Current research in behavioral sciences最新文献

{"title":"Behavioral evidence of a harmonic surprise effect on preference in popular music","authors":"Scott A. Miles ,&nbsp;David S. Rosen ,&nbsp;Norberto M. Grzywacz","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent statistical studies have suggested a relationship between increased harmonic surprise and music preference. Conclusive behavioral evidence to establish this relationship is still lacking. We set out to address this gap through a behavioral study using computer-generated stimuli designed to differ only in contrastive and absolute harmonic surprise. We produced the stimuli with both experimental control and ecological validity in mind by engaging the help of studio musicians. The stimuli were rated for preference by 84 participants (44 female, 40 male) between 18 to 65 years old. Participants rated items featuring moderately increased absolute and contrastive surprise significantly higher than items with lower harmonic surprise. This effect applied only to levels of surprise within a range typically found in popular music, however. Excessive surprises did not yield an increase in preference. We discuss different mechanisms of consistency and how they may mediate the selection of neural strategies leading to preference formation. These findings provide evidence of a causal behavioral relationship between harmonic surprise and music preference.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100080"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518222000158/pdfft?md5=6e6f2a76bc444cfa2cb6e0c90e9bede5&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518222000158-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48805772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Culture and narcissism: The roles of fundamental social motives","authors":"Zhuo Li ,&nbsp;Alex J. Benson","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cultures that value individuality over collective cohesion tend to report higher levels of narcissism. One plausible explanation is that individuals with vertical individualistic orientations might find it easier to justify motivations to procure individual status and success, which may reinforce narcissistic tendencies. We tested this idea with samples of university students (<em>N₁</em> = 545) and working adults (<em>N₂</em> = 534). Specifically, we examined the degree to which cultural orientations related to grandiose narcissism through the fundamental social motives of status and affiliation. The indirect effects of vertical individualism on narcissism exhibited consistent patterns in both samples. As expected, vertical individualism related to higher levels of both agentic and antagonistic narcissism via a stronger status motive. The indirect effects of horizontal collectivism on narcissism were only observed for narcissistic rivalry. Specifically, horizontal collectivism related to lower levels of antagonistic narcissism via a stronger affiliation motive and a weaker status motive. Through documenting the interconnectedness of individuals’ cultural orientations, social motives, and narcissism, our findings demonstrate the central role of the status motive for narcissism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518222000079/pdfft?md5=3141e0d3a5e7a34932ef780bdee61ed9&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518222000079-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137179304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visually guided computer-mouse clicking interferes with multiple-object tracking (MOT)","authors":"Mallory E. Terry,&nbsp;Lana M. Trick","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many everyday tasks require coordinated action towards specific items moving amongst others (e.g. touching, pointing). Pylyshyn (2001) proposed that multiple-object tracking (MOT), the ability to monitor positions of specific target items as they move amongst others, is an integral part of coordinated action towards targets.  In support of this, Terry and Trick (2021) found that when participants were required to touch any moving item that changed colour (visually guided touch) it not only interfered with MOT – but it interfered differentially, with less interference for touching items that changed colour if they were also targets in MOT.  However, direct touch may represent a special case. In this study, we attempted to replicate the finding using a different coordinated action: computer-mouse clicks. Participants tracked 2–3 targets in MOT while clicking any item that changed colour. Mouse-clicking also interfered differentially with MOT, which suggests a common mechanism may underlie these processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100077"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518222000122/pdfft?md5=d493cfa2e024861fce9ec15fd59e63df&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518222000122-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46298978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor behavioral abnormalities and histopathological findings in middle aged male Wistar rats inoculated with cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","authors":"Auderlan M. Gois ,&nbsp;José M.M. Bispo ,&nbsp;Lívia C.R.F. Lins ,&nbsp;Katty A.A.L. Medeiros ,&nbsp;Marina F. Souza ,&nbsp;Edson R. Santos ,&nbsp;Jileno F. Santos ,&nbsp;Alessandra M. Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Regina H. Silva ,&nbsp;Marcelo O.R. Paixão ,&nbsp;José F.S. Leopoldino ,&nbsp;Murilo Marchioro ,&nbsp;José R. Santos ,&nbsp;Deise M.F. Mendonça","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with loss of upper and lower motor neurons in the primary motor cortex and spinal cord, respectively. Motor deficits are the main clinical features observed in patients with the disease. However, it has been suggested that the presence of neurotoxic factors in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from ALS patients causes loss of motor neurons. The present study investigated the motor and histopathological changes induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of CSF from ALS patients in middle aged male Wistar rats. Middle aged male rats were divided into three groups: (1) control group, animals injected with artificial CSF solution; (2) N-ALS group, animals injected with CSF from volunteers without neurological disease; and (3) ALS group, animals inoculated with CFS from a patient with definite ALS. After surgical and infusion procedures, animals were evaluated in different motor tests (grip strength; catalepsy and open field tests). Moreover, animals’ spinal cords were histologically investigated. We observed that ALS-CSF infusion reduced grip strength and led to motor changes and reduction in the number of motor neurons and glial cells in thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord. However, CSF N-ALS caused reduction of nerve and glial cells in the thoracic but not in the lumbar region. Our data suggest that ALS-CSF is associated with neurodegenerative mechanisms observed in ALS pathology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518222000043/pdfft?md5=7a1ab0f0e2a5d4a21330a87bafc22dc0&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518222000043-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45480837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Encounter patterns and worker absenteeism/presenteeism among healthcare providers in Thailand","authors":"Phunlerd PIYARAJ ,&nbsp;Wanitchaya KITTIKRAISAK ,&nbsp;Saiwasan BUATHONG ,&nbsp;Chalinthorn SINTHUWATTANAWIBOOL ,&nbsp;Thirapa NIVESVIVAT ,&nbsp;Pornsak YOOCHAROEN ,&nbsp;Tuenjai NUCHTEAN ,&nbsp;Chonticha KLUNGTHONG ,&nbsp;Meghan LYMAN ,&nbsp;Joshua A. MOTT ,&nbsp;Suthat CHOTTANAPUND","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>We examined the characteristics of healthcare providers’ (HCPs) encounters, and the frequency of worker absenteeism/presenteeism, among HCPs in inpatient wards at a tertiary-level public hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. The wards were stratified by risk of respiratory virus transmission: low-risk (Surgery, Rehabilitation, Orthopedic, and Obstetrics and Gynecology) and high-risk (Medicine, Pediatric, Emergency, and Ear, Nose, and Throat) .</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Observers followed HCPs throughout one self-selected 8-hour work shift to record their interaction with others. An encounter was defined as a 2-way conversation with ≥3 words in the physical presence of ≥1 person at &lt;3 feet distance; or a physical skin-to-skin touch. We administered structured questionnaires to document demographics, health and work history, past practice while ill, and recent and current acute muscle pain and/or respiratory symptoms. We collected data from time and attendance records of participants reporting illness within the past seven days.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>From July to August 2019, 240 HCPs were enrolled and observed during 395 work shifts; 15,878 total encounters were made with a median duration of two minutes (interquartile range, 1–3). Number of contacts ranged from 25 to 49 encounters/8 h in the low-risk wards and 40 to 66 encounters/8 h in the high-risk wards. Physicians working during the 8-hour evening shift in high-risk wards had the highest estimated number of contacts (66 encounters; 95% confidence interval [CI], 43–89) while nurses working during the 8-hour night shift in the low-risk wards had the lowest number of contacts (25 encounters; 95% CI, 22–28). Forty-two (11%) shifts were staffed by HCPs with acute muscle pain and/or respiratory symptom(s) at the time of interview, and 89 (23%) by HCPs who reported symptom(s) during the past seven days, for which none were absent from work.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>We observed difference in encounter patterns by ward type. About one in five work shifts were staffed by HCPs with acute muscle pain and/or respiratory symptoms who continued to work while ill. These findings have implications for preventing infectious disease transmission and the policy around sick leave in healthcare settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266651822200002X/pdfft?md5=26abee5f9f26eaf5a68eb4da770dd4a2&pid=1-s2.0-S266651822200002X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45288317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social support as protective factor for suicidal ideation during treatment for substance abuse: Differential effects across treatment modalities","authors":"Jeremy L. Grove ,&nbsp;April L. Yeager ,&nbsp;Evan M. Kleiman","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Substance abuse treatment constitutes a period of increased risk for suicide. It is unclear if social support during treatment influences suicide risk during treatment, or how this is characterized across different treatment modalities. The present study involved secondary analyses of the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study, a large, longitudinal multi-site study conducted from 1991 to 1994 that involved interviews with patients at various treatment programs reporting on experiences while receiving substance abuse treatment. Data from people in inpatient (<em>n</em> = 2530) and outpatient treatment (<em>n</em> = 2568) programs were analyzed to determine the extent that various indicators of social support influenced odds of having suicidal ideation during treatment. Across both treatment modalities, ongoing interpersonal problems and patient perception of their performance in relationships significantly predicted odds of suicidal ideation one month into treatment. Contact with one's social support system during treatment only significantly decreased odds of suicidal ideation for inpatients. Relationship status did not significantly influence odds of suicidal ideation in either group. Overall, social support appears to be associated with decreased risk for suicidal ideation during substance abuse treatment, and certain indicators of social support may be especially important for specific treatment modalities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100087"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518222000225/pdfft?md5=fa16926db1274b6b1a2788942264a36f&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518222000225-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45876185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How well do the Dark Triad characteristics explain individual differences in offending in a representative non-clinical adult sample?","authors":"Wim Hardyns ,&nbsp;Koen Ponnet ,&nbsp;Thijs Hauspie ,&nbsp;Lieven J.R. Pauwels","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study investigates to what extent the three key concepts from the Dark Triad Theory can explain individual differences in adult offending. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey amongst a representative sample of 1587 adults, living in Ghent, Belgium (M_age = 48.06, 51.4% female). Negative binomial regression analyses are run and show that Machiavellianism and psychopathy have strong independent effects on adult offending, independent of age, sex and immigrant background.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518222000195/pdfft?md5=ecf1d9fc73a6a9ee916da5d3fa40a8e0&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518222000195-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41894652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between individual significance of olfaction and measured olfactory function","authors":"Alexander Wieck Fjaeldstad ,&nbsp;Daniel Tchemerinsky Konieczny ,&nbsp;Henrique Fernandes ,&nbsp;Laura Marie Gaini ,&nbsp;Melina Vejlø ,&nbsp;Kristian Sandberg","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The subjective importance of olfaction varies greatly across individuals, yet the cause of this variation – such as its relationship to general olfactory function – remains poorly understood. The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to examine if any relationship exists between subjectively reported significance of olfactory experience and more objective, psychophysical olfactory testing. Specifically, we related the Importance of Olfaction questionnaire (IO-Q), the threshold-discrimination-identification test (TDI) and both their subscales in Bayesian correlation analyses using R and JASP in a sample of 227 neurotypical, young participants from Denmark. The mean age was 27.71 (∼57% females). 176 participants fully completed all tests. We found that the total IO-Q score was weakly positively correlated to the total TDI score (<em>r</em> = 0.141, 95% CI = [-0.007;0.281]). The total TDI score was also weakly positively correlated to the aggravation subscale of the IO-Q (<em>r</em> = 0.117, 95% CI = [0.021; 0.210]), but less so to other subscales. This indicates that greater subjective olfactory importance is only weakly associated with greater measured olfactory function. As such, olfactory test scores may not provide the full picture of olfactory function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518222000110/pdfft?md5=12e0056126b622c65a5c46b17241accb&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518222000110-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47700468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and assessment of the Partner Exploitation Inventory","authors":"Lisa L.M. Welling ,&nbsp;Anna Wysocki ,&nbsp;Alex Orille ,&nbsp;Virginia E. Mitchell","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Differences in mating preferences, strategies, and goals can lead to romantic relationship conflict. One method of addressing conflict is exploitation, which occurs when deception, manipulation, coercion, or force is used to obtain a resource that the exploited is reluctant to provide. Here we create and provide initial assessment of the Partner Exploitation Inventory, which measures the use of tactics to exploit a romantic partner. Participants (<em>n</em>=172) used an act nomination procedure to generate 62 exploitative acts that may be used against a romantic partner. Next, using a new group of participants (<em>n</em>=516), we grouped the acts into three components that represent different forms of partner exploitation: Harm-Inducing, Ego-Boosting, and Emotional Manipulation. Men reported greater use of Ego-Boosting and Harm-Inducing exploitation, and women reported greater use of Emotional Manipulation exploitation. Evidence for the validity of the Partner Exploitation Inventory was also found through positive associations with questionnaires measuring similar constructs. This study expands our knowledge of men's use of exploitation strategies and is the first study to directly investigate women's use of exploitation strategies. We also created a tool that can be used to examine exploitation in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100074"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518222000092/pdfft?md5=f126637544f25b414df105f7d5b37692&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518222000092-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44716662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychopathic traits predict lower adherence to COVID-19 containment measures","authors":"Alexandra Kypta-Vivanco,&nbsp;Graeme Fairchild","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Countries worldwide have implemented measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, and it is vital to understand which factors influence compliance to these measures. This study investigated whether psychopathic traits predict adherence to containment measures imposed by the UK government. 156 university students (M_age=21 years) completed an online survey measuring psychopathic traits (the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure), demographic variables, and participants’ living situations, underlying health risks, contact with vulnerable people and fear of COVID-19. Hierarchical multiple regression indicated that higher psychopathic traits (particularly disinhibition) predicted lower adherence to containment measures when controlling for other variables. A mixed-model ANOVA analysing longitudinal data, collected during the second (n=156) and third (n=118) lockdowns, showed that this relationship was stable over time. Additionally, fear of COVID-19 predicted adherence and mediated the relationship between psychopathic traits and adherence. These findings highlight the relevance of psychopathic traits for understanding COVID-19-related behaviours, with implications for public health communication.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100082"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9365514/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9907280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}