COVID最新文献

{"title":"Changes in Need, Changes in Infrastructure: A Comparative Assessment of Rural Nonprofits Responding to COVID-19","authors":"Margaret F. Sloan, Tina Switzer, L. Trull, Claire Switzer, Melody Eaton, Kelly Atwood, Emily Akerson","doi":"10.3390/covid4030023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4030023","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the variance in community infrastructure and resources, COVID-19 impacted rural communities differently than their urban counterparts. This study examines two waves of data from a survey of rural residents in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia regarding how community organizations responded to the pandemic, what strategies were most successful, and where needs shifted. The findings demonstrate that organizations with deeply embedded community leaders achieve higher levels of collaborative change in a timely manner. Additionally, mental health services have become a more pronounced need as a result of the pandemic. The interdependence of community needs, recognized by community members, calls for collaborative strategies for the future.","PeriodicalId":72714,"journal":{"name":"COVID","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140255443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Levels of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in the Eswatini Population and Subsequent Severity of the Fourth COVID-19 Epidemic Wave","authors":"P. Mutevedzi, Vusie Lokotfwako, G. Kwatra, G. Maphalala, V. Baillie, L. Dlamini, Senzokuhle Dlamini, Fortune Mhlanga, Tenelisiwe Dlamini, Nhlanhla Nhlabatsi, Marta C. Nunes, Simon Zwane, S. Madhi","doi":"10.3390/covid4030021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4030021","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Seroepidemiology studies are useful for quantifying the magnitude of past infections and estimating the extent of population-based immunity to inform risk mitigation strategies for the future. We report on the only national population-based survey of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) seroprevalence in Eswatini. Methods: The survey was undertaken from 31 August to 30 September 2021, following three earlier waves of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and preceded the onset of the fourth wave, which was dominated by the Omicron variant of concern. We also report on epidemiological trends of recorded COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations before and after the fourth COVID-19 wave through to March 2022. We evaluated the immunoglobulin G (IgG) seropositivity based on either anti-nucleocapsid (N) or anti-spike (S) antigens. Results: Of 4564 individuals, 58.5% were female, 36.0% were aged 18–50 years, and 863 (18.9%) of adults who were older than 18 years had received at least a single dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Overall, 2769 (60.7%) were seropositive with heterogeneity across sub-regions (53.7%; 95% CI:49.2–58.1 to 68.6%; 95% CI:64.5–72.4), with the highest rates occurring in sub-regions of the Manzini region. Seropositivity was higher in vaccinated individuals (84.5%; 95% CI: 81.9–86.7) compared to unvaccinated individuals (55.1%; 95% CI:53.5–56.7). Amongst unvaccinated individuals, seropositivity was highest in 18–50-year-olds (59.5%;95% CI: 56.9–62.1). Seropositivity was associated with female gender, previous positive SARS-CoV-2 NAAT status and being vaccinated, non-smoking, and being formally employed. We estimated as of 15 September 2021 that there had been 639,475 SARS-CoV-2 infections (95% CI; 620,824–658,003) in Eswatini, which was 25.5-fold greater than the 25,048 COVID-19 cases that had been recorded by then. The national case fatality rate (CFR) based on recorded cases was 4.8%, being 25-fold greater than the infection fatality rate (0.19; 95% CI: 0.18–0.19) based on recorded deaths and extrapolating the force of infection from seroprevalence. Nationally and across all four regions, we report the decoupling of COVID-19 cases from hospitalisations and deaths, observed as early as during the third wave, which was dominated by the Delta variant compared with earlier waves. Conclusions: We identified that 60.7% of people in Eswatini had been infected by SARS-CoV-2 at least once and before the onset of the Omicron wave in mid-November 2021. Despite a modest uptake of COVID-19 vaccines, the evolution of population immunity from infection has likely contributed to the decoupling of infection and severe COVID-19 in Eswatini.","PeriodicalId":72714,"journal":{"name":"COVID","volume":"507 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140448252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling COVID-19 Disease with Deterministic and Data-Driven Models Using Daily Empirical Data in the United Kingdom","authors":"Janet O. Agbaje, Oluwatosin Babasola, Kabiru Michael Adeyemo, Abraham Baba Zhiri, A. J. Adigun, S. A. Lawal, Oluwole Adegoke Nuga, Roseline Toyin Abah, U. M. Adam, K. Oshinubi","doi":"10.3390/covid4020020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4020020","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on countries worldwide, including the United Kingdom (UK). The UK has faced numerous challenges, but its response, including the rapid vaccination campaign, has been noteworthy. While progress has been made, the study of the pandemic is important to enable us to properly prepare for future epidemics. Collaboration, vigilance, and continued adherence to public health measures will be crucial in navigating the path to recovery and building resilience for the future. In this article, we propose an overview of the COVID-19 situation in the UK using both mathematical (a nonlinear differential equation model) and statistical (time series modeling on a moving window) models on the transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 virus from the beginning of the pandemic up until July 2022. This is achieved by integrating a hybrid model and daily empirical case and death data from the UK. We partition this dataset into before and after vaccination started in the UK to understand the influence of vaccination on disease dynamics. We used the mathematical model to present some mathematical analyses and the calculation of the basic reproduction number (R0). Following the sensitivity analysis index, we deduce that an increase in the rate of vaccination will decrease R0. Also, the model was fitted to the data from the UK to validate the mathematical model with real data, and we used the data to calculate time-varying R0. The homotopy perturbation method (HPM) was used for the numerical simulation to demonstrate the dynamics of the disease with varying parameters and the importance of vaccination. Furthermore, we used statistical modeling to validate our model by performing principal component analysis (PCA) to predict the evolution of the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak in the UK on some statistical predictor indicators from time series modeling on a 14-day moving window for detecting which of these indicators capture the dynamics of the disease spread across the epidemic curve. The results of the PCA, the index of dispersion, the fitted mathematical model, and the mathematical model simulation are all in agreement with the dynamics of the disease in the UK before and after vaccination started. Conclusively, our approach has been able to capture the dynamics of the pandemic at different phases of the disease outbreak, and the result presented will be useful to understand the evolution of the disease in the UK and future and emerging epidemics.","PeriodicalId":72714,"journal":{"name":"COVID","volume":"203 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140452674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equitable Vaccine Access in Light of COVID-19 Vaccine Procurement Strategies in Africa","authors":"George L. O’Hara, Sam Halabi, Olohikhuae Egbokhare","doi":"10.3390/covid4020019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4020019","url":null,"abstract":"(1) Background: This study addresses two weaknesses in current international efforts to prevent and prepare for the next pandemic: the lack of robust evidence supporting global policy measures and the corresponding extent to which those measures advance equity. (2) Methods: Using UNICEF’s publicly available but underused COVID-19 Market Dashboard database, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of vaccine deliveries as of mid-2022 and vaccine procurement strategies used by African low- and lower middle-income countries (LMICs) over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. (3) Results: Pooled procurement of the kind typified by COVAX (a clearinghouse for high-income-country contributions of vaccines and financing toward the end of equitable LMIC procurement) crowded out alternative strategies that must be supported in future: regional procurement, donation, and bilateral procurement (binding agreement between two parties: one seller (i.e., a national government or a vaccine manufacturer) and one recipient (i.e., national government)), which showed a significant relationship with technology transfer and advancing local production capacity. (4) Conclusions: Expanding the scope of vaccine procurement alternatives to COVAX such as regional pooled procurement and bilateral procurement can stratify risk of supply agreements not materializing in actual supply. Sharing the technology necessary to produce vaccines with LMICs can mitigate obstacles to bilateral procurement. A pooled purchase alliance to procure vaccine doses on behalf of participating countries within a given region can benefit LMICs by accounting for infrastructure limitations that these countries share. Finally, donations bolster global redistributed supply essential to LMICs.","PeriodicalId":72714,"journal":{"name":"COVID","volume":"64 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140453439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Mobility Aspirations and Behaviours","authors":"Davide J. Testa, Zaheer A. S. H. Nagarwala, J. Vale, Andres E. Carrillo, Cagney T. Sargent, Sharon Amollo, Mutono Nyamai, Belén Carballo-Leyenda, B. Onyima, Ibukun Afolabi, Tiago S. Mayor, Sally Hargreaves, Marija Marković, A. Flouris","doi":"10.3390/covid4020018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4020018","url":null,"abstract":"The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic prompted tens of thousands of people worldwide to migrate from cities in its early stages, leading to an increased spread of the virus. Understanding the factors driving relocation during a pandemic is crucial for effective outbreak control. We investigated how the pandemic influenced people’s aspirations and preparations to move, both domestically and internationally, surveying individuals in Greece, India, Italy, Kenya, Nigeria, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, and the United States of America. Out of 4448 eligible responses, 765 participants (17.2%) had a strong aspiration to move due to COVID-19, and 155 (3.5%) had already prepared. Those considering relocation were statistically significantly more likely to perceive moving to an area with fewer COVID-19 cases as protective against the virus (OR = 1.3, p < 0.05) or to know others who intended to relocate because of COVID-19 (OR = 1.5, p < 0.05). Conversely, a strong sense of being ‘at home’ reduced statistically significantly the strength of mobility aspirations (OR = 0.7, p < 0.01). Social alienation, social imitation, and the perceived efficacy of mobility increased aspirations to move due to COVID-19. This study emphasizes the rapid population movements at pandemic onset and their potential contribution to disease transmission, urging future pandemic planning to take account of such mobility dynamics.","PeriodicalId":72714,"journal":{"name":"COVID","volume":"165 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139837684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Mobility Aspirations and Behaviours","authors":"Davide J. Testa, Zaheer A. S. H. Nagarwala, J. Vale, Andres E. Carrillo, Cagney T. Sargent, Sharon Amollo, Mutono Nyamai, Belén Carballo-Leyenda, B. Onyima, Ibukun Afolabi, Tiago S. Mayor, Sally Hargreaves, Marija Marković, A. Flouris","doi":"10.3390/covid4020018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4020018","url":null,"abstract":"The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic prompted tens of thousands of people worldwide to migrate from cities in its early stages, leading to an increased spread of the virus. Understanding the factors driving relocation during a pandemic is crucial for effective outbreak control. We investigated how the pandemic influenced people’s aspirations and preparations to move, both domestically and internationally, surveying individuals in Greece, India, Italy, Kenya, Nigeria, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, and the United States of America. Out of 4448 eligible responses, 765 participants (17.2%) had a strong aspiration to move due to COVID-19, and 155 (3.5%) had already prepared. Those considering relocation were statistically significantly more likely to perceive moving to an area with fewer COVID-19 cases as protective against the virus (OR = 1.3, p < 0.05) or to know others who intended to relocate because of COVID-19 (OR = 1.5, p < 0.05). Conversely, a strong sense of being ‘at home’ reduced statistically significantly the strength of mobility aspirations (OR = 0.7, p < 0.01). Social alienation, social imitation, and the perceived efficacy of mobility increased aspirations to move due to COVID-19. This study emphasizes the rapid population movements at pandemic onset and their potential contribution to disease transmission, urging future pandemic planning to take account of such mobility dynamics.","PeriodicalId":72714,"journal":{"name":"COVID","volume":"52 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139777933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Diagnosis in the Management of Acute Respiratory Infections through Point-of-Care Rapid Testing in a Post-Pandemic Scenario in Latin America: Special Focus on COVID-19, Influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus","authors":"C. Álvarez-Moreno, Evaldo Stanislau Affonso de Araújo, Elsa Baumeister, Katya A. Nogales Crespo, A. Kalergis, José Esteban Muñoz Medina, P. Tsukayama, C. Ugarte-Gil","doi":"10.3390/covid4020017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4020017","url":null,"abstract":"This review provides a comprehensive summary of evidence to explore the role and value of differential diagnosis in the management of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) through point-of-care (POC) rapid testing in a post-pandemic scenario, paying particular attention to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The document builds on a review of literature and policies and a process of validation and feedback by a group of seven experts from Latin America (LATAM). Evidence was collected to understand scientific and policy perspectives on the differential diagnosis of ARIs and POC rapid testing, with a focus on seven countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru. The evidence indicates that POC rapid testing can serve to improve ARI case management, epidemiological surveillance, research and innovation, and evidence-based decision-making. With multiple types of rapid tests available for POC, decisions regarding which tests to use require the consideration of the testing purpose, available resources, and test characteristics regarding accuracy, accessibility, affordability, and results turnaround time. Based on the understanding of the current situation, this document provides a set of recommendations for the implementation of POC rapid testing in LATAM, supporting decision-making and guiding efforts by a broad range of stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":72714,"journal":{"name":"COVID","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139846161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Diagnosis in the Management of Acute Respiratory Infections through Point-of-Care Rapid Testing in a Post-Pandemic Scenario in Latin America: Special Focus on COVID-19, Influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus","authors":"C. Álvarez-Moreno, Evaldo Stanislau Affonso de Araújo, Elsa Baumeister, Katya A. Nogales Crespo, A. Kalergis, José Esteban Muñoz Medina, P. Tsukayama, C. Ugarte-Gil","doi":"10.3390/covid4020017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4020017","url":null,"abstract":"This review provides a comprehensive summary of evidence to explore the role and value of differential diagnosis in the management of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) through point-of-care (POC) rapid testing in a post-pandemic scenario, paying particular attention to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The document builds on a review of literature and policies and a process of validation and feedback by a group of seven experts from Latin America (LATAM). Evidence was collected to understand scientific and policy perspectives on the differential diagnosis of ARIs and POC rapid testing, with a focus on seven countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru. The evidence indicates that POC rapid testing can serve to improve ARI case management, epidemiological surveillance, research and innovation, and evidence-based decision-making. With multiple types of rapid tests available for POC, decisions regarding which tests to use require the consideration of the testing purpose, available resources, and test characteristics regarding accuracy, accessibility, affordability, and results turnaround time. Based on the understanding of the current situation, this document provides a set of recommendations for the implementation of POC rapid testing in LATAM, supporting decision-making and guiding efforts by a broad range of stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":72714,"journal":{"name":"COVID","volume":"117 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139786274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Chimeric Reporter Viruses Expressing the 3CLpro Proteases of Human Coronaviruses HKU1 and OC43 Reveals Susceptibility to Inactivation by Natural Inhibitors Baicalin and Baicalein","authors":"Elise R Huffman, Jared X. Franges, Jayden M. Doster, Alexis R. Armstrong, Yara S Batista, Cameron M. Harrison, Jon D. Brooks, Morgan N. Thomas, Butler Student Virology Group, Sakshi Tomar, Christopher C. Stobart, Dia C. Beachboard","doi":"10.3390/covid4020016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4020016","url":null,"abstract":"The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 has highlighted the necessity of antiviral therapeutics for current and future emerging coronaviruses. Recently, the traditional herbal medicines baicalein, baicalin, and andrographolide have shown inhibition against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. This provides a promising new direction for COVID-19 therapeutics, but it remains unknown whether these three substances inhibit other human coronaviruses. In this study, we describe the development of novel chimeric mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) reporters that express firefly luciferase (FFL) and the 3CLpro proteases of human coronaviruses HKU1 and OC43. These chimeric viruses were used to determine if the phytochemicals baicalein, baicalin, and andrographolide are inhibitory against human coronavirus strains HKU1 and OC43. Our data show that both baicalein and baicalin exhibit inhibition towards the chimeric MHV strains. However, andrographolide induces cytotoxicity and failed to demonstrate selective toxicity towards the viruses. This study reports the development and use of a safe replicating reporter platform to investigate potential coronavirus 3CLpro inhibitors against common-cold human coronavirus strains HKU1 and OC43.","PeriodicalId":72714,"journal":{"name":"COVID","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139789288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Chimeric Reporter Viruses Expressing the 3CLpro Proteases of Human Coronaviruses HKU1 and OC43 Reveals Susceptibility to Inactivation by Natural Inhibitors Baicalin and Baicalein","authors":"Elise R Huffman, Jared X. Franges, Jayden M. Doster, Alexis R. Armstrong, Yara S Batista, Cameron M. Harrison, Jon D. Brooks, Morgan N. Thomas, Butler Student Virology Group, Sakshi Tomar, Christopher C. Stobart, Dia C. Beachboard","doi":"10.3390/covid4020016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4020016","url":null,"abstract":"The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 has highlighted the necessity of antiviral therapeutics for current and future emerging coronaviruses. Recently, the traditional herbal medicines baicalein, baicalin, and andrographolide have shown inhibition against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. This provides a promising new direction for COVID-19 therapeutics, but it remains unknown whether these three substances inhibit other human coronaviruses. In this study, we describe the development of novel chimeric mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) reporters that express firefly luciferase (FFL) and the 3CLpro proteases of human coronaviruses HKU1 and OC43. These chimeric viruses were used to determine if the phytochemicals baicalein, baicalin, and andrographolide are inhibitory against human coronavirus strains HKU1 and OC43. Our data show that both baicalein and baicalin exhibit inhibition towards the chimeric MHV strains. However, andrographolide induces cytotoxicity and failed to demonstrate selective toxicity towards the viruses. This study reports the development and use of a safe replicating reporter platform to investigate potential coronavirus 3CLpro inhibitors against common-cold human coronavirus strains HKU1 and OC43.","PeriodicalId":72714,"journal":{"name":"COVID","volume":"90 9-10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139848982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}