Current research in behavioral sciences最新文献

{"title":"Lay beliefs about self-control: A linguistic analysis","authors":"Leigh Ann Vaughn ,&nbsp;Patricia G. Burkins","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research shows that Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count 2015 can identify important aspects of self-control and suggests that lay people inaccurately may believe that prevention focus is more useful for self-control than promotion focus is. We analyzed descriptions of self-control (<em>N</em> = 362) and compared them with descriptions of pursuing hopes or duties (<em>N</em> = 1048). Descriptions of self-control frequently mentioned common temptations and aspects of (meta)cognitive processes. They also showed evidence of extremely high authenticity, which may be crucial for successful self-control. Additionally, analyses of word categories and self-reported need satisfaction in the experiences participants described showed more and larger differences between self-control and pursuing hopes (promotion) than between self-control and pursuing duties (prevention). We discuss directions for future research about the role of authenticity in effective self-control and whether, when, and how being in a prevention focus (vs. promotion focus) is more effective for engaging in self-control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41429218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What (if anything) is missing in reports of psychological interventions for loneliness? A TIDieR analysis.","authors":"Johanna C. Badcock ,&nbsp;Julie Christiansen ,&nbsp;Anna C. Badcock ,&nbsp;Mathias Lasgaard","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Current research suggests that individual differences in the experience of loneliness should be reflected in personalized approaches to treatment. Psychological interventions are effective in reducing loneliness and complete reporting of these approaches in treatment studies is recommended to facilitate their implementation in clinical practice. Here, an adapted TIDieR (<em>t</em>emplate for <em>i</em>ntervention <em>d</em>escription and <em>r</em>eplication) checklist was used to assess the quality of reporting of effective psychological interventions for loneliness, identified in systematic reviews, including adaptations to individual needs and circumstances. Thirteen articles were evaluated, 69% were randomised controlled trials. None thoroughly reported <em>all</em> details of the intervention. The results indicate that reporting of psychological interventions for loneliness is inadequate. Poor reporting of how interventions were tailored or modified for particular client's needs was noted (complete in only 23.1% and 7.7% of studies, respectively), making it difficult for clinicians to know how best to adapt treatment to individual differences in loneliness. Other essential treatment information is also often missing, such as the materials and procedures used, limiting translation of evidence into clinical practice and reproducibility in future research. Greater attention is needed to improve intervention reporting, and increased use of the TIDieR checklist may assist.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46000252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of evidence on the link between masculinity, loneliness, and suicide as observed in social media discussions","authors":"Freddie Jones,&nbsp;Lily Verity,&nbsp;Margarita Panayiotou,&nbsp;Pamela Qualter","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review explores qualitative studies that examined the relationship between loneliness and suicide among young men (18–25 years) as it is discussed on social media. In the 8 papers we identified, analyses validated the relationship between loneliness and suicide in social media discourses. The findings also show that attitudes towards masculinity and mental health prevent some men from discussing mental health issues, which increases loneliness; other men had opportunities to share their experiences openly, breaking preconceived gender rules. Thus, the conceptualizations of gender appeared to affect individuals' expression of their mental health online, with traditional masculine ideals seemingly restricting individuals from reaching out for support, increasing loneliness. Papers often discussed how gender norms negatively impacted the degree to which men felt their mental health issues and loneliness were ‘tellable’. However, there was emerging evidence that some online platforms permitted tellability of men's mental health and loneliness issues. This review highlights the close relationship between loneliness and mental health, and how both are affected by all masculinities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47345347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does divided attention hinder different stages of episodic memory retrieval?","authors":"Nursena Ataseven ,&nbsp;Nursima Ünver ,&nbsp;Eren Günseli","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Episodic memory retrieval is crucial for survival and can be impaired by divided attention. However, since memory retrieval consists of different stages, divided attention can impair each stage uniquely, leading to retrieval failures. It is important to acknowledge the multistage characteristics of episodic memory retrieval to understand the cognitive mechanisms that mediate the relationship between memory retrieval and divided attention. Here we attempt to unravel the role of divided attention in gating the access to long-term memories through its unique impact on a non-exhaustive list of six stages of a memory retrieval task: processing the retrieval cue, initiating a retrieval mode, searching for the target memory, reactivating the target LTM in WM, deciding on the accuracy of the retrieved content, and motor preparation to produce a response We describe how each stage might be affected by divided attention. To do so, we review not only studies on memory retrieval but also areas that constitute different stages described above given the lack of extensive research that explores the memory retrieval stages distinctively and the role of attention for each stage. We hope this work will contribute to carefully controlling and manipulating how different stages are affected by attention, which in turn will improve our understanding of the relationship between attention and memory retrieval.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666518223000438/pdfft?md5=3beaef4f161f4e37f311fbec5d9673ef&pid=1-s2.0-S2666518223000438-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92046609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal cognitions and cognitive, behavior and emotional development in middle childhood","authors":"Carolina Álvarez,&nbsp;Dénes Szücs","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Maternal cognitions influence the mother-child relationship, and therefore children's development. However, some relationships between maternal cognitions and children's outcomes have yet to be investigated and most studies have been carried out in Western countries. We analysed how three maternal cognitions (depression, parenting stress, and parental sense of competence) were related to children's behavioural and emotional problems; self-esteem and bullying; math achievement, receptive vocabulary, and executive functions in a Latin American context.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Participants were 10,867 mother-child dyads: a nationally representative sample of children aged 7 to 12 years old (<em>M</em> age = 10.1 years; <em>SD</em> = 1.3; 49.16% girls). Data was collected in 2017 through home visits by the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey from Chile. The analyses we performed were descriptive, frequency, correlations, and multivariate regression. Our large, representative sample allowed us to estimate effect sizes precisely and the generalize of our results to a wide population.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Novel findings indicated that maternal depression was negatively related to children's self-esteem; parenting stress was negatively related to self-esteem and positively related to being bullied; parental sense of competence was negatively related to experiencing bullying and positively related to self-esteem, math achievement, receptive vocabulary, and executive functions.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Parenting stress was the single predictor that impacted all outcome variables. Maternal depression was mostly related to mothers’ perception of their children's behavioural and emotional problems and children experiencing bullying. Parental sense of competence predicted a diverse range of children's outcomes. We discuss how results can inform prevention and intervention programs targeting child-mother dyads.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100098"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45747105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlates of Self-Assessed Optimism","authors":"Adrian Furnham ,&nbsp;Charlotte Robinson","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>What are the bright- and dark-side personality trait, ideological belief, and mind-set correlates of self-assessed optimism? This paper reports on four studies, with a total <em>N</em> &gt; 2000. In each, participants rated to what extent they were an optimist on an 8-point scale (high to low). We obtained demographic (age, sex) and ideological (political and religious beliefs) data in each study, as well as self-ratings on four variables (e.g., attractiveness, intelligence) which we aggregated and labelled self-esteem, which had alphas ranging from .70 to .80. We assessed personality, intelligence and other belief systems in different studies. Study 1 showed older, more religious, but less intelligent males with higher self-esteem and Belief in a Just World (BJW) were more optimistic. Study 2 showed older, more religious people, with higher self-esteem were more optimistic. Study 3 showed Open, Extraverted, Agreeable, Emotionally Stable, religious people with higher self-esteem and low on Negative Affectivity and Detachment, but high on Disinhibition, were most optimistic. Study 4 showed older, more religious people with higher self-esteem and lower Dweck fixed personality mindset beliefs were more optimistic. The concept and correlates of dispositional optimism and its measurement are discussed. Limitations and implications are noted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46479074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loneliness and lack of belonging: The experiences of migrant professional footballers playing in Europe","authors":"G Farrugia ,&nbsp;A Muscat","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100124","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"5 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49727442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What determines feelings of belonging and majoring in an academic field? Isolating factors by comparing psychology and philosophy","authors":"Heather M. Maranges ,&nbsp;Maxine Iannuccilli ,&nbsp;Katharina Nieswandt ,&nbsp;Ulf Hlobil ,&nbsp;Kristen A. Dunfield","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Feelings of belonging are integral in people's choice of what career to pursue. Women and men are disproportionately represented across careers, starting with academic training. The present research focuses on two fields that are similar in their history and subject matter but feature inverse gender gaps—psychology (more women than men) and philosophy (more men than women)—to investigate how theorized explanations for academic gender gaps contribute to feelings of belonging. Specifically, we simultaneously model the relative contribution of theoretically relevant individual differences (empathizing, systematizing, and intellectual combativeness) as well as life goals (prioritization of family, money, and status) to feelings of belonging and majoring in psychology or philosophy. We find that men report higher intellectual combativeness than women, and intellectual combativeness predicts feelings of belonging and majoring in philosophy over psychology. Although systematizing and empathizing are predictive of belonging and, in turn, majoring in psychology and philosophy, respectively, when other factors are taken into account, women and men do not differ in empathizing and systematizing. Women, more than men, report prioritizing having a family, wealth, and status in choosing a career, and these directly or indirectly feed into feelings of belonging and majoring in psychology, in contrast to prior theory. Together, these findings suggest that students’ perceptions of their own combativeness and the extent to which they desire money and status play essential roles in women's feeling they belong in psychology and men's feeling they belong in philosophy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100097"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41450883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 2-hit model of early life stress and later life restraint stress: Susceptibility or resilience to anxiety and alcohol drinking?","authors":"Rosemary B. Bassey ,&nbsp;Olubukola Kalejaiye ,&nbsp;Brittain Waller ,&nbsp;Ifeoluwa Bamidele ,&nbsp;Marjorie C. Gondré-Lewis","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Early life stress adversely influences neurodevelopment and has profound long-term effects on brain function and behavior. Here we measure endogenous stress hormone and determine locomotor, anxiogenic, and operant binge drinking behavior of rats exposed to a 2-hit model of maternal deprivation (MD) stress in infancy followed by acute (ARS) or chronic restraint stress (CRS) paradigms during adolescence/adulthood to determine resiliency or susceptibility to the second stress exposure. Adolescents (<em>n</em>=40) exhibited higher baseline corticosterone (CORT) levels than adults (<em>n</em>=40) and with CRS exposure, showed significantly elevated circulating CORT irrespective of MD exposure status. In adults, MD females had lower baseline CORT levels than controls, whereas MD and control male CORT were indistinguishable. For behavior, <em>N</em>=40 was used in total. In the open field, locomotion was significantly decreased upon ARS, with MD having a significant sustained impact on ambulatory measures with CRS. When tested for anxiety-like behavior on an elevated zero maze, ARS interacted with MD to induce protracted and more profound anxiogenic behavior. Upon CRS, MD anxiogenic behavior was reversed to baseline levels whereas controls, especially males, exceeded baseline levels to spend significantly more time in the open arms of the EZM. Finally, in testing for binge drinking behavior, MD rats lever-pressed significantly more for 10% ethanol on an operant apparatus and exhibited a 3-fold greater drinking baseline than controls. Binge drinking behavior was further elevated with ARS, but quickly returned to the MD baseline even prior to reaching CRS. By contrast, controls had much lower baseline but significantly elevated binge drinking behavior by 3–5-fold in response to ARS which remained elevated through CRS, stabilizing at MD baseline levels. Sex differences were most evident in controls where males exhibited accelerated binge drinking behavior at consistently higher rates than females until Day 21 of CRS where their binge drinking behaviors were similar. There was also a main effect of alcohol binge behavior for MD males, and not females. This study illustrates that, depending on the biobehavioral output, males and females differ in reactivity to stressors where MD stress may confer sex-dependent resilience to subsequent stressors, and males are differently impacted than females.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44415203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing face contours reduces the inversion effect and overall recognition performance","authors":"Siobhan McCourt,&nbsp;I.P.L. McLaren,&nbsp;Ciro Civile","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper investigates how manipulating the face contour would systematically influence the face inversion effect (i.e., better recognition performance for upright vs inverted upside-down faces) and overall face recognition. Experiment 1 (n=144) addressed the question of whether manipulating the face contour would affect the inversion effect for scrambled faces which have disrupted configural information. Our results revealed that blurring the face contour significantly reduced the inversion effect by means of impaired performance for upright scrambled faces. Experiment 2a (n=144) and Experiment 2b (n=144) examined how either blurring the contour or replacing it with a new contour would influence the inversion effect for normal faces. These results confirmed a reduction of the inversion effect mainly due to impaired performance for upright faces. A reduction in overall recognition performance was also recorded for normal faces with a manipulated contour. Experiment 3 (n=144) manipulated the contour of New Thatcherized faces which suffer from partial configural information disruption. The results revealed no influence on the inversion effect but a significant reduction in overall recognition performance. Taken together, our results suggest that face contour information can have an impact in influencing both the inversion effect and overall recognition performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42464619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}