Acta Hydrochimica Et Hydrobiologica最新文献

{"title":"The German Water Chemical Society: Actual Trends and Fields of Research in the Principle Committee “Basic Research”","authors":"W. Calmano, U. Bilitewski, H. Flemming, T. Hofmann, S. Peiffer, T. Ternes, R. Wilken","doi":"10.1002/1521-401X(200112)29:6/7<419::AID-AHEH419>3.0.CO;2-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-401X(200112)29:6/7<419::AID-AHEH419>3.0.CO;2-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7010,"journal":{"name":"Acta Hydrochimica Et Hydrobiologica","volume":"1 1","pages":"419-427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91528190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modern Approaches To Evaluate Water QualityRepresenting the principle committee “Water Ingredients and Water Quality” of the German Water Chemical Society — Division of the German Chemical Society.","authors":"U. Obst","doi":"10.1002/1521-401x(200112)29:6/7<412::aid-aheh412>3.0.co;2-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-401x(200112)29:6/7<412::aid-aheh412>3.0.co;2-y","url":null,"abstract":"Currently there is a new approach to a biological evaluation of surface water which is also fixed in the new European Guideline for Water Quality. However, the parameters defined by the regulation such as survey of the makrozoobenthos are retrospective and cannot mostly be correlated with a specific (chemical) pollution causing the effects. Moreover, those parameters do not deliver insight either in the concerned biological mechanisms or in toxicological kinetics and dynamics. That is why the principle committee “Water Ingredients and Water Quality” is dealing with new approaches to evaluate water quality and potential links between chemical and biological monitoring strategies. In particular, the principle committee considers assays detecting biological effects on the molecular and cellular level as a chance to complete the significance of the methods commonly used. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Moderne Ansatze zur Bewertung der Wasserqualitat \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000In neuerer Zeit findet eine Wiederannaherung an die biologische Bewertung von Oberflachenwasser statt, die auch Eingang in die Europaische Rahmenrichtlinie fur Wasserqualitat gefunden hat. Die in der Verordnung festgelegten Parameter wie Inspektion des Makrozoobenthos sind jedoch retrospektiv und konnen zudem meist nicht mit den die Schaden verursachenden Kontaminanten korreliert werden. Daruber hinaus erlauben diese Parameter keine Einsicht in toxikokinetische und — dynamische Prozesse. Deshalb beschaftigt sich der Hauptausschuss II “Stoffe und Gewassergute” mit neuen Ansatzen zur Bewertung der Wasserqualitat und moglichen Verbindungen zwischen chemischen und biologischen Uberwachungsstrategien. Der Ausschuss betrachtet insbesondere die Moglichkeit, biologische Wirkungen auf molekularer und zellularer Ebene nachzuweisen, als Chance, die Aussagekraft der konventionellen Methoden zu erganzen.","PeriodicalId":7010,"journal":{"name":"Acta Hydrochimica Et Hydrobiologica","volume":"14 1","pages":"412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86913967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ambiguous Ecological Control by Dissolved Humic Matter (DHM) and Natural Organic Matter (NOM): Trade‐offs between Specific and Non‐specific Effects","authors":"C. Steinberg, R. Brüggemann","doi":"10.1002/1521-401X(200112)29:6/7<399::AID-AHEH399>3.0.CO;2-F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-401X(200112)29:6/7<399::AID-AHEH399>3.0.CO;2-F","url":null,"abstract":"Several papers report on obviously contradictory biological and ecological effects of humic substances (and NOM). For instances, growth promotion as well as growth inhibition of algae and macrophytes, promotion as well as inhibition of net-heterotrophy in non-eutrophic lakes, promotion as well as inhibition of reproduction of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, are reported. If one takes direct effects of humic substances (and NOM) on aquatic organisms into account that are supported by increasing empirical evidence, these obvious contradictions can be solved as trade-offs between specific and non-specific effects. For instance, net-heterotrophy in non-eutrophic lakes can be considered as (weak) inhibition of photosynthesis of algae and macrophytes (specific effect) and simultaneous promotion of heterotrophic growth (non-specific effect). If net-autotrophy predominates, a positive feed-back effect of bacteria on algae, based on growth promoting substances can be observed. These assumptions are based on recent experimental laboratory findings that include even quantitative structure activity relationships. Two more contradictory effects of humic substances (and NOM) from reports are discussed with respect to trade-offs between specific and non-specific effects: reduction/increase of adverse mineral acid effects on invertebrates as well as effects of lipophilic chemicals upon invertebrates and fishes. We present a simple concept model that is based on specific and non-specific effects of humic substances and NOM towards aquatic organisms. Applying this model to hormone-like effects of humic substances and NOM upon the nematode C. elegans, we show that both effects inhibitory and promoting can qualitatively be predicted.","PeriodicalId":7010,"journal":{"name":"Acta Hydrochimica Et Hydrobiologica","volume":"33 1","pages":"399-411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74486011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sources of Water Salinities in the Jordan Valley Area/Jordan","authors":"E. Salameh","doi":"10.1002/1521-401X(200112)29:6/7<329::AID-AHEH329>3.0.CO;2-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-401X(200112)29:6/7<329::AID-AHEH329>3.0.CO;2-6","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its history, development of its hydrologic regime, recharge-discharge mechanisms, geologic formations, and development of its hydrodynamic pattern, the groundwater resources of the Jordan Valley show a very wide range of chemistries. In this paper the groundwater hydrochemistries are studied along profiles extending N-S along the Jordan Valley escarpment and the Jordan Valley itself and along profiles extending from the eastern escarpment to the Jordan River. Hydrochemical end members are identified and the sources of water salinization are defined. It was found that the evaporites within the Jurassic and Triassic rocks are the main contributors to the salinization of groundwater entering the Jordan Valley laterally, from its eastern side, and that the deposits of the ancestors of the Dead Sea; the Lisan Lake (Lisan deposits) are the main contributors to water salinities within the Jordan Valley itself. The Jurassic and Triassic evaporites contribute with NaCI and CaSO 4 salts to the groundwater. Whereas, the Lisan deposits contribute with NaCI, CaSO 4 and moderately, in a few localities with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ chlorides.","PeriodicalId":7010,"journal":{"name":"Acta Hydrochimica Et Hydrobiologica","volume":"1 1","pages":"329-362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90712143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zielvorgaben für Pflanzenschutzmittelwirkstoffe und andere Schadstoffe in Oberflächengewässern","authors":"J. Jahnel, C. Zwiener, T. Gremm, G. Abbt-Braun, F. Frimmel, C. Kussatz, D. Schudoma, W. Rocker","doi":"10.1002/1521-401X(200111)29:4<246::AID-AHEH246>3.0.CO;2-N","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-401X(200111)29:4<246::AID-AHEH246>3.0.CO;2-N","url":null,"abstract":"In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden fur ausgewahlte gefahrliche Stoffe Vorschlage fur Zielvorgaben zum Schutz der aquatischen Lebensgemeinschaften erarbeitet. Die vorgeschlagenen Zielvorgaben wurden auf der Grundlage der Leitlinien zur Ableitung von Zielvorgaben der Internationalen Kommission zum Schutze des Rheins (IKSR) ermittelt. Zur Ableitung einer Zielvorgabe sollten im Regelfall okotoxikologische Untersuchungen aus vier Trophiestufen der Gewasserbiozonose mit den typischen Vertretern Bakterien, Algen, Kleinkrebse und Fische herangezogen werden. Die Wirkungsdaten wurden in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Umweltbundesamt (UBA) okotoxikologischen Datenbanken entnommen. Um der Unsicherheit der Ubertragung der an wenigen Organismenarten gewonnenen Laborergebnisse auf reale Gewasserverhaltnisse Rechnung zu tragen, wurde das niedrigste akute bzw. langerfristige Testergebnis fur die empfindlichste Art mit einem Ausgleichsfaktor multipliziert. Fur sieben Pestizide wurden Zielvorgaben vorgeschlagen, die unterhalb einer Konzentration von 0.1 μg/L liegen. Demnach sind die okotoxikologisch basierten Vorgaben noch strenger als der nach der Trinkwasserverordnung vorgesehene generelle Grenzwert fur Pestizide von 0.1 μg/L. Andererseits wurden fur die uberwiegende Anzahl der betrachteten Stoffe hohere Werte abgeleitet. Die grose Spannbreite der Werte fur die Zielvorgaben zeigt sehr deutlich, dass gerade bei der Stoffgruppe der Pestizide keine einheitliche Konzentration als Qualitatsanforderung fur Gewasser genannt werden kann, sondern dass die einzelnen Pestizide sehr unterschiedliche Wirkungen auf die Gewasserbiozonose zeigen. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Quality Targets for Pesticides and Other Pollutants in Surface Waters \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Surface waters are not only adversely affected by industrial and municipal wastewaters but also by diffuse sources. For the control of the ecological water quality, so-called quality targets are set. The quality targets are threshold concentrations for hazardous substances related to the protected goods like water ecosystems, drinking water supply, sediments, or fishing. In this paper, quality targets for the protection of aquatic life in surface waters were derived on the basis of a concept developed by the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (Internationale Kommission zum Schutze des Rheins – IKSR). The quality targets for the selected hazardous substances, which mainly belong to the chemical class of pesticides, were calculated using ecotoxicological results for species of bacteria, algae, fish, and small crustaceans, as the four trophic standards of the water ecosystem. In cooperation with the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt – UBA) the effect data were taken from ecotoxicological data bases. According to the concept of the IKSR, the lowest test result for the most sensitive species was multiplied by an assessment factor. This proceeding concerns the difficulty in describing the complex interactions in water ecosystems with t","PeriodicalId":7010,"journal":{"name":"Acta Hydrochimica Et Hydrobiologica","volume":"1 1","pages":"246-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78453505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological test for the detection of low concentrations of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water","authors":"P. Karanis, D. Schoenen","doi":"10.1002/1521-401X(200111)29:4<242::AID-AHEH242>3.0.CO;2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-401X(200111)29:4<242::AID-AHEH242>3.0.CO;2-2","url":null,"abstract":"An in vivo SCID mouse infectivity assay was used to determine its capacity to detect the infectivity of low concentrations of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water. This biological test can be applied to demonstrate oocysts infectivity in water samples derived from drinking water supply and/or environmental sources.","PeriodicalId":7010,"journal":{"name":"Acta Hydrochimica Et Hydrobiologica","volume":"25 1","pages":"242-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88464167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors controlling total concentration and aqueous speciation of aluminium in an acidic headwater stream of the Bavarian Forest National Park: a modelling approach","authors":"I. Haag, K. Moritz, J. Bittersohl, G. Lischeid","doi":"10.1002/1521-401X(200111)29:4<206::AID-AHEH206>3.0.CO;2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-401X(200111)29:4<206::AID-AHEH206>3.0.CO;2-2","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the present paper is to analyse factors controlling total concentration and aqueous speciation of aluminium in the Grose Ohe River, using a thermodynamic equilibrium model and a mixing approach. A model compound for humic substances is derived on the basis of the relation between anion deficit and the organic carbon content in the river as well as literature data. An equilibrium speciation model for aluminium is set up, considering this model compound and relevant inorganic solutes. Although the model cannot be verified directly, its results may be viewed as qualitatively correct. Applying the model to measured stream water samples highlights that aqueous speciation of aluminium is mainly controlled by the pH value and discharge and that free aluminium concentrations reach clearly toxic levels during acidic episodes. Comparing measured concentrations of sulfate and H+ and calculated concentrations of Al3+ with solubility curves of gibbsite like minerals and jurbanite clearly shows that total aluminium concentrations are not controlled by equilibria with these mineral phases alone. The observed relationship can be better explained from a mixture of two distinct waters, representing lowflow and highflow chemistry, and the resulting equilibrium concentrations. This indicates that total aluminium concentration, in particular during high discharge events, is mainly controlled by the mixture of waters with differing chemistry and flowpaths. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Kontrollfaktoren fur die Gesamtkonzentration und die wassrige Speziierung von Aluminium in einem sauren Quellfluss im Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald: Ein Modellansatz \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Ein Gleichgewichtsmodell und ein Mischungsansatz werden verwendet, um die Kontrollmechanismen fur die Speziierung und die Gesamtkonzentration von gelostem Aluminium in der Grosen Ohe zu analysieren. Auf Grundlage von Literaturdaten und der Beziehung zwischen Anionendefizit und organisch gebundenem Kohlenstoff wird eine Modellsubstanz fur die im Wasser enthaltenen Huminstoffe abgeleitet und zusammen mit relevanten anorganischen Spezies ein Modell fur die Aluminiumspeziierung aufgestellt. Wenngleich dieses nicht direkt verifiziert werden kann, sind auf seiner Grundlage qualitative Aussagen moglich. Die Anwendung des Modells auf im Bachwasser gemessene Konzentrationen verdeutlicht, dass die Speziierung von Aluminium durch das Abflussgeschehen gesteuert wird und wahrend Versauerungsschuben offenkundig toxische Konzentrationen freien Aluminiums auftreten. Aus dem Vergleich der gemessenen Sulfat- und H+- und der berechneten Al3+-Konzentrationen mit den Loslichkeitskurven von Gibbsit und Jurbanit wird deutlich, dass die Aluminiumkonzentration nicht ausschlieslich durch Gleichgewichte mit diesen Mineralphasen gesteuert wird. Die beobachteten Konzentrationsbeziehungen lassen sich besser aus der Mischung zweier Wasser (Basis- bzw. Hochwasserabfluss) und den sich hieraus ergebenden Gleichgewichtskonzentrationen erklaren. Insbesondere b","PeriodicalId":7010,"journal":{"name":"Acta Hydrochimica Et Hydrobiologica","volume":"74 1","pages":"206-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83082289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplification of a Sequential Extraction Scheme To Determine the Mobilisable Heavy Metal Pool in Soils","authors":"Tim Koeckritz, J. Thöming, C. Gleyzes, Knut E. Ødegård","doi":"10.1002/1521-401X(200111)29:4<197::AID-AHEH197>3.0.CO;2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-401X(200111)29:4<197::AID-AHEH197>3.0.CO;2-3","url":null,"abstract":"This investigation had the purpose of evaluating the reliability of a sequential extraction procedure according to Zeien and Brummer (1989) which is performed routinely to analyse the distribution of heavy metals to different soil phases. Reliability was tested by two hypotheses. According to the first hypothesis an error propagation increased during a morefold extraction of heavy metals from a single soil sample to such an extend that it does not allow a statistical comparison of different analyses. This assumption was confirmed in an interlaboratory study of five participants applying the sequential extraction scheme on two different soils. The heavy metal amounts extracted by the different partners were of the same magnitude, but from the results no statistical correspondence at the 95% confidence level could be observed. The second hypothesis stated that also weak extraction agents were able to release metals from the more immobile soil fractions, especially if the amount of easily soluble metals was comparatively small. To answer this question the sequential extraction was modified by carrying out selected weak extraction steps several times. As expected the intensified extraction conditions caused a decrease of the element content within the more resistant phases. However, the additional release in the first four extraction steps of Pb, Mn, Fe, and Zn was only in the range of 5 to 10%. Furthermore, it was observed that a single EDTA extraction (step four within the sequential extraction scheme) was capable to extract the same amount of metals as the first four extraction steps of the original scheme at a variation of about 15%. From these results it was concluded that the EDTA step alone already represents a reliable pool of mobilisable metals. Thus it can be maintained that such a simple single EDTA extraction can be used to assess the environmental risk from heavy metal contaminated soils or to predict the potential heavy metal release of soil remediation processes. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Vereinfachung eines sequentiellen Extraktionsschemas zur Bestimmung mobilisierbarer Schwermetalle in Boden \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Diese Untersuchung hatte zum Inhalt, die Zuverlassigkeit des sequentiellen Extraktionsschemas nach Zeien und Brummer (1989) zu uberprufen, welches routinemasig durchgefuhrt wird, um die Zugehorigkeit von Schwermetallen zu unterschiedlichen Bodenphasen festzustellen. Die Zuverlassigkeit wurde anhand von zwei Arbeitsansatzen ermittelt. Im ersten Ansatz wurde davon ausgegangen, dass wahrend der mehrfachen Extraktion einer Bodenprobe der Fehler durch die Fehlerfortpflanzung derart ansteigt, dass ein statistischer Vergleich unterschiedlicher Untersuchungsergebnisse nicht mehr moglich ist. Dieser Frage wurde durch den Vergleich der sequentiell ermittelten Metallgehalte von zwei Boden durch funf Laboratorien nachgegangen. Die extrahierten Metallgehalte lagen zwar in der selben Grosenordnung, eine statistische Ubereinstimmung innerhalb eines Vertrauensbereiches von ","PeriodicalId":7010,"journal":{"name":"Acta Hydrochimica Et Hydrobiologica","volume":"80 1","pages":"197-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85519003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Requirements for the catchment, treatment, and surveillance of drinking water to avoid the transmittance of pathogenic bacterial, viral, and parasitic organisms","authors":"D. Schoenen","doi":"10.1002/1521-401X(200111)29:4<187::AID-AHEH187>3.0.CO;2-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-401X(200111)29:4<187::AID-AHEH187>3.0.CO;2-7","url":null,"abstract":"Measures devised for guaranteeing the supply of epidemiologically and hygienically sound drinking water are generally based on observations made during epidemics and the follow-up scientific studies. Despite the high level standards that have been attained in the treatment of drinking water, the drinking water-derived outbreaks still keep cropping up even in the industrialized countries. The outbreaks of the parasites Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum, and the recent outbreak in Canada caused by Toxoplasma gondii, again focused our attention to the possible infection risk posed by pathogens in drinking water. The circumstances of the cryptosporidia outbreak in Milwaukee in 1993 can be considered as typical for such outbreaks in which parasites have caused human disease. There are generally two ways of avoiding the transmittance of pathogens by drinking water: (i) use of uncontaminated groundwater, or (ii) treatment of the potentially contaminated one. All surface waters have to be considered potentially contaminated, while the purity of the groundwater depends on the local conditions. Routine disinfection of drinking water should be used to minimize the residual risk posed by pathogens. For purification of fecally contaminated water it is utterly inadequate. Testing of water for pathogens followed by more extensive decontamination measures in the case of positive findings appears to be of little value. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Anforderungen an die Gewinnung, Aufbereitung und Uberwachung von Trinkwasser zur Vermeidung einer Ubertragung von bakteriellen, viralen und speziell parasitaren Krankheitserregern \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Die Masnahmen zur Versorgung mit einem seuchenhygienisch einwandfreien Trinkwasser beruhen im Wesentlichen auf den Beobachtungen, die bei Epidemien bzw. Ausbruchen gemacht werden konnten oder auf Grund der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungsergebnisse, die bei derartigen Zwischenfallen gewonnen werden konnten. Trotz der hohen Sicherheitsstandards, die mittlerweile bei der Trinkwasserversorgung erreicht worden sind, treten auch in den Industrielandern immer wieder trinkwasserbedingte Ausbruche auf. Die Ausbruche durch die Parasiten Giardia lamblia und Cryptosporidium parvum sowie der Ausbruch durch Toxoplasma gondii in Kanada haben die Aufmerksamkeit wieder auf die mogliche Infektionsgefahrdung durch Krankheitserreger im Trinkwasser gelenkt. Die Verhaltnisse, unter denen der Cryptosporidien-Ausbruch in Milwaukee aufgetreten ist, konnen als typisch fur die Ausbruche angesehen werden, bei denen die Parasiten zu den Erkrankungen gefuhrt haben. Die Umstande stimmen aber auch weitgehend mit denen uberein, die in der Vergangenheit zu den klassischen bakteriellen und viralen Seuchen wie Cholera, Typhus, Hepatitis A und Poliomyelitis gefuhrt haben. Zur Vermeidung einer Ubertragung von Krankheitserregern mit dem Trinkwasser gibt es zwei grundsatzlich unterschiedliche Moglichkeiten: die Gewinnung von unbelastetem Grundwasser oder die Aufbereitung bei potentiell k","PeriodicalId":7010,"journal":{"name":"Acta Hydrochimica Et Hydrobiologica","volume":"26 1","pages":"187-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81156211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vorkommen natürlicher und synthetischer östrogener Steroide in Wässern des süd- und mitteldeutschen Raumes","authors":"P. Adler, T. Steger-Hartmann, W. Kalbfus","doi":"10.1002/1521-401X(200111)29:4<227::AID-AHEH227>3.0.CO;2-R","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-401X(200111)29:4<227::AID-AHEH227>3.0.CO;2-R","url":null,"abstract":"Naturliche und synthetische Ostrogene konnen uber das hausliche Abwasser in Klaranlagen und anschliesend in Oberflachengewasser gelangen. Auch ein Eintrag uber Uferfiltrat in das Grund- und Trinkwasser ist denkbar. Zur Erfassung der Konzentrationen in diesen einzelnen Kompartimenten wurden in zwei Messkampagnen an mehreren Orten in Sud- und Mitteldeutschland Proben aus verschiedenen aquatischen Kompartimenten (Klaranlagenzulauf und -ablauf, Oberflachen-, Grund-, Roh- und Trinkwasser) entnommen und die Konzentration der naturlichen Steroide Estradiol (E2) und Estron sowie des synthetischen Steroids Ethinylestradiol (EE2) bestimmt. Zusatzlich wurden auch die Konzentrationen der Glucuronide und Sulfate der genannten Hormone, die einen wesentlichen Teil der humanen Metaboliten darstellen, gemessen. Die Analyse erfolgte uber ein hochsensitives Verfahren mittels HPLC-MS. Die Bestimmungsgrenzen lagen in Abhangigkeit von der Matrix der jeweiligen Wasserprobe zwischen 0.05 ng/L und 0.5 ng/L. Im Klaranlagenzulauf lagen die Mediane der unkonjugierten Steroide fur EE2 bei 7 ng/L, fur E2 bei 1.5 ng/L und fur Estron bei 5.5 ng/L. Nach Konjugathydrolyse ergaben sich Gesamtsteroidkonzentrationen mit Medianen von 9.5 ng/L (EE2), 3 ng/L (E2) und 13 ng/L (Estron). Konjugate trugen somit bis zu 50% zur Gesamtsteroidkonzentration im Zulauf bei. Im Klaranlagenablauf waren die Konzentrationen der Steroide und ihrer Konjugate erheblich geringer als im Zulauf. Die Mediane unkonjugierter Steroide im Ablauf betrugen mit 0.3 ng/L fur EE2, 0.2 ng/L fur E2 und 2.5 ng/L fur Estron z.T. weniger als 10% der Werte im Zulauf. Konjugate lieferten auch nach der Klaranlagenbehandlung einen deutlichen Anteil (40% und mehr) der Gesamtsteroidkonzentration (Mediane: EE2: 0.5 ng/L, E2: 0.8 ng/L und Estron: 8 ng/L). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Distribution of Natural and Synthetic Estrogenic Steroid Hormones in Water Samples from Southern and Middle Germany \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Natural and synthetic hormones can reach surface waters via domestic sewage effluents. For drinking water production, bank filtration of river waters is a common procedure and hormone contaminations can potentially reach groundwater levels and drinking water sources. In order to analyse steroid hormones in the different aquatic compartments (raw sewage and effluent, surface water, groundwater, raw and drinking water) of South and Middle Germany, a sensitive analytical method was developed and employed to detect the natural steroid hormones estradiol (E2) and estrone and the synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol (EE2). Samples which were taken in two subsequent series were subjected to clean-up and enrichment procedure and subsequently analysed by HPLC-MS. The limit of quantitation for the method was determined to be 0.05 to 0.5 ng/L, depending on the matrix. By treating the samples with glucuronidases/arylsulfatases, conjugates were amenable to analysis and the sum of conjugates and unconjugated steroids was calculated. In raw sewage, the median of the","PeriodicalId":7010,"journal":{"name":"Acta Hydrochimica Et Hydrobiologica","volume":"46 1","pages":"227-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82219925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}