Burns open : an international open access journal for burn injuries最新文献

{"title":"Acknowledgement of reviewers","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.burnso.2026.100443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.burnso.2026.100443","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72486,"journal":{"name":"Burns open : an international open access journal for burn injuries","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100443"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147656568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological profile of burn patients in the main burn center in Mexico, from 2011 to 2023","authors":"Chávez-Heres Tatiana , Vélez-Palafox Mario , Rodríguez-Mendieta Carlos Alejandro , Tolentino-Bazán Karina , Morales-García Mariana , Cruz-Arenas Esteban","doi":"10.1016/j.burnso.2026.100442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.burnso.2026.100442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Burn injuries remain a significant public health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Mexico lacks comprehensive national epidemiological data to inform prevention strategies and healthcare policies.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To analyze the demographic characteristics, etiologies, clinical outcomes, and socioeconomic factors of burn patients treated at a national referral center in Mexico over 12-year period.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective view of 2121 first-time burn patients treated from January 2011 to December 2023 was conducted. Data on demographics, burn etiology, injury mechanisms, burn severity, hospital course, surgical interventions, comorbidities, socioeconomic status, and mortality were analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Most patients (99%, n = 2100) were from Mexico, primarily Mexico City (40.9%) and the State of Mexico (32%). Males accounted for 66.8% (n = 1416) and females 33.2% (n = 705), with a mean age of 31.8 ± 19.7 years. The most affected age group was 19–40 years (42.6%).</div><div>Pediatric patients (<17 years) comprised 23.7% (n = 503), predominantly male (66.2%).</div><div>Home was the most common location for burn accidents (52.3%), particularly kitchens (33.3%) and rooftops (31.1%), the latter mostly involving high-voltage injuries. Flame burns were the leading etiology (49.9%), followed by scalds (27.7%), and electrical burns (17.5%). Among children 0–5 years, scalds were predominant (74.1%), while flame and electrical burns were more common in adults aged 19–40.</div><div>The most frequent injury mechanism included hot liquid spills (27.7%), LP gas and gasoline explosions (17.3%), high-voltage wire contact (15.3%), and flammable substance ignition (9.2%).</div><div>Mean %TBSA was 19.8 ± 21.4, with flame burns presenting the highest %TBSA (25.9 ± 24.3). Patients with 1–20% TBSA constituted 58.7% of the cohort. Inhalation injury was present in 7.7% of cases, primarily in males with flame burns >20% TBSA. Mean hospital LOS was 20.4% ± 22.4 days, with electrical burns resulting in the longest stays (27.6 ± 23.2). LOS correlated strongly with %TBSA (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.447, p < 0.001).</div><div>A total of 2069 surgical procedures were performed. Electrical burns had the highest surgical burden (3.66 ± 3.82 surgeries/patient). Amputations were required in 5.6% of patients, mostly due to electrical burns (62.7%). Comorbidities included overweight/obesity (30.7%), alcohol use (27.0%), smoking (22.5%), and drug use (10.1%).</div><div>Socioeconomic analysis showed 63.7% had only basic education and 68.6% lived in poverty. Mortality was 7.3%, with the highest rate in those over 60 years (14%) and with flame burns (12%). Most fatalities were related to LP gas and gasoline explosions (29.7%).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Burn injuries in Mexico predominantly affect working-age males, with significant burden from prev","PeriodicalId":72486,"journal":{"name":"Burns open : an international open access journal for burn injuries","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100442"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypertonic solutions versus balanced crystalloids in severely burned patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Romario Rivera-Sanabria ,&nbsp;María-Paula Benavides ,&nbsp;Paola-Fernanda Orbes","doi":"10.1016/j.burnso.2026.100444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.burnso.2026.100444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To compare the effectiveness of hypertonic solutions versus balanced crystalloids on mortality in severely burned patients.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>A systematic review was performed, following the PRISMA guidelines and the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration. We searched Medline, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and LILACS for studies comparing hypertonic solutions (HTS) and balanced crystalloids (BCS) for resuscitation in burn patients. Outcomes included mortality, urine output, and total fluid volume infused at 24 h.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The review and analysis included six studies. Meta-analysis showed a significant disadvantage in survival for HTS versus BCS (OR for survival 0.42, 95 % CI 0.25–0.70, I²: 0 %), equating to a higher mortality risk with HTS. This finding persisted even though HTS reduced fluid requirements in patients with major burns (&gt;30 % TBSA).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This meta-analysis suggests that the use of hypertonic solutions for resuscitation of severely burned patients is associated with a significantly higher risk of mortality compared to balanced crystalloids. This strong signal advocates a cautious clinical approach, favoring balanced crystalloids for resuscitation. However, more methodologically robust studies are needed to establish causality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72486,"journal":{"name":"Burns open : an international open access journal for burn injuries","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of patient handouts on burns created by burn surgeons compared to ChatGPT-4o","authors":"Huzaifah Khan ,&nbsp;Mauz Asghar ,&nbsp;Xi Ming Zhu ,&nbsp;Shahriar Shahrokhi","doi":"10.1016/j.burnso.2025.100438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.burnso.2025.100438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Physicians often face time constraints that may impact the delivery of patient education. Large language models have illustrated promising results in patient education across various specialties. The present study’s aim was to investigate the quality and readability of ChatGPT- generated handouts on burns and compare these results to a published handout. We asked ChatGPT-4o to generate and regenerate patient handouts for seven topics regarding burns. These handouts, along with a patient handout with similar topics published by Hamilton Health Sciences, were assessed. The Quality of Generated Language Outputs for Patients (QGLOP) scale was used to assess handouts based on accuracy/comprehensiveness, bias, currency, and tone, where each domain was scored out of 4 for a total of 16. The Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) score was calculated to assess handout readability. The threshold for statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. The mean QGLOP scores for the ChatGPT-4o generated handouts and the published handout did not significantly differ. The mean QGLOP scores between ChatGPT-4o and the published handout were not significantly different for accuracy, bias, currency, and tone. ChatGPT-4o had lower scores on the topic of skin care, but higher scores on coping with burns. The two groups did not significantly differ for any other topic. We found that ChatGPT could produce patient education handouts on burns with scores comparable to those of a patient handout published by a burn unit, suggesting that plastic surgeons would have a similar level of satisfaction for both groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72486,"journal":{"name":"Burns open : an international open access journal for burn injuries","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100438"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Workforce-optimized traction method for lower limb burn surgery: Intraoperative verification","authors":"Kangdi Li ,&nbsp;Jia Jia ,&nbsp;Wu Jun ,&nbsp;Yujie Cui ,&nbsp;Xinfeng Huang ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.burnso.2025.100433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.burnso.2025.100433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Maintaining lower limb positioning is essential during burn debridement and grafting. Traditional manual traction or mechanical supports are labor-intensive and lack flexibility. We designed a novel ceiling-mounted traction system to optimize manpower use and improve surgical field exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A ceiling-mounted elliptical track with an adjustable hook system was developed, allowing real-time adjustment of traction height (0–70 cm) and angle (0°–90°). Twenty-two patients (40 procedures) with deep partial- or full-thickness lower limb burns were.</div><div>randomized to an experimental group using the new device (n = 20) or a control group with manual traction (n = 20). Surgeon fatigue and surgical field exposure were assessed using a 10-point Visual Analog Scale (VAS).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with the control group, the experimental group reported significantly lower fatigue scores in medial, lateral, and posterior regions (p &lt; 0.001), with no difference in the anterior region. Surgical field exposure satisfaction was also significantly higher in the experimental group for medial, lateral, and posterior regions (p &lt; 0.001), with no difference in the anterior region.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The adjustable ceiling-mounted traction system enables rapid intraoperative repositioning, reduces surgeon fatigue, and enhances surgical field exposure, particularly in posterior lower limb areas. This method offers a feasible solution for manpower optimization in burn surgery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72486,"journal":{"name":"Burns open : an international open access journal for burn injuries","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100433"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burn wound microbiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns in a tertiary care burn unit in Northeast India","authors":"Parthapratim Dutta,&nbsp;Vehuto Puro,&nbsp;Thounaojam Jeffchand Luwang,&nbsp;Utpal Kumar Bordoloi","doi":"10.1016/j.burnso.2025.100439","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.burnso.2025.100439","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Burn wounds are highly susceptible to microbial colonization, especially by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), contributing significantly to morbidity in resource-limited settings. Understanding local microbial patterns is essential for guiding empirical antibiotic selection and infection control practices. This study investigated the temporal profile of bacterial colonization and antimicrobial resistance in burn wounds at a tertiary care center in Northeast India.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A prospective study of 100 burn patients was conducted over six months. Wound swabs were collected on admission (Day 0) and Day 7. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using the VITEK®2 system, interpreted per CLSI guidelines. Clinical infection was defined based on standard signs correlated with culture results.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Bacterial growth increased from 25% on Day 0 to 91% on Day 7. Early cultures showed predominance of Staphylococcus aureus, whereas Day 7 cultures revealed a shift toward Gram-negative organisms, mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa (36%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (16%). More than 70% of Gram-negative isolates exhibited resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Clinical burn wound infection occurred in 23 patients (23%), most commonly due to MDR Pseudomonas. Carbapenem resistance was identified in a subset of Acinetobacter isolates.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Burn wound colonization in our center transitions rapidly toward MDR Gram-negative pathogens, reinforcing the need for updated local antibiograms, culture-guided therapy, and strengthened infection prevention strategies. Focused antimicrobial stewardship and improved wound care workflows are essential to reducing infection-related complications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72486,"journal":{"name":"Burns open : an international open access journal for burn injuries","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100439"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"12 Years of ablative fractional CO2 laser Practice: Logistics, lessons and evolving model of care","authors":"Natalia Ziolkowski ,&nbsp;Fiona M. Wood ,&nbsp;Suzanne Rea ,&nbsp;Inge Spronk ,&nbsp;Dale W. Edgar ,&nbsp;Helen Douglas","doi":"10.1016/j.burnso.2025.100435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.burnso.2025.100435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Ablative fractional CO₂ lasers (AFCO₂L) have been shown to improve burn hypertrophic scars significantly. In this paper we describe the journey of setting up the laser service for burns patients, considerations in patient selection, treatment algorithms, and lessons learned.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study is a retrospective cohort study including all patients who received AFCO₂L at the Western Australian (WA) Statewide Adult Burn Unit since the start of the program in 2013–2024. Descriptive statistics present the number, timing and settings of AFCO₂L events, as well as patient, injury, and treatment characteristics. Further, the profile of patients who underwent laser treatment was compared to those who did not, during the study period.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Since the introduction of the AFCO2L, a total of 4005 laser sessions involving 837 burns patients has been completed in WA. The majority were performed as an outpatient (66 %), with the proportion and total numbers increasing with time to 2021. Compared to those not receiving laser for their scars, AFCO2L was more likely applied to younger (p &lt; 0.0001), female (p &lt; 0.0001) patients with higher %TBSA burns (p &lt; 0.0001) involving multiple anatomic areas (p = 0.001), more often requiring surgery (p &lt; 0.0001) and longer times to heal (p &lt; 0.0001). In 2013, 100 % of all lasers were provided as an inpatient, under general anesthetic with an average age of scar &gt; 5000 days. By 2023/4, only 18 % required an inpatient stay and the average age of scar was 111 days.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The SABU team evolved AFCO₂L therapy into the model of care over time to achieve earlier, more equitable delivery of laser treatments to 80 % of patients as outpatients, supported by extensive multidisciplinary team involvement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72486,"journal":{"name":"Burns open : an international open access journal for burn injuries","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145685014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the revised Baux score to predict mortality and formulation of a new model for burns mortality in Southeast Asian patients","authors":"Michelle Hui Chin NEO ,&nbsp;Claire Marie SHRESTHA ,&nbsp;Li Xin Hannah CHEANG ,&nbsp;Hui Chai FONG","doi":"10.1016/j.burnso.2025.100441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.burnso.2025.100441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Revised Baux (rBaux) Score is used to predict mortality in burn patients but has reduced accuracy at extremes of age and does not account for comorbidities – factors relevant in an ageing population. This study assessed rBaux mortality thresholds for adult burn patients and formulates a burn mortality model for Southeast Asian patients that includes comorbidities.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>We conducted a retrospective analysis of 720 adult admissions to the Burns Unit at a Southeast Asian tertiary unit from January 2019 to December 2023. After excluding patients with Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, data from 649 patients on demographics, Total Body Surface Area (TBSA), inhalation injury, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) were analysed to identify mortality predictors, forming the basis of a new model.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 649 patients, 22 (3.39 %) died. Mortality was associated with higher age (median 53 vs. 42 years, p = 0.025), larger TBSA (73.5 % vs. 4.5 %, p &lt; 0.001), inhalation injury (77.3 % vs. 33.5 %, p &lt; 0.001), and higher CCI (2.5 vs. 0, p &lt; 0.015). Predictive mortality thresholds were identified using rBaux, at 100 %, 75 %, and 50 % with scores of 159, 139, and 128, respectively. Multivariate analysis confirmed age, TBSA (in increments of 10 %)and Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) as independent predictors. Hence producing a new model with the following predictors: age, TBSA (in increments of 10 %), inhalation injury and Chronic Heart Failure (CHF). This new model had a Hosmer-Lemeshow. p-value of 0.77 and ROC area of 0.97, indicating excellent fit.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This model improves burn mortality predictions for Southeast Asian adults by incorporating comorbidities like CHF. Although more complex than rBaux, it offers better patient management potential, meriting further regional validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72486,"journal":{"name":"Burns open : an international open access journal for burn injuries","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100441"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The unhoused burn patient: an unmet need for prevention, treatment, and recovery","authors":"Soman Sen ,&nbsp;Jason Heard ,&nbsp;Tina Palmieri ,&nbsp;Kathleen Romanowski","doi":"10.1016/j.burnso.2025.100440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.burnso.2025.100440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Burn injuries among unhoused individuals are a growing public health concern, with unique challenges related to the environments in which unhoused people live and the limited access they have to preventive resources and healthcare. Experiencing homelessness is associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality from burns due to environmental exposure, inadequate living conditions, and delayed medical intervention. This review will discuss the epidemiology, mechanisms of burn injury, outcomes after burn injury, the role of mental health, preventive strategies, and the social and economic issues that heighten the risk of burns in unhoused populations. The review will also delve into areas of advocacy and research to reduce the risk of burn injury and address areas of treatment and recovery for unhoused patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72486,"journal":{"name":"Burns open : an international open access journal for burn injuries","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100440"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the quality of m-Health applications in burns using the mobile app rating scale (MARS): A systematic review","authors":"Shahla Faramarzi ,&nbsp;Sara Hashemi ,&nbsp;Laya Rahmani Pirouz ,&nbsp;Kimia Ashrafpour ,&nbsp;Azita Yazdani ,&nbsp;Leila Erfannia","doi":"10.1016/j.burnso.2025.100436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.burnso.2025.100436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>As mobile phone users and smart phone penetration grow, the healthcare sector utilizes mobile apps to enhance health management, particularly in the case of burns.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The purpose of this research is to evaluate the quality of m-Health apps available in the field of burns in Persian-English language for the Android operating system.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic search for burn-related apps was conducted on three mobile app stores (Google Play, Cafe Bazaar, and Myket) from February 11 to February 21, 2024. The search utilized English terms like “burn”, “burns”, “thermal”, as well as Persian keywords equivalent in meaning to “burn”. The selected apps underwent independent evaluation using the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 4172 apps were found. Then, by removing the duplicate apps, and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and after a complete review of the content, six apps entered the final stage of quality evaluation. Among the reviewed apps, two types of apps were identified: calculators, information apps. Based on the MARS scale, the functionality domain received the highest mean score of 4.75, whereas the aesthetics, information, and engagement domains scored lower, with mean scores of 3.27, 3.18, and 3.16, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study found that the studied apps generally exhibited good functionality quality, and in terms of engagement, aesthetics, and information, they possessed acceptable quality, potentially improving digital health services for burns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72486,"journal":{"name":"Burns open : an international open access journal for burn injuries","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}