Leif Thuesen , Bjarne Linde Nørgaard , Marc Meller Søndergaard , Kristian Hay Kragholm , Martin Kirk Christensen , Mariann Tang , Carl-Johan Jakobsen
{"title":"Computed tomography angiography in chronic coronary syndrome: Association to catheterization laboratory activity and survival","authors":"Leif Thuesen , Bjarne Linde Nørgaard , Marc Meller Søndergaard , Kristian Hay Kragholm , Martin Kirk Christensen , Mariann Tang , Carl-Johan Jakobsen","doi":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study objective</h3><div>To investigate catheterization laboratory efficiency and mortality in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) patients before and after introduction of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Registry study.</div></div><div><h3>Setting</h3><div>Western Denmark Heart Registry.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>We included all first entry adults with suspected CCS undergoing invasive coronary angiography (ICA) or CCTA from year 2000 through year 2020 in Western Denmark. There was a total of 142.815 procedures (ICA 68.640, CCTA, 74.175, and revascularization 32.311 procedures).</div></div><div><h3>Interventions</h3><div>ICA, CCTA and coronary revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary arterial bypass grafting.</div></div><div><h3>Main outcome measures</h3><div>The use of ICA and CCTA, revascularization by PCI or CABG, catheterization laboratory efficiency (revascularization/ICA ratio), and all-cause mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During the study period, the percentage of revascularized patients decreased from 45.7 % to 13.3 %, because of increasing use of CCTA. The revascularization/ICA ratio decreased from 46.3 % to 40.1 %. In all CCTA-first patients, 2.7 % of women and 6.9 % of men had a revascularization procedure within 6 months. One- and five-year mortality in revascularized patients decreased by 56 % and 4 % and in non-revascularized patients diagnosed with ICA first by 49 % and 26 %, respectively. Both revascularized and non-revascularized patients had better survival than the background population.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The extensive use of CCTA did not reduce the number of ICA procedures without subsequent revascularization, and few CCTA-first patient had a subsequent revascularization procedure. We found increased survival in CCTA/ICA diagnosticated patients as compared to the background population possibly due to better prognostication and general treatment in these patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72158,"journal":{"name":"American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100582"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Critique of aortic valve calcification's impact on LV recovery after TAVI","authors":"Çağrı Zorlu, Sefa Erdi Ömür","doi":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100585","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72158,"journal":{"name":"American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100585"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144723681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Letter to the editor Re: “Cultivating a thriving environment for women in cardiology through leadership and inclusion”","authors":"Shreeya Mehta","doi":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100583","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72158,"journal":{"name":"American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100583"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcelo Alves Maia , Ester Cerdeira Sabino , Jose Luiz Padilha da Silva , Cesar Augusto Taconeli , Lea Campos de Oliveira , Omar Ribeiro Santos Junior , Ana Isabel Nobre Maia , Fellipe Colares P.G. Versiani , Ariela Mota Ferreira , Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro , Maria Carmo P. Nunes
{"title":"Echocardiographic predictors of mortality in heart failure from Chagas cardiomyopathy: Refining risk stratification with speckle-tracking echocardiography","authors":"Marcelo Alves Maia , Ester Cerdeira Sabino , Jose Luiz Padilha da Silva , Cesar Augusto Taconeli , Lea Campos de Oliveira , Omar Ribeiro Santos Junior , Ana Isabel Nobre Maia , Fellipe Colares P.G. Versiani , Ariela Mota Ferreira , Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro , Maria Carmo P. Nunes","doi":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Chagas cardiomyopathy is a major cause of mortality in endemic regions, predicted primarily by left ventricular (LV) systolic function. Speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE)–derived strain is a sensitive tool for assessing ventricular function and may enhance risk stratification. This study aimed to determine whether STE provides incremental prognostic value beyond traditional echocardiographic parameters in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy who had evidence of heart failure were selected for the study. Clinical evaluation, electrocardiogram (ECG), and echocardiogram were performed at the time of enrollment. STE–derived global longitudinal strain (GLS) was analyzed offline. The outcome was all-cause mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 317 patients were enrolled, with a mean age was 66 ± 12 years, and 133 (42 %) were male. Over a median follow-up of 2.7 years ([IQR] 1.96–3.50), 114 patients died (36 %). GLS was an important predictor of death (HR 0.88; 95 % CI 0.84 to 0.92; p < 0.001), adding incremental prognostic value beyond standard echocardiographic parameters, including left atrial (LA) volume, E/e’ ratio, right ventricular (RV) dimension, and LV ejection fraction. The predictive model incorporating GLS demonstrated superior accuracy for mortality prediction compared to model based on conventional echocardiographic variables. Further stratification by LV ejection fraction revealed that the prognostic utility of GLS was strongest in patients with preserved or mildly reduced systolic function and decreased in those with severe LV dysfunction.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In a cohort of patients with heart failure from Chagas cardiomyopathy residing in remote areas, GLS emerged as an independent predictor of mortality, improving risk stratification beyond standard echocardiographic parameters, particularly in patients with early stages of cardiac involvement. STE offers a valuable tool in clinical settings, improving risk assessment and providing guidance for the management of this population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72158,"journal":{"name":"American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100584"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Moises A. Vasquez , Crystal Yan , Natacha Vargas , Samuel Vasquez , Litsa Lambrakos , Alex Velasquez , Jeffrey J. Goldberger , Raul D. Mitrani
{"title":"Hospitalization trends for thromboembolic events in atrial fibrillation: A 12-year national analysis","authors":"Moises A. Vasquez , Crystal Yan , Natacha Vargas , Samuel Vasquez , Litsa Lambrakos , Alex Velasquez , Jeffrey J. Goldberger , Raul D. Mitrani","doi":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Direct oral anticoagulants and percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) devices were approved for use in 2010 and 2015, respectively. It is unknown to what extent, if any, these new stroke preventive therapies have impacted hospitalizations for thromboembolic (TE) events.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To evaluate temporal trends in AF-related hospitalizations for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), transient ischemic attack (TIA), and systemic embolism (SEE) in the U.S. from 2010 to 2021.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using the National Inpatient Sample, we identified hospitalizations for TE events with comorbid AF. Data were grouped into two periods (2010–2015 and 2016–2021). Linear regression assessed trends in TE frequency. We also examined anticoagulation (AC) use and LAAO procedures among inpatients with AF.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 1,692,373 AF-related TE hospitalizations were identified: 798,413 (2010–2015) and 893,960 (2016–2021). The frequency of hospitalizations for any AF-TE event, as a fraction of total hospitalizations in patients with AF, declined from 3.69 % to 3.35 % (P < 0.001). AF-related AIS hospitalizations rose from 2.71 % to 2.89 % in 2010–2015 (P < 0.001) but declined from 3.02 % to 2.89 % in 2016–2021 (P < 0.001). TIA (0.75 % to 0.35 %) and SEE (0.22 % to 0.10 %) hospitalizations also decreased (P < 0.001). AC use increased from 21.2 % in 2010 to 42.4 % in 2021 (P < 0.001), while LAAO procedures rose sharply from 5129 in 2016 to 46,080 in 2021 (P < 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>TE hospitalizations among inpatients with comorbid AF declined from 2010 to 2021, primarily driven by a decrease in TIAs and SEE. Acute ischemic stroke hospitalizations declined after 2016, coinciding with increased AC use and LAAO adoption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72158,"journal":{"name":"American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100576"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144722112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lipoprotein (a) in primary cardiovascular disease prevention is actionable today","authors":"Vibhu Parcha , Vera A. Bittner","doi":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] has emerged as an important, genetically determined, and independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and calcific aortic valve disease. Despite growing evidence of its causal role in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, its actionability in primary prevention remains underrecognized. This review highlights the contemporary scientific foundation supporting early Lp(a) measurement, elucidates its pathogenic mechanisms, evaluates the evolving therapeutic landscape, and proposes a pragmatic clinical framework for integrating Lp(a) into preventive cardiology today. Through clinical vignettes and current data, we argue that identifying elevated Lp(a) can meaningfully guide risk reclassification, intensify modifiable risk management, and inform patient-centered preventive strategies thereby making Lp(a) testing actionable in contemporary primary prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72158,"journal":{"name":"American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100581"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clinical benefit and cost effectiveness of adding life-time low-dose colchicine as secondary prevention following coronary artery bypass grafting surgery","authors":"Sai Rahul Ponnana , Gauranga Mahalwar , Joris Holtrop , Steven H.J. Hageman , Tong Zhang , Santosh Kumar Sirasapalli , Skanda Moorthy , Zhuo Chen , Jean-Eudes Dazard , Sadeer Al-Kindi , Yakov Elgudin , Naveed Sattar , Sanjay Rajagopalan , Salil V. Deo","doi":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Low-dose Colchicine therapy has demonstrated clinical benefit as secondary preventive therapy in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. While prior studies have reported its cost-effectiveness in this patient group, this has not yet been studied in post-coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients. Therefore, we evaluated the 5-year potential clinical benefit and lifetime cost-effectiveness of adding low-dose Colchicine to routine secondary preventive therapy among U.S. Veterans post-CABG.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A discrete time-homogeneous, annual cycle, state-transition Markov Chain model was developed using MACE (myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary reintervention, and all-cause mortality) information from 27,443 U.S. Veterans who underwent CABG. Cost and utility estimates were sourced from peer-reviewed literature. Current secondary preventive therapy was compared with secondary preventive therapy + Colchicine over a 35-year period. Clinical benefit was extrapolated from a nationwide perspective. Cost-effectiveness was modeled by calculating incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) across a wide range of willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds. Deterministic, probabilistic, and alternative real-world scenarios were modeled to evaluate real-world use.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In 150,000 isolated CABG patients who received surgery in 2019 across the U.S., Colchicine therapy could potentially reduce 8266 myocardial infarctions, 16,674 strokes, and 9472 coronary reinterventions over 5 years. Lifetime Colchicine therapy yielded a QALY gain of 0.74 and an ICER of $26,684 per QALY. Monte Carlo simulation supported these findings (median ICER: $19,598; IQR: $17,995–$20,921). Colchicine remained cost-effective at WTP thresholds >$20,000 per QALY, even with 5-year or mixed adherence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Adjunct life-long Colchicine therapy may reduce cardiovascular events at an acceptable additional cost post-CABG.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72158,"journal":{"name":"American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100580"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aniket Zinzuwadia, Chunying Li, Zareen Farukhi, Franco Giulianini, Brian Cade, Lin Chen, Elizabeth Karlson, Nina Paynter, Samia Mora, Olga Demler
{"title":"External validation and comparison of the AHA-PREVENT and pooled cohort equations for 10-year ASCVD risk prediction in a contemporary US EHR population.","authors":"Aniket Zinzuwadia, Chunying Li, Zareen Farukhi, Franco Giulianini, Brian Cade, Lin Chen, Elizabeth Karlson, Nina Paynter, Samia Mora, Olga Demler","doi":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100579","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72158,"journal":{"name":"American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice","volume":"57 ","pages":"100579"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12356339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144876923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Krishna K. Patel , Phillip A. Lim , Raed Qarajeh , Poghni A. Peri-Okonny , A. Iain McGhie , Leslee J. Shaw , Timothy M. Bateman
{"title":"Interplay between subclinical calcified atherosclerosis and coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients with normal perfusion imaging","authors":"Krishna K. Patel , Phillip A. Lim , Raed Qarajeh , Poghni A. Peri-Okonny , A. Iain McGhie , Leslee J. Shaw , Timothy M. Bateman","doi":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aim</div><div>Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) and epicardial atherosclerosis often coexist and share common risk factors, yet their interplay remains poorly characterized, especially among patients with normal perfusion on <sup>82</sup>Rb PET.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 7273 consecutive patients (2010−2020) without known coronary artery disease, normal <sup>82</sup>Rb PET perfusion, and concomitantly measured CAC were studied. Multiple linear regression assessed associations between CAC and MBFR, adjusting for demographics, risk factors, symptoms, and imaging data. We tested interactions of age, sex, diabetes, and symptoms with CAC. Logistic regression evaluated the association of CAC with CMD (MBFR <2).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mean age was 65.4 (12.4) years, 64 % were women. CMD was present in 44 % and CAC > 0 in 74 % of patients. Of patients with CMD, 79 % had CAC > 0. Among those with CAC >0, 44 % had CMD, vs. 31 % among CAC = 0. There was a modest inverse correlation between MBFR and CACS, <em>r</em> = − 0.18, <em>p</em> < 0.001. In multivariable analyses, each 100-unit increase in CAC was associated with a 4 % higher odds of CMD (OR 1.04 [95 % CI: 1.03–1.05], <em>p</em> < 0.001). Older age, female sex, hypertension, diabetes, dyspnea, resting tachycardia and lower left ventricular ejection fraction also predicted lower MBFR, collectively explaining only 20 % (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.20) of MBFR variance. No interactions were significant (<em>p</em> > 0.1).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In this cohort with normal perfusion imaging, increased CAC burden was associated with a higher likelihood of CMD, suggesting frequent co-occurrence of epicardial atherosclerosis and CMD. Absence of CAC does not preclude CMD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72158,"journal":{"name":"American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100577"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanbo Wang , Qing Zhou , Lifang Su , Yajing Miao , Xiaoxu Wang , Yunfa Jiang , Xinshun Gu , Hongning Yin
{"title":"Predictive factors of early left ventricular remodeling and reverse remodeling in patients with STEMI after successful reperfusion therapy","authors":"Yanbo Wang , Qing Zhou , Lifang Su , Yajing Miao , Xiaoxu Wang , Yunfa Jiang , Xinshun Gu , Hongning Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ahjo.2025.100578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Despite successful reperfusion therapy, a subset of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) experience early left ventricular remodeling (LVR) within 72 h of symptom onset. LVR is associated with poor outcomes, whereas LV reverse remodeling (LVRR) is correlated with favorable prognosis. This study investigated the factors associated with early LVR and LVRR in STEMI patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We enrolled 233 consecutive STEMI patients who successfully underwent reperfusion therapy within 12 h of symptom onset between April 2022 to January 2024. They were categorized into non-LVR (<em>n</em> = 135) and early LVR (<em>n</em> = 98) groups based on their LV ejection fraction (LVEF). The early LVR group patients were categorized into LVRR (<em>n</em> = 46) and non-LVRR (<em>n</em> = 52) subgroups based on the LVEF values at 5–7 days after symptom onset. Logistic regression models were used to identify the predictive factors associated with early LVR and LVRR.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Multivariate analysis showed that the admission heart rate (HR) (odds ratio [OR] = 2.965, <em>P</em> = 0.005), peak creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) level (OR = 6.166, <em>P</em> < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration (OR = 3.608, <em>P</em> = 0.002), and perfusion score index (PSI) (OR = 91.976, <em>P</em> < 0.001) were independent predictive factors for early LVR. Moreover, pericardial effusion (PE) and PSI within 72 h of symptom onset were predictive factors for failure of LVRR.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our data showed that admission HR, CK-MB peak level, FPG concentration, and PSI were independent predictive factors for early LVR, whereas PE and PSI were predictive factors for failure of LVRR in STEMI patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72158,"journal":{"name":"American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100578"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}