from normal individuals and invasive cervical cancer patients showed over 53.2% higher methylation in cancer scrapes compared to normal scrapes. Furthermore, overexpression of HOXA11, which is downregulated in cervical cancer, strongly suppressed cell growth in cervical cancer cell lines, HeLa and HT3. Additionally, we performed transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay and confirmed that the inhibition of cervical cancer cell proliferation occurred via apoptosis. Mechanistically, overexpression of HOXA11 led to mitochondrial apoptosis characterized by PARP cleavage due to increased c-Myc and enhanced cytochrome C secretion into the cytoplasm. These findings suggest that HOXA11 could potentially serve as a methylation marker for diagnosing cervical cancer and as a novel therapeutic target for its treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":72791,"journal":{"name":"Development & reproduction","volume":"28 2","pages":"37-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11268892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141763030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gonadotropins Regulate the mRNA Expression of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Its Receptors in the Mouse Ovary and Uterus. 促性腺激素调节小鼠卵巢和子宫中促性腺激素释放激素及其受体的 mRNA 表达
Development & reproduction Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-31 DOI: 10.12717/DR.2024.28.1.1
Soeun Moon, Bokyeong Yun, Minju Lee, Eunji Seok, Jinah Ha, Hyunwon Yang
{"title":"Gonadotropins Regulate the mRNA Expression of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Its Receptors in the Mouse Ovary and Uterus.","authors":"Soeun Moon, Bokyeong Yun, Minju Lee, Eunji Seok, Jinah Ha, Hyunwon Yang","doi":"10.12717/DR.2024.28.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12717/DR.2024.28.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72791,"journal":{"name":"Development & reproduction","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11034991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140860769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Correlation between Rab3A Expression and Sperm Kinematic Characteristics. Rab3A 表达与精子运动特征之间的相关性
Development & reproduction Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-31 DOI: 10.12717/DR.2024.28.1.13
Seung-Ik Jang, Jae-Hwan Jo, Uwamahoro Claudine, Eun-Ju Jung, Woo-Jin Lee, Ju-Mi Hwang, Jeong-Won Bae, Dae-Hyun Kim, Jun Koo Yi, Jae Jung Ha, Dong Yep Oh, Woo-Sung Kwon
{"title":"Correlation between Rab3A Expression and Sperm Kinematic Characteristics.","authors":"Seung-Ik Jang, Jae-Hwan Jo, Uwamahoro Claudine, Eun-Ju Jung, Woo-Jin Lee, Ju-Mi Hwang, Jeong-Won Bae, Dae-Hyun Kim, Jun Koo Yi, Jae Jung Ha, Dong Yep Oh, Woo-Sung Kwon","doi":"10.12717/DR.2024.28.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12717/DR.2024.28.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72791,"journal":{"name":"Development & reproduction","volume":"28 1","pages":"13-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11034992/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140867810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Temporal Changes in the Local Expression of Central Hormone-Regulating Factors in Rat Testis. 大鼠睾丸中枢激素调节因子局部表达的时间变化
Development & reproduction Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-31 DOI: 10.12717/DR.2024.28.1.21
Si-On You, Han-Seo Yoon, Hye-Soo Kim, Jin-Soo Park, Sung-Ho Lee
{"title":"Temporal Changes in the Local Expression of Central Hormone-Regulating Factors in Rat Testis.","authors":"Si-On You, Han-Seo Yoon, Hye-Soo Kim, Jin-Soo Park, Sung-Ho Lee","doi":"10.12717/DR.2024.28.1.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12717/DR.2024.28.1.21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72791,"journal":{"name":"Development & reproduction","volume":"28 1","pages":"21-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11034993/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140863864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Partial Lipectomy of the Epididymal Fat Alters Expression of the Steroidogenic Enzymes in the Mouse Testis at Different Postnatal Ages. 附睾脂肪部分切除术改变了小鼠睾丸在出生后不同年龄段的类固醇生成酶的表达
Development & reproduction Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.12717/DR.2023.27.4.175
Yong-Seung Lee, Ki-Ho Lee
{"title":"Partial Lipectomy of the Epididymal Fat Alters Expression of the Steroidogenic Enzymes in the Mouse Testis at Different Postnatal Ages.","authors":"Yong-Seung Lee, Ki-Ho Lee","doi":"10.12717/DR.2023.27.4.175","DOIUrl":"10.12717/DR.2023.27.4.175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The epididymal fat is a type of gonadal adipose tissue, which is localized closely to the testis. Even though it has been suggested that the epididymal fat is necessary for maintenance of spermatogenesis in the testis, the influence of epididymal fat on expression of testicular steroidogenic enzymes has not been examined. In the present research, expressional changes of steroidogenic enzymes in the mouse testis after 2 weeks of the surgical partial lipectomy of epididymal fat at different postnatal ages were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The transcript levels of all molecules at 2 months of postnatal age were significantly increased by the lipectomy of epididymal fat. However, the lipectomy at 5 months of postnatal age resulted in decreases of expression levels of all molecules examined in the testis. Except a reduced transcript level of hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 3, there were no significant changes of expression levels of other steroidogenic enzymes by the lipectomy at 8 months of postnatal age. At 12 months of postnatal age, the lipectomy caused a significant increase of transcript level of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and a significant decrease of transcript level of hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 1, without any expressional change of cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage, hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 3, and hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 3 in the testis. These findings suggest that the substances derived from epididymal fat could differentially influence on expression of steroidogenic enzymes in the testis during postnatal period.</p>","PeriodicalId":72791,"journal":{"name":"Development & reproduction","volume":"27 4","pages":"175-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10824564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139643537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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