Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research最新文献

{"title":"Recycling waste nitrile rubber (NBR) and improving mechanical properties of Re-vulcanized rubber by an efficient chemo-mechanical devulcanization","authors":"Mohammad Amin Ghowsi,&nbsp;Masoud Jamshidi","doi":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Waste rubbers are environmental pollutants that could not be easily recycled. Devulcanization (i.e. as a reverse process of rubber vulcanization) is considered as a promising method for recycling of rubber wastes. In this study, a simple and effective chemo-mechanical devulcanization for waste nitrile rubber (WNBR) was introduced and compared to the mechanical, thermo-chemo-mechanical and radio-chemo-mechanical methods. The mechanical stress was applied to crumbed waste rubbers using a two roll mill in presence of different chemical agents (i.e. <em>N</em>-cyclohexyl-2- benzothiazole sulfonamide (CBS), tetra methyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD), diphenyl disulfide (DPDS), VitaX and a mixture of VitaX and DPDS). The sheet formation time on two roll mill, crosslink density (CLD) and sol/gel contents of waste rubber powders were measured before and after devulcanization. The devulcanized rubbers were characterized using TGA, DSC and GPC analysis. Finally, the properties of devulcanized nitrile rubber (i.e. the tensile, hardness and curing properties) were evaluated and compared to pristine NBR. It was found that VitaX is the most efficient chemical agent among the chemical agents. It caused 43, 87 and 98% decrement in the sheet formation time of chemo-mechanically, thermo-chemo-mechanically and radio-chemo-mechanically devulcanized samples compared to the mechanically devulcanized NBR, respectively. The samples also showed 24, 33 and 100% increment in the sol content, devulcanization percent and tensile strength compared to the mechanically devulcanized NBR, respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7186,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 255-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44499272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manufacturing of biodegradable Flax-PLA curvatures using a unique vacuum-temperature profile","authors":"S.M.R. Kazmi ,&nbsp;K. Jayaraman ,&nbsp;R. Das","doi":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this research, the manufacturing of completely biodegradable composites with a unique single-step sheet consolidation method was discussed. Layers of unidirectional, coarse twill, and fine twill flax; and poly lactic acid (PLA) were used as the material system to manufacture cylindrical and spherical composite half-shells. The three processing parameters were vacuum pressure, temperature and time. Thickness, mass fraction, tensile strength, shear strength, shape conformance and biodegradability of the manufactured composites were experimentally determined. The composite specimens’ cross-sections were also observed under an optical microscope, to assess, the consolidation quality of the manufactured composites, that was represented by the composite thickness, and primarily governed by the polymer viscosity, and the transverse and in-plane fibre reinforcement permeability. Biodegradable Flax-PLA composites were successfully consolidated, within 5% tolerance of the targeted mass fractions and thickness values, conforming within 8% tolerance to the shape of the mould. The highest achieved shear strength, flexural modulus, tensile strength and elastic modulus, were 22 MPa, 19.9 GPa, 179 MPa and 19.5 GPa, respectively. This research will be valuable to develop, flat and curved biodegradable composites, for one-off or small scale productions, at a relatively low capital cost.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7186,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 265-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45176795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic- and light-responsive shape memory polymer nanocomposites from bio-based benzoxazine resin and iron oxide nanoparticles","authors":"Sitanan Leungpuangkaew ,&nbsp;Lunjakorn Amornkitbamrung ,&nbsp;Nathcha Phetnoi ,&nbsp;Chaweewan Sapcharoenkun ,&nbsp;Chanchira Jubsilp ,&nbsp;Sanong Ekgasit ,&nbsp;Sarawut Rimdusit","doi":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a class of smart materials that can be programmed to recover from temporary shape to permanent shape by applying external stimuli (temperature, magnetic field, light, electric field, and moisture, etc.). This unique property of SMPs makes them an appealing candidate in application for soft robotics, such as smart actuators, artificial muscles, and biomedical devices. In this contribution, we have developed multi-stimuli-responsive SMPs from bio-based benzoxazine resin and iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ NPs) that could be actuated by magnetic field and light. The nanocomposites were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, in which molecular interaction between benzoxazine/epoxy copolymers and Fe₃O₄ NPs was observed. Effects of nanoparticle content (0–5 wt%) on magnetic, mechanical, thermal, and thermo-mechanical properties of nanocomposites were investigated. Shape memory performance of nanocomposites was significantly improved with incorporation of Fe₃O₄ NPs. Shape fixity increased from 85% of neat copolymers to 93% of copolymers filled with 3 wt% Fe₃O₄ NPs, while shape recovery increased from 94% to 98%. Moreover, shape fixity could be done without external force contact by 808 nm-light actuation and magnetic attraction, due to photothermal and magnetic properties of nanocomposites. Shape recovery was tested under actuation by magnetic field. The highest shape recovery ratio was 99% within 26 s for copolymers filled with 5 wt% Fe₃O₄ NPs. Lastly, preliminary application of nanocomposites was demonstrated as they could push a 1 g-object within 10 s of actuation by magnetic field. In overall, these nanocomposites with multi-stimuli-responsive shape memory property had a good potential to be applied for soft robotics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7186,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 215-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42491783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in the devulcanization technologies of industrially relevant sulfur-vulcanized elastomers","authors":"Andrea Dorigato,&nbsp;Daniele Rigotti,&nbsp;Giulia Fredi","doi":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The interesting thermomechanical properties of rubber materials have favored their widespread application in many fields, with a consequent increase in the amount of worn synthetic and natural rubber discarded every year. However, the complex three-dimensional molecular structure of rubber complicates the recycling and degradation process, and the current rubber waste management measures (i.e., landfilling, incineration, rubber grinding) are found to be unsustainable or substantially inadequate. On the other hand, devulcanization technologies, thanks to the selective cleavage of crosslinks, represent a sustainable and feasible approach to obtain a material that can be reintroduced into the rubber value chain or reused in novel eco-sustainable thermoplastic or elastomeric blends. Hence, this review provides an overview of the current rubber waste management techniques and devulcanization technologies, highlighting the underlying devulcanization mechanisms, describing the pros and cons of each method, and presenting some literature examples. Since most of the research on devulcanization has been made on waste tires, this review mainly focuses on the most widely used rubber classes for this application, i.e., natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and the most common vulcanization technique, i.e., sulfur vulcanization. Considering the importance of the application of a circular economy approach, this work also reviews the applications of rubber devulcanizates, focusing on how devulcanized rubber can be compounded with different polymeric matrices to develop eco-sustainable polymer blends with suitable physical properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7186,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 288-309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47049046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compatibility issues in high voltage DC cable insulation development","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the last decade, growing efforts were made to replace crosslinked XLPE insulations with thermoplastic ones in high-voltage DC cables. The main reason for these development projects is the injection and trapping of charge carriers under DC conditions, leading to a field distribution within the insulation layer different from HVAC cables. Thermoplastic cable insulation is favorable in many respects, except for its thermal stability. So far, HDPE/LDPE and binary or ternary PP-based blends have been tried. The former offers a limited advantage in heat resistance, while the latter is too hard at high PP contents and loses thermomechanical properties at high elastomer contents. In this paper, the compatibility of binary polyolefin blends is first briefly reviewed; then, the cable-specific properties are presented together with examples taken from the literature. Deep trap formation, low conductivity, and optimum breakdown properties are observed in HDPE/LDPE blends under specific crystallization conditions where a fine-grained structure is formed. It results in a proper concentration of the traps, but these are not accumulated at the spherulite boundaries. Trap density and energy are also modulated by the relaxation processes. The future belongs to the PP-based blends, where several compatibilizing agents (copolymers, elastomers, <em>in situ</em> reactions) have been tried to find the balance between electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. In these materials, again, fine, close to co-continuous structures should be achieved to reach the required properties, but the aromatic and polar comonomer content also contributes to the formation of deep traps in relatively uniform distribution. The PP phase must remain continuous to maintain the necessary thermomechanical properties above the Tg of the soft components.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7186,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research","volume":"7 4","pages":"Pages 454-465"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542504823000374/pdfft?md5=b174463ef9ceac61ddb4bb40f8113b17&pid=1-s2.0-S2542504823000374-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49638196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gallic acid-iron complex modified magnesium hydroxide and its effect on flame retardancy of EVA","authors":"Tao Wang ,&nbsp;Dong-Wei Yao ,&nbsp;Guang-Zhong Yin ,&nbsp;Yan Jiang ,&nbsp;Na Wang ,&nbsp;De-Yi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, a green method of modifying high flame retardant and high mechanical properties MH was proposed, gallic acid (GA)-Fe³⁺ complex was employed to modify the surface of magnesium hydroxide (MH), aiming to achieve novel functionalized MH-based flame retardant for ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). The structural and morphological characterization of the newly designed flame retardant were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope and X-ray Diffraction. The flame retardancy of EVA, EVA/MH, EVA/MH@Fe-GA was investigated via Limiting oxygen index, UL-94 vertical combustion tests, and cone calorimeter test. The LOI and UL94 results showed that EVA/MH@Fe-GA (01) achieved an LOI of 38.5% and UL-94 passed the V-0 grade. The CCT results showed that compared with neat EVA, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) of EVA/MH@Fe-GA decreased by 90.83%, and TSP decreased by 86%, as compared to neat EVA. The mechanical properties of EVA/MH, EVA/MH@Fe-GA were investigated via tensile and impact tests. Compared with EVA/MH, MH@GA-Fe shows good tensile property and impact resistance, the impact strength of EVA/MH@Fe-GA increased by more than 28%, and the elongation at break increased by 145%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7186,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 172-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44492246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites with transition metal (MgCoAl, MgNiAl, MgCuAl, MgZnAl) layered double hydroxides (t-LDHs): Flammability, thermal and mechanical analysis","authors":"Sajid Naseem ,&nbsp;Sven Wießner ,&nbsp;Ines Kühnert ,&nbsp;Frederick J.W.J. Labuschagné ,&nbsp;Andreas Leuteritz","doi":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the last few years, transition metal based LDHs are drawing more and more attention. This is especially true for tri-metal LDHs due to their wide range of applications. This research work highlights four types of tri-metal layered double hydroxide (t-LDH) that were synthesized and used in polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites. The effect and interaction of cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) containing MgAl LDHs in PP nanocomposite were prepared and tested. These t-LDHs (MgCoAl, MgNiAl, MgCuAl, MgZnAl) were synthesized using the urea hydrolysis method. The t-LDH/PP nanocomposites were prepared using melt mixing in a small-scale compounder. Structural and morphological analysis of t-LDH and their PP nanocomposites were done using XRD spectroscopy and SEM. The thermal behaviour of the nanocomposites was studied using DSC and TGA. Rheological analysis was done using a rheometer, flammability was analysed using limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL94 testing. Mechanical properties were compared by a UTM and Charpy impact test. The thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanical strength are increased with the addition of these t-LDHs. MgCuAl/PP nanocomposites showed superior thermal and mechanical properties as compared to MgAl/PP, MgCoAl/PP, MgNiAl/PP, MgZnAl/PP nanocomposites. In comparison to pure PP with the addition of only 5 wt.% of MgCuAl-LDH the degradation temperature was 43 °C higher.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7186,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 203-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49339512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-based flame retardants to polymers: A review","authors":"Meiting Wang ,&nbsp;Guang-Zhong Yin ,&nbsp;Yuan Yang ,&nbsp;Wanlu Fu ,&nbsp;José Luis Díaz Palencia ,&nbsp;Junhuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Na Wang ,&nbsp;Yan Jiang ,&nbsp;De-Yi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to environmental concerns, some of the conventional halogenated flame retardants have been banned. In this context, both the industrial and academics have made efforts to develop more eco-friendly and sustainable flame retardant materials. Among new flame retardants, bio-based groups have attracted plenty of attention. In this review, varied types of bio-based flame retardants are systematically described, including the structural characteristics, flame retardant behaviors, and an overview of flame retardant mechanism. Recent research progress on various bio-based materials such as flame retardants (e.g., chitosan, lignin, phytic acid, polydopamine, Tannic acid, β-cyclodextrin, etc.) applied to different polymers are adequately summarized. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for the future development of bio-based flame retardants are briefly outlooked.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7186,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 132-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46119404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ignition and burning of selected tree species from tropical and northern temperate zones","authors":"Linda Makovicka Osvaldova ,&nbsp;Katarina Kosutova ,&nbsp;Seng Hua Lee ,&nbsp;Widya Fatriasari","doi":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wood is a combustible material. Not all types of wood, however, react to ignition and burning the same way. This can vary significantly depending on the type of wood, because the physical structure (morphology), density, as well as chemical composition of the wood can significantly affect its fire behavior. In this study, eight different types of tree species, four from the northern temperate zone and four from the tropical zone, were studied to determine their fire behavior. The results show different behaviors in all the species studied. It was found that although there is some correlation between density and positive fire behavior, these factors are not always determining.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7186,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 195-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41257395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of sustainable flame retarded polypropylene by using waste material","authors":"Federico Ulisse,&nbsp;Carlo Boaretti,&nbsp;Martina Roso,&nbsp;Michele Modesti,&nbsp;Alessandra Lorenzetti","doi":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of a waste material as flame retardant for polypropylene (PP), i.e. flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, has been studied. FGD gypsum has been used alone or in combination with melamine cyanurate (MC) and a phosphate ester (SolDP), which acts also as polymer plasticizer. Several formulations have been investigated in order to obtain UL94-V2 rated PP at 3.2 mm thickness.</p><p>The results have demonstrated that 20 wt% of FGD is the optimal amount to be used together with 15 wt% MC and 3 wt% SolDP to get UL94-V2 PP material. The flame retardancy action of MC and SolDP can be, indeed, further strengthen by the presence of FGD filler, which is essential to guarantee the good fire reaction obtained. The results have also shown that the control of the dripping phenomena is essential and therefore a suitable plasticizer, acting also as flame retardant, shall be used in this system. The content of the plasticizer shall be optimized since, from one side, it favours dripping but, on the other side, it tends to decrease the heat stability of the polymeric matrix when used at high content (&gt;5%). Finally, a synergy between this phosphate ester plasticizer and MC has also been revealed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7186,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 165-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45033987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}