Amaia Sandúa, José L Pérez-Gracia, Estibaliz Alegre, Álvaro González
{"title":"Utility of PSA in extracellular vesicles as a follow-up biomarker in prostate cancer.","authors":"Amaia Sandúa, José L Pérez-Gracia, Estibaliz Alegre, Álvaro González","doi":"10.1515/almed-2025-0023","DOIUrl":"10.1515/almed-2025-0023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) circulates bound to extracelular vesicles (EVs). Levels of this PSA form (ev-PSA) are higher in prostate cancer (PCa) compared to benign pathologies and healthy controls, being the PSA extracellular vesicles/serum (ev/srm) ratio potentially useful as PCa diagnostic biomarker. We evaluated the utility of ev-PSA as a follow-up biomarker for detecting relapse or monitoring response to systemic treatments in advanced PCa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Samples were obtained sequentially (baseline, response and progression) from 10 patients with advanced PCa undergoing hormonal therapy or chemotherapy. EVs were isolated from serum by size exclusion chromatography. Total PSA (T-PSA) and free PSA (F-PSA) were quantified in serum and EVs in a c602 module of a Cobas 8000 (Roche Diagnostics) using Elecsys immunoassays, and PSA ev/srm ratio was calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>T-PSA in EVs (ev-T-PSA) was quantified in all samples and T-PSA ev/srm ratio median was 1.4 % (Q1-Q3: 1.1-1.9 %). At clinical response, there was not a significant decrease in ev-T-PSA (p=0.055) and neither an increase in T-PSA ev/srm ratio values (p=0.078). During progression, the T-PSA ev/srm ratio decreased significantly with respect to baseline (p=0.037) and clinical response values (p=0.008), although srm-T-PSA and ev-T-PSA concentrations did not change (p=0.625 and p=0.482, respectively). The greatest decrease in srm-T-PSA and ev-T-PSA concentrations was observed in patients undergoing hormonal therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>T-PSA ev/srm ratio could be useful for detecting tumor progression and relapses in advanced PCa. However, its utility as a follow-up biomarker for assessing clinical response to hormonal treatments and chemotherapy would be limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":72097,"journal":{"name":"Advances in laboratory medicine","volume":"6 4","pages":"442-449"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12744380/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145859581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Determinación de <i>BRAF V600E</i> por biopsia líquida en oncología de precisión.","authors":"Verónica A Alonso, Gabriela R Mendeluk","doi":"10.1515/almed-2024-0167","DOIUrl":"10.1515/almed-2024-0167","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72097,"journal":{"name":"Advances in laboratory medicine","volume":"6 3","pages":"306-313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12446919/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fernando Marqués-García, Elisabeth González-Lao, Xavier Tejedor-Ganduxé, Beatriz Boned, Jorge Díaz-Garzón, Margarida Simón, Jose Vicente García-Lario, Carme Perich, María Pilar Fernández-Fernández, Luisa María Martínez-Sánchez, María Muñoz-Calero, Ricardo González-Tarancón, Pilar Fernández-Calle
{"title":"Impact of six sigma estimated using the Schmidt-Launsbyn vs. the Westgard equation in the Spanish type I EQA program.","authors":"Fernando Marqués-García, Elisabeth González-Lao, Xavier Tejedor-Ganduxé, Beatriz Boned, Jorge Díaz-Garzón, Margarida Simón, Jose Vicente García-Lario, Carme Perich, María Pilar Fernández-Fernández, Luisa María Martínez-Sánchez, María Muñoz-Calero, Ricardo González-Tarancón, Pilar Fernández-Calle","doi":"10.1515/almed-2025-0091","DOIUrl":"10.1515/almed-2025-0091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Six sigma methodology (SM) measures process performance using defects per million opportunities (DPMOs). SM has traditionally used the Westgard equation (WM), by which DPMOs are calculated indirectly. An alternative for directly calculate DPMOs is the Z-transformation method in combination with the Schmidt-Launsbyn equation. The implementation of SM in External Quality Assurance (EQA) programs is limited, which hampers their evaluation. A study was conducted to compare SM values obtained with the two equations.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Sigma value (SV) was estimated based on data from a Type I EQA Program (SCR-EQA-SEQC<sup>ML</sup>) using two methods: the Westgard equation, and the Z-transformation + Schmidt-Launsbyn method (S-LM). A comparison of the SVs obtained with the two methods was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SVs were calculated from 949 values provided by the EQA program. The results indicate that WM underestimates SV, as compared to S-LM, independently of whether outliers were removed (2.9) or not (1.9). This underestimation occurs as a result of treatment bias rather than imprecision.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Unlike MW, S-LM adjusts for bias, thereby preventing negative SVs. S-LM is not as influenced by outliers as MW and yields more robust SV estimates in EQA programs. This guarantees a more precise evaluation of results and classification of method/system performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":72097,"journal":{"name":"Advances in laboratory medicine","volume":"6 3","pages":"327-335"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12446911/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Helena Čičak, Željka Šarčević, Ana Sruk, Frane Bukvić, Daria Pašalić, Lora Dukić, Ana-Maria Šimundić
{"title":"Verification of fCAL turbo Buhlmann reagent for determining serum calprotectin.","authors":"Helena Čičak, Željka Šarčević, Ana Sruk, Frane Bukvić, Daria Pašalić, Lora Dukić, Ana-Maria Šimundić","doi":"10.1515/almed-2024-0201","DOIUrl":"10.1515/almed-2024-0201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to verify Buhlmann fCAL turbo reagent, used for analysing calprotectin in stool, on serum samples.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Leftover patients' serum samples were used. Verification protocol included: precision performed in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) EP15-A3 guidelines; comparison of Buhlmann fCAL turbo and serum GCAL Gentian reagents; verification of reference intervals (RI) proposed from literature (0.68-5.45 mg/L) in accordance with CLSI EP28-A3C guidelines; limit of blank (LoB) and limit of quantitation (LoQ) performed in accordance with CLSI EP17-A2 guidelines; linearity performed in accordance with CLSI EP6-A guidelines; carry-over and lastly, hook effect. Acceptance criteria were based on manufacturer specifications stated in the package insert for the fCAL turbo Buhlmann reagent designed for analysing calprotectin in stool samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CVs% for precision were within acceptance criteria, ≤10 %. Bland-Altman analysis showed the presence of a bias of 3.4 mg/L (95 % confidence interval 2.00-4.79). The equation for the Passing-Bablok regression was y= -0.01 (-0.08 to 0.06) + 0.37 (0.36-0.40)x, and it showed proportional difference. The obtained LoB was 0 mg/L, while the LoQ was 0.04 mg/L (CV% ≤ 20 %). The method was linear in the range 0.04-4.14 mg/L, and carry-over (0.1 %) and hook effect were not detected. The proposed RI in the literature was verified using 20 leftover patients' samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite being declared for analysing stool samples only, Buhlmann fCAL turbo reagent can be used to determine serum calprotectin. Buhlmann fCAL turbo reagent is not comparable to the GCAL Gentian reagent.</p>","PeriodicalId":72097,"journal":{"name":"Advances in laboratory medicine","volume":"6 4","pages":"427-433"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12744375/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145859536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francisco J Illana, Esther Fernández-Galán, José Luis Muñoz-Bravo, Laura Valiña Amado, Carme García Martín, Carolina González-Fernández, Sílvia Miró-Cañís, Jaume Trapé, Antonio Martínez-Peinado, Xavier Filella, Alvaro González, Antonio Barco Sánchez, Angel Díaz-Lagares
{"title":"Circulating tumor DNA in patients with cancer: insights from clinical laboratory.","authors":"Francisco J Illana, Esther Fernández-Galán, José Luis Muñoz-Bravo, Laura Valiña Amado, Carme García Martín, Carolina González-Fernández, Sílvia Miró-Cañís, Jaume Trapé, Antonio Martínez-Peinado, Xavier Filella, Alvaro González, Antonio Barco Sánchez, Angel Díaz-Lagares","doi":"10.1515/almed-2025-0010","DOIUrl":"10.1515/almed-2025-0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blood-based circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis has emerged as a highly relevant non-invasive method for molecular profiling of solid tumors, offering valuable information about the genetic landscape of cancer. Somatic mutation analysis of ctDNA is now used clinically to guide targeted therapies for advanced cancers. Recent advancements have also revealed its potential in early detection, prognosis, minimal residual disease assessment, and prediction/monitoring of therapeutic response. In recent years, significant progress has been made with the development of various PCR and NGS-based methods designed for assessing gene variants in ctDNA of patients with cancer. However, despite the transformative possibilities that ctDNA analysis presents, challenges persist. Standardization of preanalytical and analytical protocols, assay sensitivity, and the interpretation of results remain critical hurdles that need to be addressed for the widespread clinical implementation of ctDNA testing. In addition to somatic mutations, emerging studies on DNA methylation (epigenomics) and fragment size patterns (fragmentomics) in several types of biological fluids are yielding promising results as non-invasive biomarkers for effective cancer management. This review addresses the clinical applications of somatic gene variants in ctDNA, emphasizes their potential as cancer biomarkers, and highlights essential factors for successful implementation in clinical laboratories and cancer management.</p>","PeriodicalId":72097,"journal":{"name":"Advances in laboratory medicine","volume":"6 3","pages":"259-276"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12446922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145115265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natalia García-Simón, Cristina Martínez-Payo, Francisco A Bernabeu-Andreu, Encarnación Donoso-Navarro
{"title":"Comparison of four different analyzers for prenatal trisomy 21 risk.","authors":"Natalia García-Simón, Cristina Martínez-Payo, Francisco A Bernabeu-Andreu, Encarnación Donoso-Navarro","doi":"10.1515/almed-2025-0008","DOIUrl":"10.1515/almed-2025-0008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Various analyzers are available for measuring first-trimester combined screening for trisomy 21 (T21) serum biomarkers (free-beta subunit of the human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and the pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A)). Our aim is to compare the analytical performance of four different analyzers and their false positive rates (FPR) for T21 risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 6-month study analyzed data from 1,136 pregnant women for first-trimester combined screening. Serum samples were processed using four analyzers (IMMULITE 2000, Centaur XP, Cobas e-411, KRYPTOR compact PLUS), each with its own risk calculation software. Comparative analyses of the biochemical markers and their multiples of the median (MoMs) were conducted using Passing-Bablok and Bland-Altman methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant variability was observed among the analyzers. For free β-hCG, only Centaur XP and KRYPTOR compact PLUS were interchangeable. For PAPP-A, only IMMULITE 2000 and Cobas e-411 were comparable. However, no analyzer pair was interchangeable for both markers simultaneously. Free β-hCG multiples of the median (MoMs) were highest in IMMULITE 2000 (1.85 MoM (IQR: 1.4-2.97)) and lowest in KRYPTOR compact PLUS (1.5 MoM (IQR: 1.23-2.21)). PAPP-A MoMs were lowest in IMMULITE 2000 (0.52 MoM (IQR: 0.38-0.82)) and highest in Cobas e-411 (0.58 MoM (IQR: 0.39-0.90)). In risk assessment, all analyzers detected true T21 cases but varied in their FPR, with Centaur XP (3.8 %), Cobas e-411 (2.5 %) and KRYPTOR compact PLUS (2.3 %) showing a FPR below 5 %.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Measurement of serum biomarkers by the four analyzers is not interchangeable. KRYPTOR compact PLUS showed the lowest FPR for risk assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":72097,"journal":{"name":"Advances in laboratory medicine","volume":"6 4","pages":"411-418"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12744378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145859484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Detección de ADN del gen <i>ompA</i> de <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> en orina mediante amplificación isotérmica mediada por bucle (LAMP).","authors":"Hemali Attanayake, Charitha Goonasekara, Nalaka Abeygunasekera, Jayanthi Elvitigala, Kamani Mangalika Gunasekera","doi":"10.1515/almed-2025-0061","DOIUrl":"10.1515/almed-2025-0061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72097,"journal":{"name":"Advances in laboratory medicine","volume":"6 3","pages":"320-326"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12446913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fernando Marqués-García, Elisabeth González-Lao, Xavier Tejedor-Ganduxé, Beatriz Boned, Jorge Díaz-Garzón, Margarida Simón, Jose Vicente García-Lario, Carme Perich, María Pilar Fernández-Fernández, Luisa María Martínez-Sánchez, María Muñoz-Calero, Ricardo González-Tarancón, Pilar Fernández-Calle
{"title":"Impacto del cálculo del valor seis sigma utilizando la ecuación de Schmidt-Launsbyn vs. la ecuación de Westgard en el programa español EQA tipo I.","authors":"Fernando Marqués-García, Elisabeth González-Lao, Xavier Tejedor-Ganduxé, Beatriz Boned, Jorge Díaz-Garzón, Margarida Simón, Jose Vicente García-Lario, Carme Perich, María Pilar Fernández-Fernández, Luisa María Martínez-Sánchez, María Muñoz-Calero, Ricardo González-Tarancón, Pilar Fernández-Calle","doi":"10.1515/almed-2024-0209","DOIUrl":"10.1515/almed-2024-0209","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72097,"journal":{"name":"Advances in laboratory medicine","volume":"6 3","pages":"336-344"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12446908/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salomón Martín Pérez, Flora Sanchez Jimenez, Sandra Fuentes Cantero, Marta Jímenez Barragan, Catalina Sanchez Mora, Juan M Borreguero Leon, Arrobas Velilla Teresa, Agustín Valido Morales, Juan A Delgado Torralbo, Antonio León Justel
{"title":"Use of artificial intelligence to assess genetic predisposition to develop critical COVID-19 disease: a comparative study of machine learning models.","authors":"Salomón Martín Pérez, Flora Sanchez Jimenez, Sandra Fuentes Cantero, Marta Jímenez Barragan, Catalina Sanchez Mora, Juan M Borreguero Leon, Arrobas Velilla Teresa, Agustín Valido Morales, Juan A Delgado Torralbo, Antonio León Justel","doi":"10.1515/almed-2025-0073","DOIUrl":"10.1515/almed-2025-0073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Early prediction of critical COVID-19 disease is crucial for an optimal clinical management. The objective of this study was to optimize predictive models for critical COVID-19 disease. Clinical data, laboratory data and genetic polymorphisms were integrated into AI models to compare the performance of different machine learning algorithms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 155 inpatients were analyzed, 23 of whom developed critical disease. A univariate analysis was performed to assess potential correlations between seven SNPs, nine clinical variables and 10 laboratory parameters at admission.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 7 SNPs, only three SNPs demonstrated a significant association with critical disase, namely: rs77534576, rs10774671 and rs10490770. The ensemble models exhibited the best performance: Random Forest (AUC=0.989), XGBoost (AUC=0.954) and AdaBoost (AUC=0.927). Variable importance varied across models, with age, C-reactive protein, heart diseases and the three SNPs being the most influential features. The predictive power of models improved with the integration of the three SNPs, as compared to previous studies where genetic data were not included. Internal validation confirmed the superiority and stability of the ensemble models.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Machine learning models may help predict progression into critical COVID-19-disease. The predictive power of models improves when SNPs associated with COVID-19 severity are integrated with laboratory and clinical data. Prior to implementation in clinical practice, larger studies in different populations are needed to validate and support the generalization of these results.</p>","PeriodicalId":72097,"journal":{"name":"Advances in laboratory medicine","volume":"6 2","pages":"181-189"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12107411/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144176059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Omer Javed, Neelum Mansoor, Naeem Jabbar, Hamza Khan, Talha Israr, Sidra Maqsood, Saba Jamal, Fatima Meraj
{"title":"Real-time immunophenotypic shifts in pediatric B lymphoblastic leukemia providing implications for minimal residual disease detection.","authors":"Omer Javed, Neelum Mansoor, Naeem Jabbar, Hamza Khan, Talha Israr, Sidra Maqsood, Saba Jamal, Fatima Meraj","doi":"10.1515/almed-2024-0202","DOIUrl":"10.1515/almed-2024-0202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Disease monitoring in acute leukemia management is crucial for risk stratification and chemotherapy response assessment. Minimal residual disease (MRD) testing is the most reliable tool, measuring antigenic expression differences between leukemic cells, hematogones, and mature benign B-cells. Modulation of antigen expression during treatment under chemotherapeutic drugs may complicate MRD analysis and detection. The present study investigates immunophenotypic modulation (IM) during chemotherapy phases in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), using a modified BFM protocol, and its potential implications for MRD detection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was conducted at the Hematology Department, Indus Hospital and Health Network, Karachi. All MRD positive cases of pediatric B-ALL (1 month -16 years of age) were included, from April 2019- March 2022. MRD was done on bone marrow aspirate using 8-color flow cytometry. The data from 203 patients, who were MRD positive in bone marrow throughout the evaluation period was considered. The IM was assessed by comparative analysis of the changes in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of nine highly relevant antigens expressed by the leukemic cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Statistically significant changes in the MFI levels of antigens were observed in leukemic blasts and mature benign B-cells. All the analyzed samples revealed IM to different extents. Our results confirm the presence of immunophenotypic changes for CD10, CD19, CD34, CD45, TdT, and CD66 during chemotherapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Measuring the MRD assists in monitoring the disease, however, IM of the different antigens expressed by the leukemic blasts should be considered and cautiously analyzed to prevent erroneous results.</p>","PeriodicalId":72097,"journal":{"name":"Advances in laboratory medicine","volume":"6 3","pages":"358-364"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12446915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145115088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}