AI and ethics最新文献_第9页

AI hype as a cyber security risk: the moral responsibility of implementing generative AI in business 将人工智能炒作成网络安全风险：在企业中实施生成式人工智能的道德责任

AI and ethics Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.1007/s43681-024-00443-4

Declan Humphreys, Abigail Koay, Dennis Desmond, Erica Mealy

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Protecting ownership rights of ML models using watermarking in the light of adversarial attacks 在对抗性攻击中使用水印保护 ML 模型的所有权

AI and ethics Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.1007/s43681-023-00412-3

Katarzyna Kapusta, Lucas Mattioli, Boussad Addad, Mohammed Lansari

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State of artificial intelligence eco-system in Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚人工智能生态系统状况

AI and ethics Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.1007/s43681-024-00436-3

Wegene Demisie Jima, Tesfaye Adisu Tarekegn, Taye Girma Debelee

{"title":"State of artificial intelligence eco-system in Ethiopia","authors":"Wegene Demisie Jima, Tesfaye Adisu Tarekegn, Taye Girma Debelee","doi":"10.1007/s43681-024-00436-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43681-024-00436-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The purpose of this study is to assess the state of the artificial intelligence (AI) ecosystem in Ethiopia and provide endorsements for Ethiopian AI policymakers, national strategy developers, and stakeholders. This is done by surveying robotic, data, and computing infrastructure, policies, and strategies toward AI adoption within government organizations, AI workforce, and AI startups in Ethiopia. Studies conducted employing semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, a physical review of research and data infrastructures, organizational-based document reviews, web visits, and literature studies. The data collection involves 32 organizations including ministries, universities, research institutions, and private companies, and 61 AI startups in Ethiopia. The survey data compared with selected top African nations in AI adoption potentials. The study revealed that Ethiopia lags compared to some African nations in publishing AI policies and strategies, implementing legal frameworks, assessing the ethical risks of AI solutions on societies, and creating schemes for supporting AI startups. The survey also discloses that the lack of AI policy and strategy in the country affects AI stakeholders to design and create short- and long-term action-oriented strategies. This study implies that focus needs to be given to AI skills and infrastructure development, access to data, investment in AI R&D, and cooperation while creating AI policies and strategies. This paper has made a unique attempt to assess the company-level state of AI to provide inputs to the policymakers for framing a comprehensive and meaningful policy on AI for Ethiopia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72137,"journal":{"name":"AI and ethics","volume":"5 2","pages":"977 - 990"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140436140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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On inscription and bias: data, actor network theory, and the social problems of text-to-image AI models 关于题词和偏见：数据、行为者网络理论和文本到图像人工智能模型的社会问题

AI and ethics Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1007/s43681-024-00431-8

Jorge Luis Morton

{"title":"On inscription and bias: data, actor network theory, and the social problems of text-to-image AI models","authors":"Jorge Luis Morton","doi":"10.1007/s43681-024-00431-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43681-024-00431-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Text-to-image generation platforms are a type of generative artificial intelligence that can produce novel and realistic images from a text prompt. However, these systems also raise social and ethical issues related to the data they rely on. Therefore, this review essay explores how data influence these issues and how to address them using the concept of inscription by Bruno Latour. Inscription is the process of encoding the values and interests of the actors involved in the creation and use of a technology into the technology itself. Using inscription as a theoretical and analytical tool, this work analyzes the data sources, data processing, data representation, and data interpretation of these systems, and reveals how they shape the images they generate and the potential biases and harms they may cause. Thus, this essay offers a new perspective on the ethical discussion of the generative AI models, especially text-to-image models, by bridging the gap between the technical and sociological perspectives on these issues, which has been largely overlooked in the existing literature, and it also provides some novel and practical recommendations for the developers, users, and regulators of these technologies, based on the findings and implications of the analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72137,"journal":{"name":"AI and ethics","volume":"5 2","pages":"775 - 790"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139957934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Exploring ChatGPT and its impact on society 探索ChatGPT及其对社会的影响

AI and ethics Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1007/s43681-024-00435-4

Md. Asraful Haque, Shuai Li

{"title":"Exploring ChatGPT and its impact on society","authors":"Md. Asraful Haque, Shuai Li","doi":"10.1007/s43681-024-00435-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43681-024-00435-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Artificial intelligence has been around for a while, but suddenly it has received more attention than ever before. Thanks to innovations from companies like Google, Microsoft, Meta, and other major brands in technology. OpenAI, though, has triggered the button with its ground-breaking invention—“ChatGPT”. ChatGPT is a Large Language Model (LLM) based on Transformer architecture that has the ability to generate human-like responses in a conversational context. It uses deep learning algorithms to generate natural language responses to input text. Its large number of parameters, contextual generation, and open-domain training make it a versatile and effective tool for a wide range of applications, from chatbots to customer service to language translation. It has the potential to revolutionize various industries and transform the way we interact with technology. However, the use of ChatGPT has also raised several concerns, including ethical, social, and employment challenges, which must be carefully considered to ensure the responsible use of this technology. The article provides an overview of ChatGPT, delving into its architecture and training process. It highlights the potential impacts of ChatGPT on the society. In this paper, we suggest some approaches involving technology, regulation, education, and ethics in an effort to maximize ChatGPT’s benefits while minimizing its negative impacts. This study is expected to contribute to a greater understanding of ChatGPT and aid in predicting the potential changes it may bring about.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72137,"journal":{"name":"AI and ethics","volume":"5 2","pages":"791 - 803"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prospectives and drawbacks of ChatGPT in healthcare and clinical medicine ChatGPT 在医疗保健和临床医学中的前景和弊端

AI and ethics Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1007/s43681-024-00434-5

Khadija Alam, Akhil Kumar, F. N. U. Samiullah

{"title":"Prospectives and drawbacks of ChatGPT in healthcare and clinical medicine","authors":"Khadija Alam, Akhil Kumar, F. N. U. Samiullah","doi":"10.1007/s43681-024-00434-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43681-024-00434-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The large language model (LLM) ChatGPT-3.5, a member of generative pre-training transformer (GPT) models created by artificial intelligence (AI), is an updated and finely tuned version of previously launched AI chatbots. It is trained on a large volume of text data available on the internet, can produce human-like responses to a range of prompts and inquiries, and interprets and conversationally creates text, making it suitable for participating in interactive human conversations on a range of topics. Since its release in November 2022, ChatGPT has gained quick popularity not only among the general population but also among healthcare workers and researchers in all fields owing to its versatile, potent, and reliable benefits regarding scientific writing and medical education. Consequently, many studies have been done on ChatGPT regarding scientific research and medical education that have greatly enlightened medical professionals about its efficient use and probable risks. However, its effectiveness in healthcare and clinical medicine is still being determined, given its criticism regarding the authenticity of its diagnostic decisions. This review aims to highlight its viable usage in clinical practice, such as virtual assistance and patient communication, and the potential associated drawbacks, including a lack of human judgment and interactivity, data quality, accountability, and transparency, the risk of overreliance, and medico-legal and ethical considerations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72137,"journal":{"name":"AI and ethics","volume":"5 2","pages":"767 - 773"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140446147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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How can we design autonomous weapon systems? 如何设计自主武器系统？

AI and ethics Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1007/s43681-024-00428-3

Iskender Volkan Sancar

{"title":"How can we design autonomous weapon systems?","authors":"Iskender Volkan Sancar","doi":"10.1007/s43681-024-00428-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43681-024-00428-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines the use of artificial intelligence in the development of autonomous weapon systems. The human involvement and responsibility aspects of the development process were examined, particularly in terms of ensuring that the system worked correctly and determining who was responsible for its actions. This paper also discusses the importance of ethical considerations such as fairness and non-discrimination when designing these systems. The study also emphasizes the importance of psychology and emotions when designing autonomous systems, as these factors can influence decisions and choices. The ability of autonomous systems to discriminate among combatants, casualties, and civilians is also an important ethical consideration. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of adopting a human-centered approach when designing autonomous weapon systems and recommends the use of the extended human-centered AI framework in the design of autonomous weapon systems by incorporating psychological and emotional dimensions, as it is seen as a useful tool to ensure safe, healthy, and efficient AI systems for humans. In addition, the study suggests that ACTIVE ethics, an approach to virtue ethics, can be used in the design of AWSs. When used with the extended human-centered AI framework, it is thought that more ethically appropriate and robust projects can be realized.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72137,"journal":{"name":"AI and ethics","volume":"5 2","pages":"967 - 975"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140448487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unveiling the ethical positions of conversational AIs: a study on OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google’s Bard 揭示对话式人工智能的伦理立场：对 OpenAI 的 ChatGPT 和谷歌的 Bard 的研究

AI and ethics Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1007/s43681-024-00433-6

Quintin P. McGrath

{"title":"Unveiling the ethical positions of conversational AIs: a study on OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google’s Bard","authors":"Quintin P. McGrath","doi":"10.1007/s43681-024-00433-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43681-024-00433-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In an era where conversational AIs (CAIs) like OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google's Bard are becoming integral to daily life, understanding their ethical positions is paramount. This research delves into the expressed moral values of these CAIs, exploring how their pre-training influences their ethical stances. The study aims to assess the articulated ethical positions of ChatGPT and Bard, uncovering whether these systems align with particular moral values. By understanding their ethical positions, the research seeks to provide insights into how these CAIs might respond to prompts and guide users in their selection and utilization. Utilizing O’Boyle and Forsyth’s Ethical Position Questionnaire (EPQ-5), the research evaluated the CAIs’ levels of idealism and relativism. The study also involved a third CAI, Anthropic’s Claude and an online human panel, to analyze the reasoning behind the responses, providing a more nuanced understanding of the ethical positions. The initial findings revealed that ChatGPT aligns more with an ‘absolutist’ position, endorsing strict adherence to moral principles, while Bard leans towards a ‘situationist’ stance, valuing flexibility and situational considerations. However, further analysis by Claude and humans suggested a more complex categorization, with ChatGPT fitting the 'exceptionist' categorization and Bard aligning with ‘absolutism.’ The research underscores the significance of recognizing the trained-in ethical positions of CAIs, as they are not neutral but reflect particular ethical leanings. Understanding these positions is vital for interpreting CAI outputs and using these systems effectively and ethically. The study calls for further exploration into how these ethical positions might influence real-world applications of CAIs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72137,"journal":{"name":"AI and ethics","volume":"5 2","pages":"921 - 936"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-024-00433-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140449642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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The rise of artificial intelligence in libraries: the ethical and equitable methodologies, and prospects for empowering library users 人工智能在图书馆的兴起：伦理和公平方法，以及增强图书馆用户能力的前景

AI and ethics Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1007/s43681-024-00432-7

James Oluwaseyi Hodonu-Wusu

{"title":"The rise of artificial intelligence in libraries: the ethical and equitable methodologies, and prospects for empowering library users","authors":"James Oluwaseyi Hodonu-Wusu","doi":"10.1007/s43681-024-00432-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43681-024-00432-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Libraries have always been a repository of knowledge, a place where people from all walks of life can come to learn and grow. In today’s fast-paced world, libraries must keep up with the changing times in order to remain relevant. Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the most promising technologies that can help libraries achieve this goal. AI can help libraries automate processes, provide personalized services, and improve user experiences. However, with great power comes great responsibility, and AI is no exception. Libraries have an ethical and equitable promise to their users, and AI must be deployed in a way that upholds these promises. This study explores the ethical and equitable use of AI in libraries, how it can empower users, and what librarians need to consider when implementing AI. The result of the reviewed articles showed that 1499 out of 170,262 papers have been identified as describing AI in libraries through ethical and equitable methodologies and prospect for empowering library users. The future studies can focus on other professional terms, such as Trustworthy AI, Fairness in AI, Explainable AI, and Human-in-the-loop, and how this can impact libraries, and other professionals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72137,"journal":{"name":"AI and ethics","volume":"5 2","pages":"755 - 765"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139959105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Formalizing ethical principles within AI systems: experts’ opinions on why (not) and how to do it 在人工智能系统中正式确立伦理原则：专家们关于为什么（不）和如何做的意见

AI and ethics Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1007/s43681-024-00425-6

Franziska Poszler, Edy Portmann, Christoph Lütge

{"title":"Formalizing ethical principles within AI systems: experts’ opinions on why (not) and how to do it","authors":"Franziska Poszler, Edy Portmann, Christoph Lütge","doi":"10.1007/s43681-024-00425-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43681-024-00425-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>AI systems are increasingly put into contexts where computed decisions must be guided by ethical considerations. To develop ethically grounded algorithms and technologies, scholars have suggested computational ethics as an essential frontier, which aims to translate ethical principles into computer code. However, computational ethics has received little attention in academic literature so far, with existing work mainly focusing on its technical implementation, while many open questions concerning its (societal and ethical) implications still need to be resolved. Therefore, in this study, we interviewed 12 experts from philosophy, AI and cognitive sciences to shed light on computational ethics beyond a technical perspective. Findings suggest that indicated supporting and opposing arguments can be clustered into pragmatic/practical, societal and epistemic reasons, all of which need to be contemplated when engaging in computational ethics and developing resulting artificial moral agents. Furthermore, the mentioned recommendations for companies’ technological design and development, for industry’s governance measures and academia’s research endeavors are recapitulated and summarized in a holistic framework that aims to facilitate a reflected implementation of ‘ethics in and by design’ in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72137,"journal":{"name":"AI and ethics","volume":"5 2","pages":"937 - 965"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43681-024-00425-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140450289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0