Current research in behavioral sciences最新文献

{"title":"Encounter patterns and worker absenteeism/presenteeism among healthcare providers in Thailand","authors":"Phunlerd PIYARAJ ,&nbsp;Wanitchaya KITTIKRAISAK ,&nbsp;Saiwasan BUATHONG ,&nbsp;Chalinthorn SINTHUWATTANAWIBOOL ,&nbsp;Thirapa NIVESVIVAT ,&nbsp;Pornsak YOOCHAROEN ,&nbsp;Tuenjai NUCHTEAN ,&nbsp;Chonticha KLUNGTHONG ,&nbsp;Meghan LYMAN ,&nbsp;Joshua A. MOTT ,&nbsp;Suthat CHOTTANAPUND","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>We examined the characteristics of healthcare providers’ (HCPs) encounters, and the frequency of worker absenteeism/presenteeism, among HCPs in inpatient wards at a tertiary-level public hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. The wards were stratified by risk of respiratory virus transmission: low-risk (Surgery, Rehabilitation, Orthopedic, and Obstetrics and Gynecology) and high-risk (Medicine, Pediatric, Emergency, and Ear, Nose, and Throat) .</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Observers followed HCPs throughout one self-selected 8-hour work shift to record their interaction with others. An encounter was defined as a 2-way conversation with ≥3 words in the physical presence of ≥1 person at &lt;3 feet distance; or a physical skin-to-skin touch. We administered structured questionnaires to document demographics, health and work history, past practice while ill, and recent and current acute muscle pain and/or respiratory symptoms. We collected data from time and attendance records of participants reporting illness within the past seven days.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>From July to August 2019, 240 HCPs were enrolled and observed during 395 work shifts; 15,878 total encounters were made with a median duration of two minutes (interquartile range, 1–3). Number of contacts ranged from 25 to 49 encounters/8 h in the low-risk wards and 40 to 66 encounters/8 h in the high-risk wards. Physicians working during the 8-hour evening shift in high-risk wards had the highest estimated number of contacts (66 encounters; 95% confidence interval [CI], 43–89) while nurses working during the 8-hour night shift in the low-risk wards had the lowest number of contacts (25 encounters; 95% CI, 22–28). Forty-two (11%) shifts were staffed by HCPs with acute muscle pain and/or respiratory symptom(s) at the time of interview, and 89 (23%) by HCPs who reported symptom(s) during the past seven days, for which none were absent from work.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>We observed difference in encounter patterns by ward type. About one in five work shifts were staffed by HCPs with acute muscle pain and/or respiratory symptoms who continued to work while ill. These findings have implications for preventing infectious disease transmission and the policy around sick leave in healthcare settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266651822200002X/pdfft?md5=26abee5f9f26eaf5a68eb4da770dd4a2&pid=1-s2.0-S266651822200002X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45288317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social support as protective factor for suicidal ideation during treatment for substance abuse: Differential effects across treatment modalities","authors":"Jeremy L. Grove ,&nbsp;April L. Yeager ,&nbsp;Evan M. Kleiman","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Substance abuse treatment constitutes a period of increased risk for suicide. It is unclear if social support during treatment influences suicide risk during treatment, or how this is characterized across different treatment modalities. The present study involved secondary analyses of the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study, a large, longitudinal multi-site study conducted from 1991 to 1994 that involved interviews with patients at various treatment programs reporting on experiences while receiving substance abuse treatment. Data from people in inpatient (<em>n</em> = 2530) and outpatient treatment (<em>n</em> = 2568) programs were analyzed to determine the extent that various indicators of social support influenced odds of having suicidal ideation during treatment. Across both treatment modalities, ongoing interpersonal problems and patient perception of their performance in relationships significantly predicted odds of suicidal ideation one month into treatment. Contact with one's social support system during treatment only significantly decreased odds of suicidal ideation for inpatients. Relationship status did not significantly influence odds of suicidal ideation in either group. Overall, social support appears to be associated with decreased risk for suicidal ideation during substance abuse treatment, and certain indicators of social support may be especially important for specific treatment modalities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100087"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518222000225/pdfft?md5=fa16926db1274b6b1a2788942264a36f&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518222000225-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45876185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How well do the Dark Triad characteristics explain individual differences in offending in a representative non-clinical adult sample?","authors":"Wim Hardyns ,&nbsp;Koen Ponnet ,&nbsp;Thijs Hauspie ,&nbsp;Lieven J.R. Pauwels","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study investigates to what extent the three key concepts from the Dark Triad Theory can explain individual differences in adult offending. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey amongst a representative sample of 1587 adults, living in Ghent, Belgium (M_age = 48.06, 51.4% female). Negative binomial regression analyses are run and show that Machiavellianism and psychopathy have strong independent effects on adult offending, independent of age, sex and immigrant background.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518222000195/pdfft?md5=ecf1d9fc73a6a9ee916da5d3fa40a8e0&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518222000195-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41894652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between individual significance of olfaction and measured olfactory function","authors":"Alexander Wieck Fjaeldstad ,&nbsp;Daniel Tchemerinsky Konieczny ,&nbsp;Henrique Fernandes ,&nbsp;Laura Marie Gaini ,&nbsp;Melina Vejlø ,&nbsp;Kristian Sandberg","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The subjective importance of olfaction varies greatly across individuals, yet the cause of this variation – such as its relationship to general olfactory function – remains poorly understood. The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to examine if any relationship exists between subjectively reported significance of olfactory experience and more objective, psychophysical olfactory testing. Specifically, we related the Importance of Olfaction questionnaire (IO-Q), the threshold-discrimination-identification test (TDI) and both their subscales in Bayesian correlation analyses using R and JASP in a sample of 227 neurotypical, young participants from Denmark. The mean age was 27.71 (∼57% females). 176 participants fully completed all tests. We found that the total IO-Q score was weakly positively correlated to the total TDI score (<em>r</em> = 0.141, 95% CI = [-0.007;0.281]). The total TDI score was also weakly positively correlated to the aggravation subscale of the IO-Q (<em>r</em> = 0.117, 95% CI = [0.021; 0.210]), but less so to other subscales. This indicates that greater subjective olfactory importance is only weakly associated with greater measured olfactory function. As such, olfactory test scores may not provide the full picture of olfactory function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518222000110/pdfft?md5=12e0056126b622c65a5c46b17241accb&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518222000110-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47700468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and assessment of the Partner Exploitation Inventory","authors":"Lisa L.M. Welling ,&nbsp;Anna Wysocki ,&nbsp;Alex Orille ,&nbsp;Virginia E. Mitchell","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Differences in mating preferences, strategies, and goals can lead to romantic relationship conflict. One method of addressing conflict is exploitation, which occurs when deception, manipulation, coercion, or force is used to obtain a resource that the exploited is reluctant to provide. Here we create and provide initial assessment of the Partner Exploitation Inventory, which measures the use of tactics to exploit a romantic partner. Participants (<em>n</em>=172) used an act nomination procedure to generate 62 exploitative acts that may be used against a romantic partner. Next, using a new group of participants (<em>n</em>=516), we grouped the acts into three components that represent different forms of partner exploitation: Harm-Inducing, Ego-Boosting, and Emotional Manipulation. Men reported greater use of Ego-Boosting and Harm-Inducing exploitation, and women reported greater use of Emotional Manipulation exploitation. Evidence for the validity of the Partner Exploitation Inventory was also found through positive associations with questionnaires measuring similar constructs. This study expands our knowledge of men's use of exploitation strategies and is the first study to directly investigate women's use of exploitation strategies. We also created a tool that can be used to examine exploitation in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100074"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518222000092/pdfft?md5=f126637544f25b414df105f7d5b37692&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518222000092-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44716662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychopathic traits predict lower adherence to COVID-19 containment measures","authors":"Alexandra Kypta-Vivanco,&nbsp;Graeme Fairchild","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Countries worldwide have implemented measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, and it is vital to understand which factors influence compliance to these measures. This study investigated whether psychopathic traits predict adherence to containment measures imposed by the UK government. 156 university students (M_age=21 years) completed an online survey measuring psychopathic traits (the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure), demographic variables, and participants’ living situations, underlying health risks, contact with vulnerable people and fear of COVID-19. Hierarchical multiple regression indicated that higher psychopathic traits (particularly disinhibition) predicted lower adherence to containment measures when controlling for other variables. A mixed-model ANOVA analysing longitudinal data, collected during the second (n=156) and third (n=118) lockdowns, showed that this relationship was stable over time. Additionally, fear of COVID-19 predicted adherence and mediated the relationship between psychopathic traits and adherence. These findings highlight the relevance of psychopathic traits for understanding COVID-19-related behaviours, with implications for public health communication.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100082"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9365514/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9907280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habit and behavioural complexity: habitual instigation and execution as predictors of simple and complex behaviours","authors":"Benjamin Gardner","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Forming a habit - i.e., a cue-behaviour association learned through repeated performance - has been proposed to promote behaviour maintenance, but some commentators have questioned whether simple cue-behaviour associations can direct complex actions. This paper addresses this issue by drawing on a proposed distinction between 'habitual instigation', whereby habit automatically prompts the impulse to initiate an action episode, and 'habitual execution', whereby habit automates performance of sub-actions involved in that episode. Theory predicts that frequency should be determined by habitual instigation, but not habitual execution, irrespective of complexity. This study examined the influence of habitual instigation and execution on the frequency of four behaviours ranging in complexity.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>A sample of 173 participants, recruited via an online platform, completed questionnaire measures of perceived complexity, and instigation and execution habit, for four behaviours expected to vary in complexity (checking one's phone, drinking sugary drinks, using social media, using public transport). Of these, 118 participants self-reported behaviour frequency one week later. ANOVAs compared complexity perceptions across behaviours, and multivariate regressions modelled effects of instigation and execution habit on behaviour.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Drinking sugary drinks was rated the simplest behaviour, followed by phone-checking, and using social media. Using public transport was rated most complex. Across behaviours, instigation-behaviour correlations tended to be stronger than execution-behaviour correlations, and instigation habit predicted behaviour but execution did not.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Instigation habit regulated performance frequency of simple and complex behaviours alike. While complexity may be an important consideration when developing new habits, it is less relevant to the relationship between established habits and behaviour. Interventions should promote instigation habits to maintain even complex behaviours.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100081"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266651822200016X/pdfft?md5=bddec2b9a55fdd6e415e731a7e671a92&pid=1-s2.0-S266651822200016X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45628154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Few sex differences in dark side personality scale domains and facets","authors":"Adrian Furnham ,&nbsp;Simmy Grover","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examined sex differences in domain <em>and</em> facet scores on a new dark-side personality test (Hogan Development Survey: Form 5) measuring sub-clinical personality disorders. Over 50,000 adults completed the new HDS which assesses eleven dark-side traits and three facets of each. Comparing males and females on the 11 domains and 33 facets using t-tests and binary regressions we found that there were many significant differences on these scores, which replicated other studies. However, the Cohen's d statistic showed very few (5 out of 44) differences &gt;0.20. The biggest difference was on Reserved (Schizoid) and few differences on Excitable (Borderline). Implications for researchers interested in assessment and selection are discussed along with limitations of the study.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518222000055/pdfft?md5=2023be4cfb87f26c483a5b60bef288a2&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518222000055-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45646550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of body expression, group affiliation and threat proximity on interactions in virtual reality","authors":"Manuel Mello ,&nbsp;Lennie Dupont ,&nbsp;Tahnée Engelen ,&nbsp;Adriano Acciarino ,&nbsp;Aline W. de Borst ,&nbsp;Beatrice de Gelder","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Social threat requires fast adaptive reactions. One prominent threat-coping behavior present in both humans and other species is freezing, of which heart rate deceleration and reduced postural mobility are two key components. Previous studies mostly focused on freezing reactions in rodents, but now virtual reality offers unique possibilities for controlled and ecologically valid lab-based experiments in humans. This immersive virtual reality study examined how several understudied aspects of social threat, i.e., emotional body expressions, group affiliation, and physical distance from the potential threat, affect freezing behavior in humans. We hypothesized that freezing would be observed for approaching aggressive-looking virtual characters and for virtual characters situated in close proximity. Furthermore, we predicted an enhanced freezing response for approaching, aggressive outgroup members. As expected, reduced heart rate and postural mobility were observed in participants when they faced aggressive-looking and proximal virtual characters. Freezing was also observed for ingroup aggression, specifically when participants were embodied in a black-skinned virtual body and faced black-skinned aggressive and proximal virtual characters. Our results provide novel evidence on the social factors that elicit freezing behavior in humans. Importantly, this evidence is based on a highly ecological virtual reality paradigm that enables people to experience a threatening scenario “as if” it was actually happening to them.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518222000109/pdfft?md5=2af292c4df0787a6738a8a8a4842297d&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518222000109-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137179305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing the differentiation of intelligence by neuroticism hypothesis","authors":"Julie Aitken Schermer ,&nbsp;Adrian Furnham ,&nbsp;Luke Treglown","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The prediction that neuroticism (or emotional instability) will change the definition of an intelligence factor, or g, was tested in a large sample (<em>N</em> = 2,716) of British managers who completed both personality and intelligence measures. Specifically, we examine if the structure of mental abilities changes across levels of personality (with a focus on the neuroticism/adjustment dimension). The results demonstrate that, similar to a recent report, there is some evidence supporting the suggestion that intelligence scales inter-correlate higher for less adjusted individuals, but that the effect is not strong enough to impact intelligence and personality research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100073"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518222000080/pdfft?md5=307b90cb81b25080921b83397357af9a&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518222000080-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137179306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}