Oxidation of Metals最新文献

{"title":"Effect of γ’ Precipitate Size on the High Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Alumina-Forming γ + γ’ Two-Phase Alloys","authors":"Zhentao Wang,&nbsp;Shigenari Hayashi,&nbsp;Suzue Yoneda,&nbsp;Ali Shaaban,&nbsp;Mitsutoshi Ueda","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10428-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10428-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effect of microstructure, particularly precipitate size, on the high-temperature oxidation behavior of a Ni–10Cr–14Al–0.05Zr alloy with a γ + γ’ two phase structure was systematically investigated in this study. The size of the γ’ precipitates was found to influence both the initial oxidation behavior and the transition to the formation of a protective Al₂O₃ scale. Specimens with fine precipitates formed a homogeneous but less protective thick oxide scale, whereas those with coarse precipitates exhibited two distinct oxidation behaviors associated with the γ and γ’ phases. The transition to protective oxidation tended to occur earlier in specimens with fine precipitates, likely due to the enhanced outward diffusion of Al resulting from the higher density of γ/γ’ interfaces, which act as preferential site for decomposition. Once a continuous protective oxide scale had formed, precipitate size had limited effects on the high-temperature oxidation behavior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion Behavior of Alumina-Forming Austenitic Steel in Liquid Lead–Bismuth at 500 ℃","authors":"Xinlei Li,&nbsp;Hao Wang,&nbsp;Fujian Zhang,&nbsp;Bin Tang,&nbsp;Ning Guo","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10430-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10430-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) steel was exposed to liquid lead<b>-</b>bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 500 °C under oxygen-saturated conditions (10^− 4 wt%) and oxygen-depleted conditions (10^− 7 wt%). Morphology, phase composition, microstructural evolution, and elemental distribution of the oxide scale were characterized. The results reveal that under oxygen-saturated conditions, two distinct oxide regions form on AFA steel, both exhibiting high density and strong protective capability against LBE corrosion. In contrast, under oxygen-depleted conditions, a loose and porous Fe₃O₄ layer develops, which fails to effectively suppress LBE penetration, leading to selective dissolution of alloying elements and subsequent transformation of austenite to ferrite at the corrosion front.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Temperature Corrosion Behavior of ASTM A516 Carbon Steel in Biomass Co-Firing Atmospheres: A Kinetic, Microstructural, and Thermodynamic Study","authors":"Nazwa Salsabillah,&nbsp;Hubby Izzuddin,&nbsp;Dionysius Joseph Djoko Herry Santjojo,&nbsp;Agus Sukarto Wismogroho,&nbsp;Eni Sugiarti,&nbsp; Jayadi,&nbsp;Wahyu Bambang Widayatno,&nbsp;Jonathan Dian,&nbsp;Ardi Nugroho","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10427-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10427-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the high-temperature corrosion behavior of ASTM A516 carbon steel exposed to KCl–CaCl₂ salt vapor environments at 600 °C to evaluate the influence of salt composition on corrosion kinetics, oxide scale characteristics, and degradation mechanisms. Corrosion tests were conducted for 100 h using salt mixtures containing 75% KCl–25% CaCl₂ and 75% CaCl₂–25% KCl in a three-hot-zone tube furnace. Kinetic analysis showed that the KCl-rich environment exhibited mixed corrosion kinetics, with a kinetic exponent of n ≈ 0.69 and an apparent rate constant of kₚ ≈ 5.28, indicating that the oxide scale provided partial resistance to further corrosion. In contrast, the CaCl₂-rich environment exhibited corrosion behavior approaching near-linear kinetics (n ≈ 0.86; kₚ ≈ 20.08), accompanied by substantially higher mass gain and mass loss throughout the exposure period. Cross-sectional SEM observations revealed that the oxide scale formed in the KCl-rich environment was relatively more compact, with a porosity of 8.6%, whereas the CaCl₂-rich environment produced a highly porous oxide scale with a porosity of 13.07%, extensive cracking, and severe spallation. XRD analysis identified Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ as the dominant corrosion products in both environments, together with chloride-containing phases including FeCl₂ and FeCl₃, indicating the occurrence of coupled oxidation and chlorination reactions. The more severe degradation observed in the CaCl₂-rich environment was associated with the formation of a porous and mechanically unstable oxide scale, which facilitated the transport of corrosive species and promoted repeated oxide breakdown during exposure. Consequently, the corrosion scale provided lower protection against further attack, resulting in accelerated material degradation at high temperatures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Heat Treatment on Stress Corrosion Crack Growth of Inconel 718 in Simulated PWR Primary Water","authors":"Lu Chen,&nbsp;Fuliang Chen,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Chen,&nbsp;Yahua Qiao,&nbsp;Man Zhang,&nbsp;Hanfang Xie,&nbsp;Xiangyang Chen,&nbsp;Linyue Pan,&nbsp;Xintao Zhang,&nbsp;Chen Wang,&nbsp;Yanguang Cui,&nbsp;Junqiang Lu,&nbsp;You Wang,&nbsp;Jiamei Wang,&nbsp;Liang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10418-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10418-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To clarify the effect of post-heat treatment on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of spring-grade Inconel 718 in reactor environments, two Alloy 718 conditions with the same nominal chemical composition and sampled from the same location of the same plate were compared under simulated PWR primary-water conditions. 718#1 was used as the blank control, while 718#2 was produced from the control material by stress-relief annealing at 900 °C for 1 h followed by air cooling and a subsequent re-aging treatment at 720 °C for 8 h, furnace cooled to 620 °C and held such that the total aging time was 18 h, followed by air cooling. Miniature compact-tension specimens were tested at 360 °C and 19.6 MPa in 1000 ppm B + 3.5 ppm Li water using constant-K loading, and crack growth was monitored in situ by the direct current potential drop method. The crack path and crack-tip region were characterized by SEM/BSE, EBSD, TEM-EDS, and TKD. At K = 38.5 MPa m^1/2, the heat-treated 718#2 exhibited a lower steady crack growth rate (4.3 × 10⁻⁷ mm s⁻¹) than the control 718#1 (6.6 × 10⁻⁷ mm s⁻¹). Both materials changed from transgranular cracking during pre-cracking/transition to intergranular propagation under sustained loading, accompanied by secondary intergranular cracks. The improved SCC resistance of 718#2 is attributed primarily to the reduction in continuous grain-boundary δ-phase precipitation and residual strain, together with a finer and more homogeneous grain structure, which collectively suppress local strain concentration and intergranular crack advance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Key Factors Influencing Hot Metal Silicon and its Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks","authors":"Arunabh Bhattacharjee,&nbsp;Somnath Chattopadhyaya,&nbsp;Binay Kumar,&nbsp;Subhashis Kundu","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10425-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10425-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The silicon (Si) content in blast furnace hot metal is strongly controlled by high-temperature reactions between slag, metal and gaseous phases, and its control is important for stable downstream steelmaking. The excess silicon increases the heat evolution during oxygen blowing in the basic oxygen furnace, causing excessive slag formation and operational instability. From a thermochemical and process efficiency viewpoint, hot metal silicon levels of around 0.4 wt% are preferred. In the present work, a data-driven framework is developed to study the effect of key operating parameters on hot metal silicon under industrial operating conditions. Regression analysis and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling are adopted to capture the non-linear interaction among process variables like hot metal temperature, silicon input from fuel and iron ore, alumina content, slag basicity indices and moisture load. To evaluate the model’s performance, cross-validation is used. The best ANN architecture has one hidden layer with 5 neurons, and minimum root means square error is 0.03146. Sensitivity analysis of the trained model offers an understanding of the relative effect of individual parameters on the silicon level of hot metal. The results are translated into an operational low-silicon strategy in an industrial blast furnace and lead to a measurable reduction of hot metal silicon levels. The results indicated that ANN-based modeling serves as a moderate predictive and decision support tool for managing the silicon level in the hot metal of the blast furnace.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catastrophic Oxidation and Self-Passivation of Mo-40wt.%Cu Alloy","authors":"Anton Klimashin,&nbsp;Valery V. Belousov,&nbsp;Sergey Shevtsov","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10429-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10429-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Mo-40wt.%Cu pseudo-alloy, valued for its thermal conductivity and electrical performance, is used in heat sinks for high-density integrated circuits and power semiconductors, as ultrahigh-voltage electric contact materials in heavy-duty switches, circuit breakers, and electrodes, as sealing materials in microwave packages and as substrates for radar transistors and MEMS sensors. The oxidation behavior of the Mo-40wt.%Cu alloy was investigated at 450–550 °C in air, revealing a two-stage process comprising initial catastrophic oxidation caused by the formation of a liquid phase in the oxide scale, followed by self-passivation. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated parabolic kinetics during the catastrophic stage, governed by diffusion-controlled mechanisms, with a parabolic rate constant of 2.6·10⁻⁵ kg²·m⁻⁴·s⁻¹ at 520 °C — three orders of magnitude higher than that of pure copper oxidation (2.5·10⁻⁸ kg²·m⁻⁴·s⁻¹ at 500 °C). Subsequent passivation led to a marked reduction in oxidation rate, culminating in a mass-gain plateau. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed the formation of a two-layered oxide scale: an inner layer of copper molybdates and an outer dense CuO layer when passivation begins. This CuO layer, upon achieving continuity and exhibiting low ionic conductivity, impedes both copper cation and oxygen anion diffusion, thereby stopping further oxidation. Unlike MoO₃‑deposit‑induced catastrophic oxidation of copper, this self-passivation mechanism in the Mo-40wt.%Cu alloy offers insights for designing protection technologies for pseudo-alloys against catastrophic oxidation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Y/Sc Co-Doping Enhances Cyclic Oxidation Resistance of AlCoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy via Improved Scale Adhesion and Spallation Resistance","authors":"Runchen Gao,&nbsp;Hao Ren,&nbsp;Dezhi Chen,&nbsp;Gang Qin,&nbsp;Junhao Ji,&nbsp;Ruirun Chen","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10426-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10426-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study details the developmenty of a Y and Sc co-doped AlCoCrFeNi HEA with 0.05 at.% of each dopant (designated YSc-0.05), which exhibits exceptional oxidation and spallation resistance during 100 h of cyclic oxidation at 1100 °C (20 cycles, each consisting of 5 h isothermal heating followed by forced air cooling to room temperature within 10 min). Y and Sc co-doping significantly decreases the specific weight change, reducing it from approximately 3.39 mg/cm² for the unmodified AlCoCrFeNi (YSc-0) to 0.56 mg/cm² for YSc-0.05, a reduction of over 80%. This improvement is attributed to the enhanced spallation resistance of YSc-0.05 during cyclic oxidation, which is driven by a lower driving force for oxide scale spallation and improved scale adhesion (as evidenced by greater resistance to indentation‑induced delamination) compared to YSc-0. These findings highlight a promising strategy for designing advanced HEAs with superior oxidation and spallation resistance, although the specific doping level of 0.05 at.% Y and 0.05 at.% Sc serves as a proof-of-concept demonstration rather than an optimized composition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects and Degradation Pathways of NaCl-Assisted Hot Corrosion of a 2nd-Generation Ni-Based Superalloy at 900 °C","authors":"Preston Nguyen,&nbsp;Doug Konitzer,&nbsp;Brian Gleeson","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10415-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10415-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effect of adding NaCl to typical hot corrosion deposits on a 2nd-generation Ni-based superalloy was studied. Mechanistic understanding was aided by conducting complementary tests of NaCl deposit on pure Ni. The degradation pathway for Ni deposited with NaCl was inferred by conducting a time study of short-term exposures to involve Ni dissolution, precipitation, and subsequent oxidation instead of the commonly posited active oxidation process. Such a degradation pathway is previously unreported, and it highlights the dynamic interplay of degradation mechanisms. The pathway for PWA 1429 with a NaCl deposit included the same initial Ni dissolution and precipitation pathway, while also including an active oxidation component due to the presence of Cr, Mo, or W additions. The results demonstrate that the consideration of NaCl is important to future Na₂SO₄ testing due to the aggressive nature of NaCl, particularly in the early stages of degradation. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148261709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase-Transformation-Driven Decarburization and its Cumulative Amplification in Multi-Stage Processing of 55SiCr Spring Steel","authors":"Y. F. Peng,&nbsp;L. N. Zhang,&nbsp;C. Y. Wei,&nbsp;Z. Yao,&nbsp;H. X. Zheng,&nbsp;F. Jin,&nbsp;X. M. Dong,&nbsp;Z. H. Zhang,&nbsp;G. H. Cao","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10424-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10424-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surface decarburization during heat treatment critically degrades the fatigue performance of 55SiCr spring steel. The present study systematically investigates the decarburization mechanisms and their dependence on process parameters through thermal analysis, metallographic experiments, and process simulation. Three key findings are revealed: (1) Austenitizing temperature controls decarburization by regulating oxide layer characteristics. Within the 1000–1050 °C range, a dense and continuous oxide scale forms that effectively blocks atmospheric ingress, achieving a minimum decarburized layer thickness of approximately 10 μm — a mechanism termed oxidation-induced decarburization suppression, directly confirmed by SEM/EDS analysis. At 1100 °C, the scale becomes highly porous and extensively cracked, losing its protective function. (2) The ferrite-austenite two-phase region (730–740 °C) is identified as a zone susceptible to decarburization. Here, phase transformation causes a sharp drop in carbon solubility in ferrite while the carbon diffusion coefficient increases by nearly two orders of magnitude, collectively triggering rapid carbon depletion. (3) A cumulative amplification effect is uncovered: even slight carbon inhomogeneity from prior processes is magnified during subsequent two-phase region treatment. Quantitative EPMA/WDS carbon profiling provides direct evidence: after re-austenitization in air, a pre-existing decarburized layer results in a cumulative amplification effect, with the near-surface carbon content averaging approximately 0.32 wt% — significantly below the nominal composition of 0.56 wt%. This finding demonstrates that decarburization control must be maintained throughout the entire production chain. Based on these mechanisms, a prevention-avoidance-control strategy is proposed, providing theoretical guidance and process optimization principles for producing spring steel with high surface quality and superior core toughness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148261849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective Corrosion of Haynes 230 in Liquid Sn at 700 ℃: Alternating Bands of Cr-rich Zones and Ni–Sn Intermetallic Compounds","authors":"Jian Wang,&nbsp;Jingyuan Wang,&nbsp;Xiang Ling","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10416-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10416-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Concentrated solar power technology relies on liquid metal working fluids to achieve higher heat transfer efficiency, which poses significant challenges for structural material selection. This study takes Haynes 230 as the research object and conducts liquid Sn corrosion experiments under 700 °C saturated-oxygen and low-oxygen environments. By comparing the differences in corrosion film structure morphology, element distribution, and phase structure, the selective corrosion phenomena of alloying elements Ni and Cr are analyzed in detail, and the corrosion mechanism is finally proposed. The results suggest that corrosion evolution is associated with the coupled effects of selective Ni dissolution, Ni–Sn intermetallic formation, and inward Sn penetration along fast transport paths. Under oxygen-saturated conditions, localized Cr-containing oxides form within the Cr-rich band, which increase the local structural stability and reduce Sn penetration. These findings provide insight into the element-controlled corrosion behavior of Haynes 230 in liquid Sn at 700 °C under different oxygen-control environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148236605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}