ACS ES&T engineering最新文献

{"title":"Hydrodynamic Regulation of Anodic Biocake in AnEMBRs: from Community Assembly and Spatial Structure to “Cell Filter” Engineering","authors":"Peijin Cheng,&nbsp;Lin Zhang,&nbsp;Xuejie Zhao,&nbsp;Chen Wang,&nbsp;Guozhong Shi,&nbsp;Zhuodong Yu,&nbsp;Haoran Xu,&nbsp;Xiangyang Xu,&nbsp;Liang Zhu","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.6c00269","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transitioning the biocake of anaerobic electrochemicalmembranebioreactors (AnEMBRs) into a functional “cell filter”presents an ideal paradigm for simultaneous fouling mitigation anddeep effluent purification. However, the strategic orchestration forthe precision regulation of the biointerface remains unresolved. Thisstudy investigated the effect of hydrodynamics on the community assembly,spatial structure, and metabolic activity of anodic biocakes. AnEMBRswere operated under gradient flux (8.5–34 LMH) and shear (0.13–2.12Pa) regimes. Ecological analysis revealed that under the interplayof deterministic anodic selection and stochastic hydrodynamic deposition,low-flux operation (8.5 LMH) amplified the homogeneous selection ofthe anodic potential, maximizing the enrichment of core electroactivegenera (e.g., <em>Geobacter</em>, <em>Desulfovibrio</em>) to 24.7%, forwarding an enhanced synergetic metabolism of “acetogenesis-anoderespiration.” Meanwhile, unconstrained thickening of biocakestriggered an “active-outer/decayed-inner” stratification,where <em>Methanosaeta</em>-mediated occlusion starved theinner exoelectrogens due to limited substrate diffusion. Crucially,the application of moderate shear (0.87 Pa) effectively constrainedthickness of biocake (&lt;50 μm) to suppress methanogens colonization.The formed “cell filter” exhibited superior permeabilitywith improved porosity and reduced resistance, while maintaining robustmetabolic activity for the discharged DOM. This research provideda strategic framework for the directional assembly of “cellfilter,” advancing the precision engineering of biointerfacesfor sustainable wastewater treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 8","pages":"2195–2207"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro- and Nanobubbles Enhance the Abatement of Biodegradable Micropollutants in Aged Biological Activated Carbon Filters","authors":"Hang Liu,&nbsp;Anning Guo,&nbsp;Yukun Yuan,&nbsp;Tao Lin,&nbsp;Chao Liu","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.6c00341","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ithas been demonstrated that the abatement of micropollutantsin drinking water by biological activated carbon (BAC) filters withaged media deteriorates due to the decreased porosity and aerobicmetabolism in dense biofilm. In this study, micro- and nanobubbles(MNBs) were introduced to the influent of young and aged BAC filtersto potentially enhance the removal of micropollutants with variousfunctional groups. Results showed that intermittent MNB introductioncould enhance biodegradable micropollutant abatement in aged BAC filters.MNB introduction could yield a ∼10–70% relative increasein removal efficiencies of biodegradable micropollutants in 15-yearBAC filters. Meanwhile, the cytotoxicity reduction in BAC filterswas elevated from &lt;60% to ∼80% due to the formation of lesscytotoxic transformation products, as evidenced by mass spectrometrycombined with a machine learning tool. Intermittent MNB introductioncould induce localized reshaping of dense biofilm architecture, resultingin recovered pore structures in biofilm, which were pivotal for convectivemass transfer. Correspondingly, abundances of <em>Bacteroidota</em>, <em>Chloroflexota</em>, and <em>Acidobacteriota</em> associated with aerobic metabolism of organic substances could beelevated in aged biofilm. However, continuous MNB introduction severelydamaged biofilm integrity. The findings of this study support intermittentMNB introduction as a new approach to restore dense biofilm in agedBAC filters, resulting in enhanced biodegradation of micropollutants.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 8","pages":"2249–2258"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open-Path Nitrous Oxide Sensor for UAV-Based Field Measurements","authors":"Vladislav I. Sevostianov,&nbsp;Joshua Collins,&nbsp;Paul Guiguizian,&nbsp;Lei Tao,&nbsp;Gregg Harrison,&nbsp;Mark A. Zondlo","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.6c00149","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Agriculture is the leading anthropogenic source of nitrousoxide(N₂O), which is the third most important anthropogenicgreenhouse gas and also a critical ozone-depleting substance. Mitigationefforts are constrained by poorly known spatiotemporal heterogeneitiesand underlying biogeochemical complexities in its emissions. Hereinis described the development, testing and validation, and field deploymentof an open-path N₂O sensor for a small unmanned aerialvehicle (UAV). The open-path configuration of the sensor allows fora low mass (2.7 kg), low power consumption (7 W), high-frequency samplingresponse (10 Hz), and compact size (38 cm mirror separation). An interbandcascade laser (ICL) at 4.542 μm is coupled to a Herriott cellwith an optical path length of 21.81 m. Measurement precision of 0.1parts per billion by volume (ppbv) at 10 Hz is exhibited with driftwithin 0.2 ppbv at time intervals from 1 s up to 1 h. The measurementswere intercompared (<em>r</em> = 0.99) with a commercial closed-pathsensor. Field testing took place by constant-altitude mapping flightsover an agricultural field during a controlled release experiment.While the sensor is designed for a UAV, its physical and performanceattributes make it readily adaptable to autonomous ground vehiclesor portable and hand-held N₂O sensing.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 8","pages":"2141–2150"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermochemically Engineered Cellulose-Directed Development of Pyrolyzed Cu–BTC Free-Standing Membranes for Sustainable Forward Osmosis of Real Industrial Effluents","authors":"Suhas Basagonda Kale,&nbsp;D. S. Aditya,&nbsp;K. N. Santhosh,&nbsp;Gagan Deep G,&nbsp;A. B. Hemavathi,&nbsp;Dibyendu Mondal,&nbsp;Nataraj Sanna Kotrappanavar","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.6c00153","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The development of energy-efficient and structurallyrobust forwardosmosis (FO) free-standing membranes is essential for treating chemicallyreal industrial wastewaters while promoting sustainable resource utilization.Herein, an integrated materials strategy involves biomass valorizationwith metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived functional engineeringto construct a high-performance free-standing FO membrane. Celluloseextracted from areca husk, an abundant agricultural residue, was incorporatedduring Cu–benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (Cu–BTC) synthesisto regulate nucleation and enhance interfacial chemistry. Subsequentpyrolysis at 900 °C converted the hybrid framework into a porouscarbon–copper (P–Cu–BTC) enriched with oxygen-functionalgroups and stabilized metallic domains, thereby improving structuralintegrity, surface polarity, and transport pathways. Comprehensivephysicochemical characterization confirmed phase transformation, chemicalevolution, enhanced porosity, and improved thermal stability. Theoptimized 1% P–Cu–BTC membrane was integrated into apoly(ether sulfone) (PES) matrix to fabricate a free-standing FO membrane.Using recyclable EDTA-2Na as a draw solution, the optimized membranedemonstrated an osmotic water flux (OWF) of 5.20 ± 0.1 L m^–2 h^–1, a controlled reverse soluteflux (RSF) of (1.22 ± 0.10) × 10^–7 mol·m^–2·h^–1, and a low specific soluteconcentration (SSC) of (2.34 ± 0.00) × 10^–8 mol L^–1, compared to a commercial reverse osmosis(RO) membrane, and achieved high rejection of organic dyes and stabletreatment of industrial pharmaceutical, distillery, and sugar effluentswith high OWF and controlled reverse solute flux (RSF). Further, long-termperformance over 120 h without washing confirms strong antifoulingresistance and structural durability, without reducing performance.This work establishes a scalable MOF-derived free-standing membraneplatform for energy-efficient industrial wastewater treatment andsustainable water reclamation under real-world challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 8","pages":"2151–2168"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal Co-Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash with Sewage Sludge Ash: Phosphorus-Induced Mineral Phase Transformation for Stabilizing Heavy Metals","authors":"Junhao Zhang,&nbsp;Qining Zheng,&nbsp;Shaofeng Li,&nbsp;Yuyang Li,&nbsp;Jiawei Zhou,&nbsp;Yulong Lai,&nbsp;Zhuowen Li,&nbsp;Guomei Chi,&nbsp;Jiabo Lin,&nbsp;Tao Chen,&nbsp;Bo Yan","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.6c00342","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Municipal solid waste incinerationfly ash (MSWI-FA),typicallyclassified as hazardous waste, contains highly toxic heavy metals.Hydroxyapatite (HAP) can effectively stabilize heavy metals in MSWI-FAunder hydrothermal conditions, although it requires an external phosphorus(P) source for its formation. Sewage sludge ash (SSA) is a P-enrichedsolid waste that requires urgent treatment. Therefore, this studyinvestigated whether heavy metal stabilization in MSWI-FA can be effectivelyachieved via hydrothermal cotreatment (HCT) with SSA. The resultsshowed that mineral phase in MSWI-FA was effectively transformed duringhydrothermal treatment with the addition of SSA. HAP became predominantmineral (∼24.83%) in MSWI-FA after hydrothermal treatment with30.0 wt % SSA under 1.2 mol/L NaOH at 400 °C for 20 min. Heavymetal leaching concentrations were significantly reduced comparedwith raw MSWI-FA, and their hydrothermal migration rates were below5.50%. Partial least-squares regression analysis showed that heavymetals were transformed into residual fractions by promoting HAP formation.Specifically, heavy metals adsorbed or complexed onto the HAP surfaceprogressively occupied or substituted Ca²⁺ sites withinHAP crystals, ultimately encapsulating them within the HAP structure,as confirmed by BET, SEM-EDS, and XPS analyses. This study offersa practical approach for the cotreatment of MSWI-FA with SSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 8","pages":"2273–2286"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interface-Engineered SiO2@GO Nanohybrids for Enhanced CO2 Separation in Thin-Film Nanocomposite Membranes","authors":"Debasish Borah,&nbsp;Anuranjit Gogoi,&nbsp;Gauri Hazarika,&nbsp;Saurabh V. Sawake,&nbsp;Sarifa R. Fernandes,&nbsp;Narendra Nath Ghosh,&nbsp;Pravin G. Ingole","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.6c00197","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Membrane-based gas separation has emerged as an energy-efficientand environmentally sustainable approach to mitigating anthropogenicCO₂ emissions. This study focused on the synthesis of agraphene oxide (GO)-grafted APTES-functionalized SiO₂ (f-SiO₂@GO) nanocomposite and its incorporation into thin-film nanocomposite(TFN) membranes for CO₂ gas separation. The synthesizedf-SiO₂@GO were incorporated into the polyamide selectivelayer using an interfacial polymerization method. Physiochemical characterizationconfirmed the successful functionalization of the nanocomposite andits effective integration into the TFN membrane. Gas separation performancewas evaluated using CO₂ and N₂ as feed gasesat 25 ± 2 °C and 1 bar. The optimized TFN-2 membranes exhibitedthe highest CO₂ permeance of 3284.5 GPU and CO₂/N₂ selectivity of 24.5 among the fabricated membranes.The enhanced separation efficiency is attributed to the synergisticinterplay between functionalized silica and GO nanosheet. These findingssuggest that these functionalized nanocomposites can serve as effectivefillers to improve the performance of TFN membranes for CO₂ separation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 8","pages":"2169–2183"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Coupling of Feammox and NDFO Processes in an Iron-Integrated Membrane-Aerated Biofilm Reactor","authors":"Chisheng Yu,&nbsp;Xinyu Chen,&nbsp;Xuan Fan,&nbsp;Zhiwei Liang,&nbsp;Zhuodong Yu,&nbsp;Xinyue Huang,&nbsp;Tianyu Xu,&nbsp;Qiang Lin,&nbsp;Chen Wang,&nbsp;Liang Zhu","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.6c00329","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Iron-reduction coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation(Feammox)often coexists with multiple Fe–N transformation pathways,such as nitrate-dependent Fe (II) oxidation (NDFO). However, an imbalancebetween iron supply and consumption across these pathways impedesthe establishment of a stable Feammox-based process. Here, we establishedan Fe–O dual-driven strategy using an Fe₂O₃-integrated membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) to sustain Feammoxactivity. Results demonstrated that the pump-free diffusive aerationmode effectively attenuated the interfacial oxygen concentration,while the integrated Fe₂O₃ enhanced the oxygentransfer rate (OTR) by 26.87% via physicochemical retention and biologicalregulation. This concerted mechanism restricted oxygen penetrationdepth, thereby broadening the colonization niche for anaerobes. Cryosectioning-16SrRNA sequencing combined with microelectrode analysis confirmed thisspatial reorganization: Feammox bacteria migrated to the middle-outerregions, and NDFO bacteria were enriched across all layers, whereasnitrifiers were confined to the inner biofilm. This stratified architecturepromoted O₂-driven Fe (II) oxidation and nitrification-derivednitrate generation, effectively regenerating the Fe (III) pool fora stable Fe–N–O cycle. Consequently, the system achieveda nitrogen removal rate of 0.67 g N m^–2 d^–1 with 68.15% N₂ selectivity. These findings deepen ourunderstanding of microbial interactions within biofilms and advanceFeammox-based nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 8","pages":"2236–2248"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic Insights into Temperature-Dependent Ester Formation in Sewage Sludge Pyrolysis Oil","authors":"Yi Xiao,&nbsp;Dongyang Li,&nbsp;Qigui Niu,&nbsp;Shicheng Zhang,&nbsp;Tianxue Yang,&nbsp;Jiaming Zhao,&nbsp;Minda Yu,&nbsp;Ming Yan,&nbsp;Beidou Xi","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.6c00317","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although converting carbonaceous components in sewagesludge intovalue-added esters via pyrolysis presents significant resource recoverypotential, the complex temperature-dependent interconversion and thelimited molecular resolution of conventional analytical techniqueshave impeded mechanistic elucidation and selective regulation. Here,an integrated approach combining Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonancemass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), paired mass distance (PMD) networkanalysis, interpretable machine learning, and density functional theory(DFT) calculations was employed to elucidate the transformation networkof organooxygen species (OOSs) during sludge pyrolysis and enabledthe proposal of a cascade pathway governing ester enrichment. Esters,unsaturated acids, saturated acids, and peptides/amides accountedfor over 95.7% of total OOSs. Ester content decreased at 300–400°C and regenerated at 400–500 °C, consistent withhydrolysis-esterification interconversion, defining a highly reactivetemperature window. Within this interval, dominant interconversionpathways of peptides/amides ⇌ acids ⇌ esters were proposed,suggesting a cascade transformation pathway of peptides/amides →unsaturated acids → saturated acids → esters. The processyielded an additional net benefit of 164.6–474.6 CNY/t overconventional sludge disposal, with a carbon mitigation potential of776.7 kg CO₂e/t. These findings provide a molecular-scalebasis for engineering-directed process optimization of pyrolysis systemstargeting selective ester production from organic solid wastes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 8","pages":"2223–2235"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upgrading of Lignocellulosic Biomass toward the Development of Advanced Carbon Materials for Environmental Applications","authors":"Miriam Navlani-García,&nbsp;David Salinas-Torres,&nbsp;Ting Zhang,&nbsp;Zhenfeng Bian,&nbsp;Hexing Li,&nbsp;Diego Cazorla-Amorós,&nbsp;Hiromi Yamashita","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.6c00212","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The use of biomass in the energy landscape has arousedgreat interestbecause of the diversity of high-value-added products that can beobtained. Among them, carbon materials stand out for properties suchas their high chemical and thermal stability, large specific surfacearea, and possibility of modifying their surface properties by introducingheteroatoms, which make them ideal candidates for countless applications.The present review addresses to some of the representative works relatedto the preparation of advanced carbon materials prepared from biomassresidues for applications of environmental interest, such as environmentalremediation, catalytic processes, and energy-related devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 8","pages":"2044–2060"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organophosphate Hydrolysis Catalyzed by Molybdate and Molybdate/Hydrogel Hybrid","authors":"Jiangfeng Xu,&nbsp;Jakub Hyvl,&nbsp;Jan Genzer,&nbsp;Kirill Efimenko","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.6c00358","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The hydrolysis of organophosphate (OP) esters is criticalfor bothenvironmental detoxification and the understanding of fundamentalbiological processes. This study investigates the catalytic activityof molybdate for the hydrolysis of two structurally related OP substrates: <em>p</em>-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP), a DNA model compound, anddimethyl <em>p</em>-nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP), a chemicalwarfare agent simulant. Notably, we report the first example of DMNPhydrolysis catalyzed by molybdate. Kinetic analyses revealed divergentpH dependencies; optimal pNPP hydrolysis occurred at pH 4.8, whereasDMNP hydrolysis rates increased alongside pH. Mechanistic investigationsusing ³¹P{H} NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that pNPP formsstable monodentate and bidentate complexes with molybdate due to itsavailable coordinating hydroxyl groups. In contrast, DMNP lacks thesegroups, and no stable intermediate complexes were observed, highlightinga strictly substrate-dependent catalytic mechanism. To mitigate theenvironmental toxicity associated with homogeneous molybdate, we developeda heterogeneous catalytic system by electrostatically immobilizingthe active species within a polyethylenimine/polymethylvinylether-<em>co</em>-maleic anhydride (PEI/PMVEMA) hydrogel. This hybrid materialsignificantly accelerated the degradation of both OPs, achieving reactionkinetics comparable to those of the free catalyst in solution. Thiswork elucidates the structural factors governing molybdate catalysisand presents a stable, scalable heterogeneous platform for the sustainableremediation of organophosphorus pollutants.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 8","pages":"2311–2320"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}