Metallurgist最新文献

{"title":"Refining fluxes for steel desulfurization","authors":"V. A. Salina,&nbsp;A. S. Vusikhis,&nbsp;L. I. Leont’ev","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02093-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02093-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines the influence of refining fluxes (fluorite, boron oxide, and aluminothermic ferroalloy production slag) on the physicochemical properties of the melts. Examples illustrate the use of CaF₂ to improve the refining properties of slag at metallurgical plants, alongside its associated drawbacks. Several studies examining the replacement of CaF₂ with B₂O₃ are reviewed, detailing its impact on viscosity, liquidus temperature, melt structure, thermal conductivity, and the degree of steel desulfurization. One alternative fluidizer for refining slags is Al₂O₃, which positively influences the fluidity and desulfurization capacity of CaO–SiO₂-based slags. Experimental heats were conducted using a solid slag mixture containing 58% Al₂O₃, 26% CaO, and 0.4% FeO at the ArcelorMittal Temirtau plant. The optimal consumption rate for this mixture was determined to be 0.7–1 kg per ton of steel.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 11","pages":"1657 - 1664"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic analysis of sulfur behavior during interaction with copper smelting slag","authors":"A. A. Komkov,&nbsp;I. P. Plotnikov,&nbsp;S. V. Bystrov,&nbsp;V. D. Khakhalin","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02085-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02085-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The paper presents the results of a thermodynamic analysis of the distribution of sulfur and copper during the interaction of elemental sulfur with copper smelting slags based on the developed mathematical model and algorithm for its implementation. The model is based on the assumption that at each moment of time when elemental sulfur is fed to the melt, a thermodynamic equilibrium is established between the slag and the gas phase, as well as between the slag, matte (when it appears in the system), and the gas phase. The model consists of two consecutive calculation blocks. The first block describes the distribution of components at the stage of slag sulfidation without the formation of a sulfide phase. The second block describes the distribution of components during slag sulfidation with the formation of a sulfide phase. The satisfactory agreement was shown between the calculated and experimental data obtained during sulfidation of commercial copper smelting slags in the laboratory at a temperature of 1300 °C and elementary sulfur consumption of 3–21% of the mass of the initial slag. Model-based calculations confirmed the high percentage of sulfur released into the gas phase (more than 40%) obtained in laboratory experiments during sulfidation of slag with elemental sulfur without the use of a reducing agent. To analyze the effect of the redox potential on the parameters of slag sulfidation with elemental sulfur, calculations were carried out at different fixed values of CO/CO₂ ratio in the gas phase ranging from 0.15 to 2. It was shown that at increased CO/CO₂ ratios (~ 0.5–0.6), the release of sulfur into the gas phase sharply decreases, while the matte yield increases. The absorption of sulfur by the melt exceeds 98%. The obtained results can be used to select process conditions of depleting copper smelting slags by sulfidation with elemental sulfur.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 10","pages":"1575 - 1586"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selection of punch radius for air bending of sheet metal to prevent contact surface crushing","authors":"A. O. Karfidov,&nbsp;O. A. Kobelev,&nbsp;N. A. Chichenev,&nbsp;O. N. Chicheneva,&nbsp;Yu. A. Morozov,&nbsp;K. N. Solomonov","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02084-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02084-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air bending is widely used in the low-volume or custom manufacturing of thin-walled enclosures for small devices. This process involves maintaining an air gap between the sheet metal and the walls of a V-shaped die. In the process of V‑bending, the technological tooling can leave marks on the surface of the deformed part, such as dents, scratches, and other defects. In order to avoid damage to the surface of the metal sheet by the technological tooling during V‑bending, the maximum contact stresses (σ_con) generated by the punch acting on the sheet material should not exceed the permissible crushing stress (σ_cr). In this study, the permissible crushing stress (σ_cr) was calculated using a formula based on the material’s yield strength and ultimate strength during deformation. To determine the maximum contact stresses (σ_con) during the elastic contact between a cylinder and a plane, which is characteristic of the initial stage of air bending, the Hertz-Belyaev approach was used, while the deformation force was calculated using a standard formula from the sheet metal forming theory. An expression was derived to determine the permissible punch radius, i.e., the minimum radius required to prevent the surface of the deformed metal from crushing. As a result of performed calculations, the relationships between the permissible punch radius (<i>R</i>_p), thickness of the sheet material, and distance between the working edges (groove width) of the die were obtained. The proposed methodology was successfully applied to develop technologies for step bending of thin sheet metal made of low-carbon and corrosion-resistant steels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 10","pages":"1567 - 1574"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure, texture, and property characteristics of high-strength K65–K80 grade pipes for next-generation gas pipelines","authors":"I. Yu. Pyshmintsev,&nbsp;A. M. Arsenkin,&nbsp;S. D. Stolbov,&nbsp;A. N. Makovetsky,&nbsp;T. S. Esiev,&nbsp;A. B. Arabey","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02073-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02073-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the microstructure, texture, and properties of high-strength K70 and K80 steel pipes that were subjected to full-scale pneumatic testing. The testing was done to evaluate the suitability of the pipes for next-generation gas trunk pipelines that operate at a pressure of 14.7 MPa (150 atm). The results are compared with previously accumulated data on K65 grade pipes, which were developed for and used in the construction of the Bovanenkovo–Ukhta gas pipeline, which was designed to operate at an elevated pressure of 11.8 MPa (120 atm). A characteristic feature of fracture in pipe base metal with insufficient crack resistance includes a limited plastic deformation zone, a relatively low degree of deformation at the fracture point, and numerous splittings along the rolling plane on the fracture surface. This fracture mode involves uncontrolled crack propagation along the pipe string under high test pressure and is linked to these microstructural characteristics. Despite its high impact toughness values, the K80 grade pipe steel, which has higher strength but significantly lower ductility than the K70 grade, does not effectively arrest running cracks. This study investigated how structural banding and texture characteristics influence the propensity for splitting formation upon fracture in a series of experimental pipes from both strength classes. The results suggest that increasing the intensity of the rotated-cube texture component decreases the toughness measured by instrumented drop-weight tests. Additionally, deformation zone characteristics from full-scale field tests with those from drop-weight tear test specimens for the examined strength grades were compared. Analysis revealed that K80 pipe metal exhibits the least plastic deformation and consequently the lowest fracture energy. In contrast, the K65 and K70 grades demonstrate significantly higher values for these characteristics, confirming their suitability for high-pressure gas pipeline construction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 10","pages":"1465 - 1476"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of cold straightening on the flatness and mechanical properties of K60 plate produced on a 5000 mill","authors":"Alena S. Morshchakova,&nbsp;Margarit A. Tovmasyan,&nbsp;Maksim V. Samokhvalov,&nbsp;Sergey M. Gorbatyuk,&nbsp;Dmitry V. Kudashov,&nbsp;Alena A. Ibragimova","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02078-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02078-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The paper examines the specifics of the cold straightening process for K60 plate produced on a 5000 mill. The stress–strain state of the strip during cold straightening is evaluated, and the effect of cold straightening on the mechanical properties of the finished plates is analyzed. The relationship between plate ductility and straightening temperature and intensity is established.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 10","pages":"1515 - 1523"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of wear-resistant antifriction coatings from MAX phases Cr2AlC and Ti2AlC on chromium alloy VKh1-17A and titanium alloy VT20","authors":"Alexander E. Kudryashov,&nbsp;Evgeniya I. Zamulaeva,&nbsp;Samat K. Mukanov,&nbsp;Mikhail I. Petrzhik,&nbsp;Evgeniy A. Levashov","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02103-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02103-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The composition, mass transfer behavior, structure and properties of electrospark coatings produced on chromium alloy VKh1-17A and titanium alloy VT20 using Cr₂AlC and Ti₂AlC electrodes were studied. It was found that electrospark deposition (ESD) with a Cr₂AlC electrode forms MAX phases on both the chromium alloy and the titanium alloy. When a Ti₂AlC electrode is used, the MAX phase in the coating is observed on the chromium alloy. Vacuum annealing at 800 °C for 1 h increases the MAX-phase content in the coatings. The coatings on the chromium alloy are characterized by hardness <i>H</i> = 20.3 GPa and elastic modulus <i>E</i> = 288 GPa when a Cr₂AlC electrode is used, and by <i>H</i> = 24.8 GPa and <i>E</i> = 285 GPa when a Ti₂AlC electrode is used. The coatings on the titanium alloy have <i>H</i> = 17.6 GPa and <i>E</i> = 271 GPa when a Cr₂AlC electrode is used and <i>H</i> = 21.2 GPa and <i>E</i> = 267 GPa when a Ti₂AlC electrode is used. The coatings are fully (100%) continuous, up to 20 µm thick, and exhibit low coefficients of friction (<i>K</i>_fr &lt; 0.25). The use of ESD and MAX-phase electrodes increases the hardness by more than a factor of 3.6, the wear resistance by more than a factor of 20, and the oxidation resistance by more than a factor of 1.4.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 11","pages":"1754 - 1767"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative analysis of porosity in a TiAl alloy of the Ti–Al–V–Nb–Cr–Gd system produced by selective electron beam melting and hot isostatic pressing","authors":"P. V. Panin,&nbsp;I. A. Bogachev,&nbsp;A. V. Smirnov,&nbsp;E. A. Lukina","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02100-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02100-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The authors have carried out a comparative analysis of the capabilities of various methods for assessing porosity of 3D-printed samples of a new six-component intermetallic beta-solidifying TiAl alloy Ti–44.5Al–2V–1Nb–2Cr–0.1Gd, at. % (Ti–31.0Al–2.5 V–2.5Nb–2.5Cr–0.4Gd, wt. %) after selective electron beam melting (SEBM) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP). A satisfactory agreement between the optical microscopy (OM) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) results has been shown. It was established that without specifying individual technological parameters of the SEBM process to form contours of the parts (samples), the thickness of the most defective surface layers may reach 2.0 mm. It was demonstrated that HIP treatment in the temperature range of the single α phase field (above the γ‑solvus temperature) leads to an almost complete elimination of residual porosity (to a level of 0.01 vol. % and less).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 11","pages":"1729 - 1737"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Welding with flux-cored wire containing a thermite additive","authors":"Oleg N. Komarov,&nbsp;Sergey N. Khimukhin,&nbsp;Kseniia P. Eremina","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02104-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02104-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effect of a flux-cored welding wire based on thermite mixture (Al, Fe₂O₃) containing ferroalloy additions (FeMn, FeSi) on the structure and properties of welded joints in St3sp steel sheets was investigated. Welding parameters that allow welded joints to meet GOST requirements were identified. The structure and properties of the joints were examined by metallography using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray microanalysis. The welds were free of defects, and the fusion zone exhibited a ferrite–pearlite microstructure. Fractographic examination showed mixed brittle–ductile fracture in all specimens, with nonmetallic inclusions (NMIs) present on the fracture surface. No differences were found in NMI composition or size between the brittle and ductile regions of the fracture surface. NMIs were studied on transverse sections of the fusion zone, which was preliminarily divided into four height segments, while all inclusions were classified into four size groups. All inclusions were rounded and contained alumina; the maximum inclusion diameter reached 70 μm. The highest inclusion density was observed in the upper segment of the fusion zone, mainly due to large exogenous inclusions formed with the participation of the flux. Endogenous inclusions up to 10 μm in size were high-alumina and contained Mn, Si, and Fe.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 11","pages":"1768 - 1775"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the charge composition on the technological properties of steel SP90N3M powder mixture","authors":"J. V. Eremeeva,&nbsp;Yu. S. Ter-Vaganyants,&nbsp;T. Yu. Skakova,&nbsp;O. V. Korznikov","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02083-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02083-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study discusses the effect of initial powder materials, as well as lubricants-plasticizers (e.g., nickel stearate and copper stearate) on the technological properties of the tested powder mixture. A comparative analysis of the technological properties of steel SP90N3M powders, produced based on iron powder PZhRV 2.200.28 and diffusion-alloyed powder PL-N3M, was carried out. The technological properties of the powder mixture based on diffusion-alloyed powder are higher compared to the mixture obtained from elemental powders. When studying the effect of lubricants-plasticizers on the technological properties of steel SP90N3M powder charge, it was found that the introduction of nickel or copper stearates leads to an improvement in the compactability of steel powder. The most rational amount of these lubricant-plasticizers is 0.5 wt. %, since higher contents lead to worsened fluidity and reduced bending strength of the green compacts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 10","pages":"1560 - 1566"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of temperature conditions during exothermic remelting of thermite charges on the strength of iron-aluminum alloys","authors":"Sergey G. Zhilin,&nbsp;Valery V. Predein,&nbsp;Vilena A. Khudyakova,&nbsp;Nina A. Bogdanova","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02102-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02102-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Owing to their wear resistance and high corrosion resistance, iron-aluminum intermetallic alloys are used in aircraft engineering, shipbuilding, and mechanical engineering, mainly as protective coatings for structural components operating at elevated temperatures or in corrosive media. Interest in these alloys is largely driven by the wide availability and relatively low cost of their constituent elements. However, multistage, complex routes required to develop the target microstructure and properties, along with the costly equipment involved, hinder the wider adoption of binary iron-aluminum alloys and limit the range of products made from them. A potential alternative to conventional production routes for Fe-Al alloys is the single-stage exothermic remelting of thermite charges composed of fractions of an aluminum-containing alloy mixed with metallurgical mill scale. This approach not only enables the recycling of hard-to-utilize industrial by-products, but also makes it possible to produce fully intermetallic components. A series of preliminary experiments demonstrated that several process parameters of exothermic remelting can be controlled, thereby affecting the final alloy chemistry, microstructure, and microhardness. The novelty of this work lies in evaluating the combined effect of the thermite-charge component ratio and the process temperature conditions on the compressive strength and fracture behavior of specimens produced from experimental iron-aluminum alloys.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 11","pages":"1746 - 1753"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}