Oxidation of Metals最新文献

{"title":"Corrosion of Commercial Alloys in Ternary Carbonate Melt at 700 and 750 °C -Role of LiFeO2 Formation","authors":"Michael Spiegel,&nbsp;Patrik Schraven","doi":"10.1007/s11085-024-10271-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-024-10271-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of ternary molten carbonate mixtures Li₂CO₃—K₂CO₃—Na₂CO₃ as heat transfer systems for the CSP technology as well as for heat storage for the chemical industry is widely under consideration. Experiments were carried out on austenitic steels DMV310N compared to nickel alloys in order to evaluate the corrosion properties in a molten 33 wt.% Li₂CO₃—33 wt.% K₂CO₃—34 wt.% Na₂CO₃ mixture at 700 and 750 °C for 1000 h in closed crucibles. The austenitic steel DMV 310N passivates by the formation of an outer LiFeO₂ scale due to its iron content. If the iron content is low (&lt; 5 wt.%), as in Alloy 625 the alloy forms NiO, which obviously does not passivate the material and leads to a strong internal corrosive attack. It has been shown by short-term experiments (3, 30, 300 and 1000 h) that a quick formation of LiFeO₂ is necessary to avoid chromium dissolution and NiO formation. If LiFeO₂ is formed quickly, the growth of the internal corrosion front by chromium dissolution is retarded.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"101 5","pages":"1103 - 1116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NaCl-Induced High-Temperature Corrosion of Alloy 625 Fabricated by Laser Metal Deposition-Powder","authors":"Agathe Curnis,&nbsp;Ioana Popa,&nbsp;Aurélien Prillieux,&nbsp;Jean-Michel Brossard,&nbsp;Sébastien Chevalier","doi":"10.1007/s11085-024-10279-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-024-10279-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study describes the corrosion behavior of alloy 625 fabricated by laser metal deposition-<i>powder</i> in the presence of a solid NaCl deposit in laboratory air at 650 and 800 °C. The results showed that at both temperatures, the presence of the deposit had a catastrophic effect on the corrosion resistance of the alloy. The active corrosion mechanism resulted in a very thick and non-protective oxide scale and in a highly damaged metal zone beneath the oxide scale. Although the mechanism involved was the active corrosion mechanism at both 650 and 800 °C, differences were observed between these two temperatures. At 800 °C, the corrosion products were thicker, and the substrate was significantly more damaged, especially due to the formation of an interconnected network of voids. At 650 °C, the thick and continuous Cr₂O₃ layer, predominantly observed at 800 °C, was not present. The use of thermodynamic data helped to suggest possible explanations for the observed differences. Overall, the increase of temperature accelerated the degradation of the alloy and it was enhanced by a radical change of the main reactions of the active corrosion mechanism between 650 and 800 °C.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"101 5","pages":"1143 - 1154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Phenomenon of High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) Responsible for Ferrito-Pearlitic Steels Damage","authors":"N. Chevreux,&nbsp;C. Flament,&nbsp;O. Gillia,&nbsp;T. David,&nbsp;R. Goti,&nbsp;C. Le Nevé,&nbsp;E. Andrieu","doi":"10.1007/s11085-024-10281-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-024-10281-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article focuses on the fine characterization of steels commonly used in the petrochemical industry damaged by the phenomenon of high temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA). The study was conducted in two steps. To begin with, a damaged 0.5-Mo pearlitic steel from the petroleum refineries, submitted to HTHA for decades, was characterized in detail using multiscale electron microscopy techniques. As part of an upstream study to better understand the onset and the growth of cavities, a brand new SA516 grade 60 low carbon–manganese steel was subsequently exposed to accelerated HTHA conditions through interrupted cycles carried out in autoclaves and then examined. Numerous cavities, plausibly filled with methane, were noticed in both materials. These cavities were mostly located at ferrite–pearlite grain boundaries along carbides and at triple grain boundaries near large carbides. The 0.5-Mo pearlitic steel showed cavities reaching significant sizes, up to 1 µm, but surprisingly no cracks were observed in the depth of the pipe. The major outcome is that 3D focused ion beam–scanning electron microscopy combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses unveiled different natures of precipitates as well as in and nearby HTHA cavities for both 0.5-Mo and low carbon–manganese steels. Inclusions, likely AlN, but also Mo- and Cu-rich precipitates were observed in cavities of the industrial steel. These results confirmed a previous study performed on a similar industrial steel that drew a possible correlation between cavities nucleation and the intersection of transgranular inclusion-enriched plane with a grain boundary or carbides in pearlite grains (Flament in Microscopy and Microanalysis 28:1602–1604, 2022).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"101 5","pages":"1225 - 1236"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11085-024-10281-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reaction of a Molten Cr-Si-Base Alloy with Ceramics and a High Entropy Oxide","authors":"Lucas Pelchen,&nbsp;Manuel Schenker,&nbsp;Maren Lepple,&nbsp;Anke Silvia Ulrich","doi":"10.1007/s11085-024-10285-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-024-10285-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to their higher thermal and chemical stability than other high-temperature materials, chromium-silicon-base (Cr-Si-base) alloys are promising materials for future gas turbines and other high-temperature applications operating under harsh conditions. To enable near-net-shape casting of Cr-Si-base alloys, a compatibility of the alloy melt with the ceramic crucibles and molds is necessary. Additionally, a metal-ceramic contact exists at the interface between thermal barrier coating (TBC) and alloy, where metallic may melts play a role in the case of coating failure and overheating. In this study, molten Cr₉₂Si₈ (in at. %) alloy is brought into contact with powders of ceramics commonly used for casting molds or crucibles (e.g. ZrSiO₄, Al₂O₃, 3YSZ), to investigate liquid metal corrosion, interdiffusion, and stabilities. Additionally, the high entropy oxide (Sm_0.2Gd_0.2Dy_0.2Er_0.2Yb_0.2)₂Zr₂O₇ (HEO), a potential future TBC material, is investigated. Before melting using an electric arc furnace, the powders of the investigated ceramics were mixed with pulverized Cr₉₂Si₈ and pressed into alloy-ceramic pairs, to maximize the contact area between molten metal and ceramic. For microstructural investigations and phase analysis, the materials were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The widely used mold material ZrSiO₄ and the coating BN were found to decompose, while reaction products of SiO₂ and CoAl₂O₄ with the melt were detected. Al₂O₃, 3YSZ, and the HEO did not show decomposition or corrosion by the melt. Al₂O₃, 3YSZ, and the HEO are therefore considered as promising crucible, mold, and TBC materials for Cr-Si-base alloys.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"101 5","pages":"897 - 909"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11085-024-10285-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141928742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-Term Oxidation in HT-SEM of the Pt-Containing TROPEA Single Crystal Ni-Based Superalloy from 680 to 1000 °C","authors":"S. Mathieu,&nbsp;R. Podor,&nbsp;M. Emo,&nbsp;L. Hunault,&nbsp;M. Vilasi,&nbsp;J. Cormier,&nbsp;F. Pedraza","doi":"10.1007/s11085-024-10272-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-024-10272-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Short-time oxidation exposures of the Ni-based TROPEA single crystal superalloy was implemented to determine the nature and quantities of transient oxides in the 680–1000 °C temperature range. Experiments were carried out in situ in the SEM with reduced air pressure (150 Pa, <span>({P}_{{O}_{2}})</span> ~ 31.5 Pa) compared to atmospheric conditions (10⁵ Pa, <span>({P}_{{O}_{2}})</span> ~ 2.1 10⁴ Pa). TEM characterization after oxidation showed the complexity of the oxidation products developed. Aluminum underwent internal oxidation between 680 and 1000 °C. During the limited duration of oxidation, the TROPEA alloy only formed a continuous alumina layer at 1000 °C. At 680 and 850 °C, the low diffusion rate and small amount of Al in the Ni-based single crystal led to the formation of a significant amount of transient oxides such as (Ni,Co)O, compared to the desired chromia or alumina protective oxides. The lower the temperature, the smaller the size of the internal Al₂O₃ precipitates and the larger the transient oxide amount, which would lower the resistance of TROPEA to Type II hot corrosion. In contrast after a transient period shorter than 22 h, during which multiple transient oxide developed, the oxidation resistance would be ensured at 1000 °C by the formation of a continuous Al₂O₃ scale.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"101 5","pages":"1211 - 1223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141928116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Oxidation Behavior at High Temperature of INCONEL 625 Forged and Produced by Additive Manufacturing","authors":"Bruno Wilson Andrade,&nbsp;Fábio Edson Mariani,&nbsp;Reginaldo Teixeira Coelho,&nbsp;Artur Mariano de Sousa Malafaia","doi":"10.1007/s11085-024-10283-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-024-10283-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The microstructure and oxidation resistance at 900 and 1000 °C of additively manufactured (AM) by directed energy deposition (DED) and conventionally manufactured (CM) Inconel 625 alloys were studied. The microstructure of the AM samples was cellular, with Nb and Mo segregations located in the dendritic and interdendritic regions. At 900 °C, the oxidation rate was similar for both materials, but was clearly higher for the AM material at 1000 °C, being related to the segregation and porosity present in the microstructure of the AM samples. Decrease in porosity by DED changing parameters allowed better oxidation resistance, but still considerably inferior than CM samples at 1000 °C. After oxidation, a layer of Cr2O3 was identified under all conditions, providing high resistance to oxidation. Internal oxidation of alumina was also observed in the CM and AM samples. The delta phase Ni3(Nb, Mo) was observed for the CM and AM alloys at the grain boundaries (900 °C) and at the metal/oxide interface for both temperatures as a result of chromium depletion. Finally, the oxide layer formed was compact and dense, and some voids were formed in the subsurface region of the samples produced by AM.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"101 5","pages":"1181 - 1194"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Ash and Sulphate on Corrosion of Ni-Based Alloys in a Simulated Oxyfuel Combustion Environment","authors":"Xuteng Xi,&nbsp;Jianqiang Zhang,&nbsp;David J. Young","doi":"10.1007/s11085-024-10289-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-024-10289-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Alloys of Ni–25Cr–(2Mn–1Si) under mixed deposits of ash + (0, 10, 50 and 90) wt% sulphate were exposed to an Ar–60CO₂–20H₂O gas at 650 and 750 °C for up to 300 h, forming both protective chromia and regions of Ni-rich oxide. The presence of ash + sulphate mixtures improved Ni–25Cr alloy protection, increasing surface coverage by thin, protective chromia compared with the deposit-free condition. Increasing sulphate proportions in these mixtures led to an accelerated chromia scale growth and reduced internal oxidation zone (IOZ). These beneficial effects were more significant at 750 °C, where surface coverage by the protective scale was increased, and a chromia band was formed beneath nonprotective regions at the IOZ-substrate interface. Alloy additions of Mn and Si generally slowed the growth of outer NiO and IOZ but did not lead to exclusive chromia scale formation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"101 5","pages":"1013 - 1025"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11085-024-10289-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Oxidizing Atmosphere on the Oxidation of Ni-based Superalloy Rene 65","authors":"M. Huguet,&nbsp;G. Boissonnet,&nbsp;G. Bonnet,&nbsp;F. Pedraza","doi":"10.1007/s11085-024-10278-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-024-10278-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The influence of oxidizing atmosphere on the degradation mechanisms of the Ni-based superalloy Rene 65 was studied in this work. Oxidation was carried out in synthetic air, argon and water vapor (Ar + 18 vol.%H₂O) between 700 and 900 °C, with samples built following additive manufacturing and forging processing routes. The results showed that the processing route and hence, the derived microstructure did not significantly affect the oxidation behavior. In contrast, the oxidizing atmosphere markedly modified the oxidation kinetics, the growth of the oxide layers and the overall oxidation mechanisms. The resulting thin oxide scales were made of NiCr₂O₄ and Cr₂O₃ at 700 °C, while at 800 and 900 °C the oxide layer was composed of an external Cr₂O₃ layer on top of an internal <i>α</i>-Al₂O₃ layer resulting from the lower partial pressure of oxygen underneath the chromia layer. The presence of nitrogen in the synthetic air favored the internal formation of TiN, while the absence of nitrogen in argon revealed the doping effect of Ti on the formation of the Cr₂O₃ layer. The effect of water vapor in Ar was not significant as the oxidation behavior was close to that observed under argon.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"101 5","pages":"1131 - 1141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Alloy 625 Manufacturing Process on 950 °C Oxidation Behavior in Air and Post-oxidation High-Cycle Fatigue Performance","authors":"G. de Leon Nope,&nbsp;G. Wang,&nbsp;B. Gleeson","doi":"10.1007/s11085-024-10286-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-024-10286-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the effect of the Alloy 625 manufacturing process on the high-cycle fatigue (HCF) performance of oxidized samples. Conventional manufacturing processes (wrought and casting) and additive manufacturing (AM) processes (laser powder bed fusion and direct energy deposition) were studied. Results of Alloy 625 isothermal oxidation at 950 °C in air revealed that AM samples showed faster oxidation kinetics and enhanced intergranular oxidation (IGO) with associated voids; the latter two were attributed partially to the alloy's greater amount of interstitial oxygen compared to conventional manufacturing processes. The HCF results showed that oxidized AM samples have a shorter life than oxidized wrought counterparts, where the earlier crack initiation in the oxidized AM samples is attributed to greater oxidation-induced subsurface degradation. This subsurface degradation includes the enhanced IGO and associated voids.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"101 5","pages":"1167 - 1179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion of a Nickel-Based Alumina-Forming Alloy in Molten NaCl–MgCl2 at 600 °C For the Development of a Molten Salt Nuclear Reactor","authors":"Louis Pellicot,&nbsp;Nathalie Gruet,&nbsp;Jérôme Serp,&nbsp;Romain Malacarne,&nbsp;Sophie Bosonnet,&nbsp;Gaëtan Touze,&nbsp;Justyna Grzonka,&nbsp;Laure Martinelli","doi":"10.1007/s11085-024-10264-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-024-10264-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Molten chloride salts represent a very corrosive medium due to the amount of impurities they contain and that essentially comes from moisture. In this work, an industrial nickel-based alumina-forming alloy was preoxidized and corroded for 500 h in the NaCl–MgCl₂ eutectic. Electrochemistry and SEM analyses were used to prepare and analyse the corrosion test. Both the nickel-rich matrix and the alumina scale formed during preoxidation seemed to remain stable during the corrosion test contrary to some of the chromium carbides initially present in the columnar microstructure of the alloy. The use of X-ray tomography coupled with SEM observation revealed a preferential dissolution of the chromium carbides connected to the alloy/salt interface. X-ray tomography reveals a chromium carbides network enabling a deep molten salt infiltration within the alloy due to their preferential dissolution. Molten salt infiltration in the dissolved carbides network then leads to the oxidation of aluminium present in the alloy into a mixed MgAl₂O₄ spinel. An oxoacido-basic reaction between the alumina scale formed at the alloy surface during preoxidation and MgO dissolved in the salt is also discussed. This work shows that nickel-based alumina-forming alloy present a realistic interest and that the microstructure of the alloy should be optimized in further work to enhance corrosion resistance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"101 5","pages":"1041 - 1054"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11085-024-10264-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}