3D printing in medicine最新文献

{"title":"Clinical situations for which 3D printing is considered an appropriate representation or extension of data contained in a medical imaging examination: pediatric congenital heart disease conditions.","authors":"Justin R Ryan, Reena Ghosh, Greg Sturgeon, Arafat Ali, Elsa Arribas, Eric Braden, Seetharam Chadalavada, Leonid Chepelev, Summer Decker, Yu-Hui Huang, Ciprian Ionita, Joonhyuk Lee, Peter Liacouras, Jayanthi Parthasarathy, Prashanth Ravi, Michael Sandelier, Kelsey Sommer, Nicole Wake, Frank Rybicki, David Ballard","doi":"10.1186/s41205-023-00199-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-023-00199-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The use of medical 3D printing (focusing on anatomical modeling) has continued to grow since the Radiological Society of North America's (RSNA) 3D Printing Special Interest Group (3DPSIG) released its initial guideline and appropriateness rating document in 2018. The 3DPSIG formed a focused writing group to provide updated appropriateness ratings for 3D printing anatomical models across a variety of congenital heart disease. Evidence-based- (where available) and expert-consensus-driven appropriateness ratings are provided for twenty-eight congenital heart lesion categories.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A structured literature search was conducted to identify all relevant articles using 3D printing technology associated with pediatric congenital heart disease indications. Each study was vetted by the authors and strength of evidence was assessed according to published appropriateness ratings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evidence-based recommendations for when 3D printing is appropriate are provided for pediatric congenital heart lesions. Recommendations are provided in accordance with strength of evidence of publications corresponding to each cardiac clinical scenario combined with expert opinion from members of the 3DPSIG.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This consensus appropriateness ratings document, created by the members of the RSNA 3DPSIG, provides a reference for clinical standards of 3D printing for pediatric congenital heart disease clinical scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139572256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical application of a three-dimensional-printed model in the treatment of intracranial and extracranial communicating tumors: a pilot study.","authors":"Xiang-Heng Zhang, Jiahao Li, Zhenqiang He, Dikan Wang, Guiqing Liao, Si-En Zhang, Hao Duan, Yonggao Mou, Yujie Liang","doi":"10.1186/s41205-024-00202-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-024-00202-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Surgical management for intracranial and extracranial communicating tumors is difficult due to the complex anatomical structures. Therefore, assisting methods are urgently needed. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the utility of a three-dimensional (3D)-printed model in the treatment of intracranial and extracranial communicating tumors as well as its applicability in surgical planning and resident education.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Individualized 3D-printed models were created for eight patients with intracranial and extracranial communicating tumors. Based on these 3D-printed models, a comprehensive surgical plan was made for each patient, after which the patients underwent surgery. The clinicopathological data of patients were collected and retrospectively analyzed to determine surgical outcomes. To examine the educational capability of the 3D-printed models, specialists and resident doctors were invited to review three of these cases and then rate the clinical utility of the models using a questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 3D-printed models accurately replicated anatomical structures, including the tumor, surrounding structures, and the skull. Based on these models, customized surgical approaches, including the orbitozygomatic approach and transcervical approach, were designed for the patients. Although parameters such as operation time and blood loss varied among the patients, satisfactory surgical outcomes were achieved, with only one patient developing a postoperative complication. Regarding the educational applicability of the 3D-printed model, the mean agreement for all eight questionnaire items was above six (seven being complete agreement). Moreover, no significant difference was noted in the agreement scores between specialists and residents.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results revealed that 3D-printed models have good structural accuracy and are potentially beneficial in developing surgical approaches and educating residents. Further research is needed to test the true applicability of these models in the treatment of intracranial and extracranial communicating tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10802061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139514366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The utility of three-dimensional modeling and printing in pediatric surgical patient and family education: a systematic review.","authors":"Angela Yang, Kapilan Panchendrabose, Cameron Leong, Syed Shuja Raza, Shahrzad Joharifard","doi":"10.1186/s41205-023-00198-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-023-00198-4","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Three-dimensional (3D) modeling and printing are increasingly being used in surgical settings. This technology has several applications including pre-operative surgical planning, inter-team communication, and patient education and counseling. The majority of research on 3D technology has focused on adult populations, where it has been found to be a useful tool for educating patients across various surgical specialties. There is a dearth, however, of research on the utility of 3D modeling and printing for patient and family education in pediatric populations. Our objective was to systematically review the current literature on how this modality is being utilized in pediatric surgical settings for patient and family education and counselling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We conducted a systematic review in accordance with PRISMA and CASP guidelines. The MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to October 21, 2023, with no restrictions on language or geographical location. Citation chaining was used to ensure relevant papers were included. Articles were doubly screened and data was extracted independently by two authors. In the case of disagreement, a third author was consulted. Any articles pertaining to 3D modeling and printing in pediatric surgical settings for patient and family education and counseling were included.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Six articles met inclusion criteria and were used for qualitative analysis. Two involved questionnaires given to parents of children to assess their understanding of relevant anatomy, surgical procedure, and risks after viewing conventional CT images and again after viewing a 3D-printed model. One involved a quasi-experimental study to assess young patients' pre-operative surgical understanding and anxiety after undergoing conventional teaching as compared to after viewing a 3D storybook. One involved questionnaires given to parents of children in control and study groups to assess the usefulness of 3D printed models compared to conventional CT images in their understanding of relevant anatomy and the surgical procedure. Another study looked at the usefulness of 3D printed models compared to 2D and 3D CT images in providing caregiver understanding during the pre-operative consent process. The last article involved studying the impact of using 3D printing to help patients understand their disease and participate in decision-making processes during surgical consultations. In all six studies, utilizing 3D technology improved transfer of information between surgical team members and their patients and families.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Our systematic review suggests that 3D modeling and printing is a useful tool for patient and family education and counselling in pediatric surgical populations. Given the very small number of published studies, further research is needed to better define the utility of this technology i","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10762981/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139089544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printing for an anterolateral thigh phalloplasty.","authors":"Maxwell W Walker, Christodoulos Kaoutzanis, Nicholas M Jacobson","doi":"10.1186/s41205-023-00200-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-023-00200-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Phalloplasty procedures are performed to create a phallus, typically as a gender-affirming surgery for treating gender dysphoria. Due to the controversial nature of this specific procedure, more innovation is needed to directly assist surgical teams in this field. As a result, surgeons are left to improvise and adapt tools created for other procedures to improve surgical outcomes. This study developed a patient-specific 3D printed model from segmented computed tomography (CT) scans to accurately represent the relevant vasculature necessary for anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap phalloplasty. The surgical procedure seeks to maintain intact vessels that derive from the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery, typically found traveling within the intermuscular septum between the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we created and printed 3D models of the leg and vasculature using two techniques: (1) a standard segmentation technique with the addition of a reference grid and (2) a bitmap method in which the total CT volume is colorized and printed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results gathered included the physician's view on the model's accuracy and visualization of relevant anatomy. Bitmap-printed models resulted in a high amount of detail, eliciting surgeons' undesirable reactions due to the excess of information. The hybrid method produced favorable results, indicating positive feasibility.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study tested the ability to accurately print a patient-specific 3D model that could represent the vasculature necessary for ALT flap procedures and potentially be used in surgical reference and planning in the future. A surgeon performing phalloplasty procedures discussed their approval of both models and their preference for grid creation and application.</p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10729406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138809333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical situations for which 3D Printing is considered an appropriate representation or extension of data contained in a medical imaging examination: vascular conditions.","authors":"Joonhyuk Lee, Seetharam C Chadalavada, Anish Ghodadra, Arafat Ali, Elsa M Arribas, Leonid Chepelev, Ciprian N Ionita, Prashanth Ravi, Justin R Ryan, Lumarie Santiago, Nicole Wake, Adnan M Sheikh, Frank J Rybicki, David H Ballard","doi":"10.1186/s41205-023-00196-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-023-00196-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Medical three-dimensional (3D) printing has demonstrated utility and value in anatomic models for vascular conditions. A writing group composed of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) Special Interest Group on 3D Printing (3DPSIG) provides appropriateness recommendations for vascular 3D printing indications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A structured literature search was conducted to identify all relevant articles using 3D printing technology associated with vascular indications. Each study was vetted by the authors and strength of evidence was assessed according to published appropriateness ratings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evidence-based recommendations for when 3D printing is appropriate are provided for the following areas: aneurysm, dissection, extremity vascular disease, other arterial diseases, acute venous thromboembolic disease, venous disorders, lymphedema, congenital vascular malformations, vascular trauma, vascular tumors, visceral vasculature for surgical planning, dialysis access, vascular research/development and modeling, and other vasculopathy. Recommendations are provided in accordance with strength of evidence of publications corresponding to each vascular condition combined with expert opinion from members of the 3DPSIG.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This consensus appropriateness ratings document, created by the members of the 3DPSIG, provides an updated reference for clinical standards of 3D printing for the care of patients with vascular conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10688120/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138464697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical situations for which 3D printing is considered an appropriate representation or extension of data contained in a medical imaging examination: neurosurgical and otolaryngologic conditions.","authors":"Arafat Ali, Jonathan M Morris, Summer J Decker, Yu-Hui Huang, Nicole Wake, Frank J Rybicki, David H Ballard","doi":"10.1186/s41205-023-00192-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-023-00192-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Medical three dimensional (3D) printing is performed for neurosurgical and otolaryngologic conditions, but without evidence-based guidance on clinical appropriateness. A writing group composed of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) Special Interest Group on 3D Printing (SIG) provides appropriateness recommendations for neurologic 3D printing conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A structured literature search was conducted to identify all relevant articles using 3D printing technology associated with neurologic and otolaryngologic conditions. Each study was vetted by the authors and strength of evidence was assessed according to published guidelines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evidence-based recommendations for when 3D printing is appropriate are provided for diseases of the calvaria and skull base, brain tumors and cerebrovascular disease. Recommendations are provided in accordance with strength of evidence of publications corresponding to each neurologic condition combined with expert opinion from members of the 3D printing SIG.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This consensus guidance document, created by the members of the 3D printing SIG, provides a reference for clinical standards of 3D printing for neurologic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10680204/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138441739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of mechanical stiffness using additive manufacturing and finite element analysis: potential tool for bone health assessment.","authors":"Sriharsha Marupudi, Qian Cao, Ravi Samala, Nicholas Petrick","doi":"10.1186/s41205-023-00197-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-023-00197-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bone health and fracture risk are known to be correlated with stiffness. Both micro-finite element analysis (μFEA) and mechanical testing of additive manufactured phantoms are useful approaches for estimating mechanical properties of trabecular bone-like structures. However, it is unclear if measurements from the two approaches are consistent. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the agreement between stiffness measurements obtained from mechanical testing of additive manufactured trabecular bone phantoms and μFEA modeling. Agreement between the two methods would suggest 3D printing is a viable method for validation of μFEA modeling.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A set of 20 lumbar vertebrae regions of interests were segmented and the corresponding trabecular bone phantoms were produced using selective laser sintering. The phantoms were mechanically tested in uniaxial compression to derive their stiffness values. The stiffness values were also derived from in silico simulation, where linear elastic μFEA was applied to simulate the same compression and boundary conditions. Bland-Altman analysis was used to evaluate agreement between the mechanical testing and μFEA simulation values. Additionally, we evaluated the fidelity of the 3D printed phantoms as well as the repeatability of the 3D printing and mechanical testing process.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed good agreement between the mechanically tested stiffness and μFEA stiffness, with R² of 0.84 and normalized root mean square deviation of 8.1%. We demonstrate that the overall trabecular bone structures are printed in high fidelity (Dice score of 0.97 (95% CI, [0.96,0.98]) and that mechanical testing is repeatable (coefficient of variation less than 5% for stiffness values from testing of duplicated phantoms). However, we noticed some defects in the resin microstructure of the 3D printed phantoms, which may account for the discrepancy between the stiffness values from simulation and mechanical testing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, the level of agreement achieved between the mechanical stiffness and μFEA indicates that our μFEA methods may be acceptable for assessing bone mechanics of complex trabecular structures as part of an analysis of overall bone health.</p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10656885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136400574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Navigating the intersection of 3D printing, software regulation and quality control for point-of-care manufacturing of personalized anatomical models.","authors":"Naomi C Paxton","doi":"10.1186/s41205-023-00194-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-023-00194-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10655442/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136400575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Staphylococcus Aureus growth on biocompatible 3D printed materials.","authors":"Nicole Senderovich,&nbsp;Sharan Shah,&nbsp;Thomas J Ow,&nbsp;Stephanie Rand,&nbsp;Joshua Nosanchuk,&nbsp;Nicole Wake","doi":"10.1186/s41205-023-00195-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-023-00195-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The customizability of 3D printing allows for the manufacturing of personalized medical devices such as laryngectomy tubes, but it is vital to establish the biocompatibility of printing materials to ensure that they are safe and durable. The goal of this study was to assess the presence of S. aureus biofilms on a variety of 3D printed materials (two surgical guide resins, a photopolymer, an elastomer, and a thermoplastic elastomer filament) as compared to standard, commercially available laryngectomy tubes.C-shaped discs (15 mm in height, 20 mm in diameter, and 3 mm in thickness) were printed with five different biocompatible 3D printing materials and S. aureus growth was compared to Shiley™ laryngectomy tubes made from polyvinyl chloride. Discs of each material were inoculated with S. aureus cultures and incubated overnight. All materials were then removed from solution, washed in phosphate-buffered saline to remove planktonic bacteria, and sonicated to detach biofilms. Some solution from each disc was plated and colony-forming units were manually counted the following day. The resulting data was analyzed using a Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test to determine pairwise significance between the laryngectomy tube material and the 3D printed materials.The Shiley™ tube grew a median of 320 colonies (IQR 140-520), one surgical guide resin grew a median of 640 colonies (IQR 356-920), the photopolymer grew a median of 340 colonies (IQR 95.5-739), the other surgical guide resin grew a median of 431 colonies (IQR 266.5-735), the thermoplastic elastomer filament grew a median of 188 colonies (IQR 113.5-335), and the elastomer grew a median of 478 colonies (IQR 271-630). Using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, manual quantification showed a significant difference between biofilm formation only between the Shiley™ tube and a surgical guide resin (p = 0.018).This preliminary study demonstrates that bacterial colonization was comparable among most 3D printed materials as compared to the conventionally manufactured device. Continuation of this work with increased replicates will be necessary to determine which 3D printing materials optimally resist biofilm formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10621153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71429631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a 3D-printed, patient-specific stereotactic system for bihemispheric deep brain stimulation.","authors":"Patrick Knorr, Dirk Winkler, Fabian Kropla, Robert Möbius, Marcel Müller, Sebastian Scholz, Ronny Grunert","doi":"10.1186/s41205-023-00193-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-023-00193-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the project was to develop a patient-specific stereotactic system that allows simultaneous and thus time-saving treatment of both cerebral hemispheres and that contains all spatial axes and can be used as a disposable product. Furthermore, the goal was to reduce the size and weight of the stereotactic system compared to conventional systems to keep the strain on the patient, who is awake during the operation, to a minimum. In addition, the currently mandatory computed tomography should be avoided in order not to expose the patient to harmful X-ray radiation as well as to eliminate errors in the fusion of CT and MRI data.3D printing best meets the requirements in terms of size and weight: on the one hand, the use of plastic has considerable potential for weight reduction. On the other hand, the free choice of the individual components offers the possibility to optimize the size and shape of the stereotactic system and to adapt it to the individual circumstances while maintaining the same precision. The all-in-one stereotactic system was produced by means of the Multi Jet Fusion process. As a result, the components are highly precise, stable in use, lightweight and sterilizable. The number of individual components and interfaces, which in their interaction are potential sources of error, was significantly reduced. In addition, on-site manufacturing leads to faster availability of the system.Within the project, a patient-specific stereotaxy system was developed, printed, and assembled, which enables the execution of deep brain stimulation via only three bone anchors located on the skull. Pre-developed MRI markers, which can be screwed directly onto the bone anchors via the sleeves, eliminate the need for a CT scan completely. The fusion of the data, which is no longer required, suggests an improvement in target accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10571275/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41221520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}