{"title":"Sodium and Water Disorders","authors":"Scott J. Gilbert","doi":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The balancing of fluids and electrolytes is a core function of the kidneys. There are redundant mechanisms within the body to sense the adequacy of organ perfusion and the composition of body fluids aimed at maintaining hemodynamics and protecting an environment for optimal cellular function. Sodium and water are key components of extracellular fluid and are regulated in response to end-organ perfusion and serum tonicity. Baroreceptors activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, vasopressin, and atrial natriuretic peptide to adjust sodium handling to alter extracellular volume. Osmoreceptors affect anti-diuretic hormone release and aquaporin activity in the medullary collecting duct to modify the handling of water. Disordered handling of sodium and/or water may be adaptive or maladaptive, and understanding the stimuli and responses to clinical scenarios assists clinicians in developing appropriate treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72096,"journal":{"name":"Advances in kidney disease and health","volume":"32 1","pages":"Pages 41-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Urine Sediment Evaluation","authors":"Jay R. Seltzer","doi":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sample cases and questions with discussion of urinary sediment findings and their application in patient care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72096,"journal":{"name":"Advances in kidney disease and health","volume":"32 1","pages":"Pages 86-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Genetics in Kidney Diseases","authors":"Samuel Mon-Wei Yu, Kirk Campbell","doi":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing availability of genetic testing, nephrologists can now incorporate genetic testing results into traditional biochemical profiles and kidney biopsy data to provide more accurate diagnoses. Moreover, if available, therapeutic approaches can be further tailored to individual genetic testing results to avoid unnecessary exposure to prolonged immunosuppressive medications with often undesirable side effects. Identifying new genetic mutations in kidney diseases also opens new avenues to novel drug targets. Here, we present five clinical questions summarizing some genetic kidney diseases and updates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72096,"journal":{"name":"Advances in kidney disease and health","volume":"32 1","pages":"Pages 33-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology","authors":"Marco Bonilla , Jay L. Koyner , Javier A. Neyra","doi":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Critical care nephrology is an increasingly vital subspecialty within internal medicine that focuses on the comprehensive management of a spectrum of kidney-related complications that arise in critically ill patients. This field plays a crucial role in heterogeneous intensive care unit settings, where the dynamic and complex nature of critical illnesses and acute kidney injury phenotypes often necessitates specialized renal care, including renal replacement therapy. In this manuscript, we present board-style review questions that illustrate distinct clinical scenarios and interventions in critical care nephrology, with an emphasis on key teaching points.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72096,"journal":{"name":"Advances in kidney disease and health","volume":"32 1","pages":"Pages 12-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conservative Management for Kidney Failure","authors":"Samantha Gelfand","doi":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conservative kidney management (CKM) is active medical management of kidney failure without dialysis. The main focus of care is optimizing quality of life by preserving kidney function for as long as possible and medically managing symptoms of kidney failure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72096,"journal":{"name":"Advances in kidney disease and health","volume":"32 1","pages":"Pages 24-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheron Latcha , Victoria Gutgarts , Belen Nunez Cespedes , Sandra M. Herrmann
{"title":"Onconephrology","authors":"Sheron Latcha , Victoria Gutgarts , Belen Nunez Cespedes , Sandra M. Herrmann","doi":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.10.005","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subspecialized training in the field of onconephrology offers a uniquely informed approach to the care of the patient with both cancer and kidney disease. There is a significant knowledge gap that has been created by the fact that patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min are generally excluded from clinical cancer trials. Thus, oncologists rely on the clinical experience and expertise of onconephrologists to dose cytotoxic chemotherapies, to recognize and manage complications of newer targeted drugs and immunotherapies, to become partners in establishing guidelines relating to the management of these complications, and to collaborate on the design of future clinical trials in this cohort. In this section, we provide a glimpse into some common clinical scenarios encountered by the onconephrologist and demonstrate how clinical data and observations inform decision-making in these situations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72096,"journal":{"name":"Advances in kidney disease and health","volume":"32 1","pages":"Pages 69-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transplant Nephrology","authors":"Donal J. Sexton , Serena Bagnasco , Sam Kant","doi":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The progressive rise in the number of kidney transplant recipients in the last 2 decades is reflective of the technological advances in the field. Nephrologists are responsible for providing long-term longitudinal care to these patients. It is pertinent that nephrologists understand the various nuances of aspects such as immunosuppression, opportunistic infections, and identification of causes associated with graft dysfunction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72096,"journal":{"name":"Advances in kidney disease and health","volume":"31 6","pages":"Pages 566-573"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chronic Dialysis Therapies","authors":"Alexander Morales, Jeffrey H. William","doi":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While both in-center and home dialysis modalities have improved life expectancy for people with end-stage kidney disease and have served as a bridge to eventual kidney transplantation, kidney health care providers must be keenly aware of the potential complications associated with these therapies. The following questions aim to shed light on some of the more important potential physiological consequences and medical dilemmas associated with the three primary dialysis modalities including in-center hemodialysis, home hemodialysis, and peritoneal dialysis. Moreover, we hope to highlight that caring for those requiring dialytic therapy necessitates a significant breadth of understanding in other core internal medicine disciplines beyond nephrology itself, including cardiovascular, infectious, and musculoskeletal disease entities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72096,"journal":{"name":"Advances in kidney disease and health","volume":"31 6","pages":"Pages 553-565"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dana Larsen , Laalasa Varanasi , Michelle M. Estrella
{"title":"Chronic Kidney Disease—Part 1: Evaluation & Risk Assessment in CKD, Methods to Delay CKD Progression","authors":"Dana Larsen , Laalasa Varanasi , Michelle M. Estrella","doi":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Early detection and deployment of effective therapies could prevent CKD progression and related cardiovascular diseases. This review provides a case-based overview of key issues surrounding the diagnosis, staging, and management of CKD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72096,"journal":{"name":"Advances in kidney disease and health","volume":"31 6","pages":"Pages 538-545"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hypertension","authors":"Jordana B. Cohen , Debbie L. Cohen","doi":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.akdh.2024.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Resistant and uncontrolled hypertension are common presentations to the nephrology clinic. Many of these patients benefit from evaluation for secondary hypertension in order to optimize antihypertensive therapy and reduce the risks of target organ damage from uncontrolled hypertension. The purpose of this review is to present several cases of difficult-to-control and/or secondary hypertension and to identify optimal approaches to evaluating and managing hypertension in these high-risk patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72096,"journal":{"name":"Advances in kidney disease and health","volume":"31 6","pages":"Pages 546-552"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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