ACS ES&T engineering最新文献

{"title":"Degradation Kinetics for Organic Nitrogen in Bioelectrochemical Systems toward Ammonia Recovery.","authors":"McKenzie Burns, Ziyan Wu, Tia Mirsha, Andrew Beaudet, Katie Mangus, Mohan Qin","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.6c00128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Land application of dairy manure returns nitrogen (N) to the soil for crop production. However, direct land application of manure faces challenges such as nitrogen volatilization and imprecise manure nitrogen applications, which significantly contribute to losses to the environment while also reducing the nitrogen value of manure. Manure processing methods that can recover nitrogen, particularly organic nitrogen (orgN) in a mineralized form, in a concentrated product can increase the nutrient use efficiency, reducing the demand for manufactured nitrogen fertilizers. In this study, we investigate two operation configurations of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) for ammonia (NH₃) recovery from orgN in synthetic dairy manure. Glutamic acid, an amino acid found in high concentrations in dairy manure, was used as the N source in the synthetic feed, and the BES was operated in both microbial electrolysis cell (MEC, <i>E</i> _appl. = 0.8 V) and microbial fuel cell (MFC) operation modes. Samples from four time series experiments, two in each operation mode, were analyzed for chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN), and acetate concentrations. Raman spectroscopy was applied to track the orgN content in the time series samples throughout the experiments. Results indicated superior N removal from the anolyte in MEC mode, with an average TN removal above 95% and first-order degradation kinetics with rate coefficients between 0.05 and 0.06 h^-1. Kinetic analysis of the Raman data revealed that glutamic acid degradation to be complex and not singularly ordered in either operation mode, requiring further quantitative study. This work provides vital insight into the kinetics of degradation within BES toward a more complete understanding of anode-chamber processes. Such insight can be useful in guiding further research into BES as resource recovery mechanisms and supporting BES adaptation as manure treatment processes focused on the recovery of nutrient-rich, value-added fertilizer products.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 4","pages":"1369-1381"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13077639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147687604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Locally Enhanced Electric Field Treatment and Copper for Effective Disinfection in a Circulating Water System.","authors":"Feiyang Mo, Wei Wang, Lavine M Chuol, Mourin Jarin, James Willie Corley, Xing Xie","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c01041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.5c01041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Public concerns have increased regarding disinfection byproducts and respiratory health effects associated with chlorination in circulating recreational water environments such as swimming pools and hot tubs. Locally enhanced electric field treatment combined with copper (LEEFT-Cu) has emerged as a promising chlorine-free disinfection technology. However, its performance in circulating systems remains largely unexplored. In this study, a 10 L circulating system incorporating a LEEFT-Cu device was developed to evaluate its in-line disinfection performance. The effects of current and flow rate on microbial inactivation and copper accumulation were systematically investigated. The results revealed that current influenced both copper accumulation and bacterial inactivation in the reservoir, whereas flow rate primarily affected bacterial inactivation. Under the optimal condition (<i>i.e.</i>, 80 mL/min, 2 mA), the LEEFT-Cu system achieved a 4.5-log reduction in bacterial concentration within 4 h, which is over 3 logs higher than CuSO₄ dosing at an equivalent copper concentration. The system operated at an ultralow power of approximately 2.5 × 10^-3 W and demonstrated effective performance with real water samples. These findings highlight the strong potential of LEEFT-Cu as an energy-efficient, chlorine-free disinfection strategy for circulating recreational water systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 4","pages":"1307-1315"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13077633/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147687578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modular, On-Site Solutions with Lightweight Anomaly Detection for Sustainable Nutrient Management in Agriculture.","authors":"Abigail R Cohen, Yuming Sun, Zhihao Qin, Harsh S Muriki, Zihao Xiao, Yeonju Lee, Matthew Housley, Andrew F Sharkey, Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi, Jing Li, Lu Gan, Yongsheng Chen","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.5c00635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Efficient nutrient management is critical for crop growth and sustainable resource consumption (e.g., nitrogen and energy). Current approaches require lengthy analyses, preventing real-time optimization; similarly, imaging facilitates rapid phenotyping but can be computationally intensive, preventing deployment under resource constraints. This study proposes a flexible, tiered pipeline for anomaly detection and status estimation (fresh weight, dry mass, and tissue nutrients), including a comprehensive energy analysis of approaches that span the efficiency-accuracy spectrum. Using a nutrient depletion experiment with three treatments (T1-100%, T2-50%, and T3-25% fertilizer strength) and multispectral imaging, we developed a hierarchical pipeline using an autoencoder for early warning. Further, we compared two status estimation modules of different complexity for more detailed analysis: vegetation index features with machine learning (random forest, RF) and raw whole-image deep learning (vision transformer, ViT). Results demonstrated high-efficiency anomaly detection (73% net detection of T3 samples 9 days after transplanting) at substantially lower energy than embodied energy in wasted nitrogen. The state estimation modules show trade-offs, with ViT outperforming RF on phosphorus and calcium estimation (<i>R</i> ² 0.61 vs 0.58, 0.48 vs 0.35) at higher energy cost. With our modular pipeline, this work opens up opportunities for edge diagnostics and practical opportunities for agricultural sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"1089-1105"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12993859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147479434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using <i>Novosphingobium aromaticivorans</i> for Concurrent Production of Intracellular and Extracellular Products from Aromatics Extracted from Poplar Biomass.","authors":"Bumkyu Kim, Benjamin W Hall, Dennis V Haak, Jason Coplien, Steven D Karlen, Timothy J Donohue, Daniel R Noguera","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.5c00956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Achieving high biochemical production in biotransformations of renewable resources requires using concentrated cultures that not only generate the product of interest but also produce abundant microbial cell waste. We explored the concept of gaining value from microbial cells by producing intracellular products in tandem with a desired extracellular product. Specifically, we engineered a strain of<i>Novosphingobium aromaticivorans</i> to extracellularly produce 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) from aromatic substrates and to intracellularly accumulate astaxanthin along with coenzyme Q₁₀, all of which are products of industrial interest. Achieving the goal of concurrent production of intracellular and extracellular products required the creative application of bioreactor engineering principles. Although a continuously fed membrane bioreactor (MBR) maximized extracellular product biosynthesis, it had a negative effect on intracellular product accumulation. However, operating the MBR as a sequencing batch reactor (MBR-SBR) with a step-feed resulted in stable concurrent production of both extracellular and intracellular products. With aromatics extracted from poplar biomass, we achieved productivities of 1.14 g of PDC/L-h for the extracellular product and 0.04 mg of astaxanthin/L-h and 0.64 mg of CoQ₁₀/L-h for intracellular products, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that the mode of operation of a bioreactor impacts the simultaneous production of intracellular and extracellular products by<i>N. aromaticivorans</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"1106-1117"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12993862/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147479390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Membrane Ion Sorption on Ammonium Transport in Donnan Dialysis with Cation Exchange Membranes.","authors":"Hanyu Tang, Kai Yang, Mohan Qin","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c01024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.5c01024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Donnan dialysis (DD) is a promising approach for selectively recovering ammonium ions from wastewater, owing to its simplicity and low energy consumption. However, the role of ion sorption and desorption in cation exchange membranes (CEMs), particularly interactions between ammonium ions (NH₄ ⁺) and competing ions (e.g., sodium Na⁺), has often been overlooked. Our experimental results revealed a shift in the Donnan equilibrium caused by the preoccupied counterions in the CEM. For example, when the feed and draw solutions were in a 1:1 concentration ratio, the expected ammonium recovery efficiency was 50%. However, the NH₄Cl-presoaked membrane resulted in an increase of 19.1 ± 0.5% in the solution NH₄ ⁺ concentration and a decrease of 18.8 ± 0.6% in the Na⁺ concentration. Conversely, the NaCl-soaked membrane showed an 18.9 ± 1.6% reduction in NH₄ ⁺ and a 23.0 ± 1.3% increase in Na⁺. The difference indicated that the ion exchange capacity of the membrane and counterion uptake could shift the equilibrium of the DD process. We further analyzed the process kinetics and developed a nonsteady-state model incorporating ion sorption capacity to describe the behavior. Our results confirmed that presoaked ions shifted the final DD equilibrium, potentially due to differences in their affinity and geometry. To summarize, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms of Donnan dialysis by accounting for ion sorption and offers insights for the design of more efficient and effective separation processes for ammonium recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 2","pages":"909-919"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12910581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146218273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Accuracy of Property Model Predictions for Cost Optimization of Desalination Technologies.","authors":"Savannah S Sakhai, Timothy V Bartholomew, Alexander V Dudchenko, Fernando V Lima","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.5c00929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate modeling of seawater thermophysical and thermodynamic properties is critical for optimizing desalination processes. This study compares three seawater property models, a Reaktoro multicomponent model, the thermophysical seawater properties library from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a simplified sodium chloride model, in the context of levelized cost of water (LCOW) minimization for reverse osmosis (RO) and mechanical vapor compression systems. Process simulations and cost optimizations reveal that although all three models yield comparable LCOW and specific energy consumption (SEC) estimates under baseline conditions, deviations among their predictions increase with salinity. Relative differences in LCOW and SEC reach up to 6% and 8%, respectively. RO results show greater variability due to differences in osmotic pressure predictions, which affect pressure constraints at high recoveries. Computational performance varies substantially; specifically, Reaktoro simulations are up to 28 times slower than empirical models due to their detailed equilibrium calculations. These results suggest that empirical models offer acceptable accuracy for routine desalination process design, while Reaktoro provides advantages in scenarios requiring detailed speciation, such as scaling or pH adjustment studies. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate property models based on the modeling objective of desalination applications and motivate future work integrating thermodynamic rigor with empirical efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 2","pages":"793-801"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12910588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146218267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient Separation Systems: Current Progress and Future Opportunities.","authors":"Hyuck Joo Choi, Mohammed Tahmid, Luisa Barrera, Christian E Alvarez-Pugliese, Danae A Chipoco Haro, Dylan J Weber, Wilfredo J Cardona Velez, Bengu Mete, Dayana Donneys-Victoria, Zhengwen Zhang, Victor K Lim, Olatunde D Akanbi, Jacob D Hostert, Archer Montgomery, Divya Ganesan, Erika I Barcelos, Jie Xu, Joseph K Scott, Gerardine G Botte, Kayleigh Millerick, Chris Yuan, Julie N Renner, Roger H French, Marta C Hatzell","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.5c00743","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As energy, environmental, supply chain, and economic risks escalate in today's linear fertilizer manufacturing processes, there has been growing interest in developing technologies that enable a circular nitrogen-based fertilizer economy. Achieving this goal requires significant advancements in wastewater treatment, with a specific focus on the design of technologies and complete systems that can capture and recycle waste nutrients into usable fertilizers. Every year, millions of tons of nitrogen and phosphorus remain untapped in global municipal and industrial wastewater, presenting a significant opportunity for fertilizer utilization. Herein, we explore current and future opportunities for nutrient recovery systems to provide recycled fertilizers for agricultural use. We first quantify recoverable nutrient wastewater sources, examine current nutrient management processes (e.g., nitrification-denitrification, EBPR), and highlight the performance and limitations of current nutrient management processes. We also review the current commercialization landscape for nutrient recovery systems and detail efforts made in advancing full-scale deployments. Finally, we review emerging electrified technologies and compare nutrient recovery technologies in terms of technology readiness, scalability, optimal feedstock, and environmental trade-offs, pairing them with optimal wastewater feed streams. A gap analysis is also conducted to guide future research and development efforts in nutrient recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 2","pages":"567-596"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12910600/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146218252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-Dimensional Packed-Bed Electrochemical Reactor Design for Selective Selenite Reduction in Water.","authors":"Zilan Yang, D Ricardo Martinez-Vargas, Ao Xie, Shengcun Ma, Shiqiang Zou","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00861","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00861","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Selenium (Se) contamination in flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater from coal-fired power plants poses significant environmental and regulatory challenges. Here, we developed and optimized a three-dimensional electrochemical reactor (3DER) with carbon-based particle electrodes (PEs) to remove Se-(IV). Compared with conventional two-dimensional systems, the 3DER provides an enlarged electrode surface area, enabling faster removal kinetics and higher resilience without regeneration. Reactor performance was systematically evaluated as a function of PE geometry, recirculation rate, cell potential, and anode-to-cathode (A:C) chamber ratio. The optimized configuration (A:C = 1:2, <i>E</i> _cell = -2.1 V, recirculation rate 3.3 mL min^-1) balanced cathodic efficiency while minimizing anodic parasitic reactions. In synthetic wastewater containing 0.1 mM Se-(IV), the single-pass 3DER achieved steadily increasing performance, with hourly removal improving from 61.3% in the first hour to 68.1% by the 12th hour. Applied to real FGD wastewater, the system maintained an average hourly removal of 51.7% (4.2 mg of Se L^-1 h^-1) without regeneration and reached a specific energy consumption as low as 0.03 kWh g^-1 Se despite high chloride levels. Competing ions, including Mn and Si, further enhanced the Se reduction by forming oxide layers and rejecting Cl^- from the electrode surface. Enhanced kinetics under elevated Se-(IV) loadings yielded a peak removal of 74.4% (17.5 mg of Se L^-1 h^-1). These results demonstrate robust and efficient removal performance of the 3DER, supporting its promise for selenium-rich wastewater treatment and future scale-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 1","pages":"404-415"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12797224/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145970402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing the Potential for Sustainable Azelaic Acid Production from High-Oleic Vegetable Oil Using Two-Step Oxidative Cleavage.","authors":"Lavanya P Kudli, Yoel R Cortés-Peña, Sarang S Bhagwat, Jeremy S Guest","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00853","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00853","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Azelaic acid is a renewable monomer conventionally produced via the energy-intensive ozonolysis of oleic acid. Recent advancements have enabled the use of high-oleic vegetable oils (rather than tallow-derived oleic acid) and replaced ozonolysis with two-step oxidative cleavage using hydrogen and oxygen. Although this shift would improve process safety, the financial viability and environmental implications remain uncertain. In this study, we characterized the sustainability of azelaic acid production from high-oleic vegetable oil using two-step oxidative cleavage. Process design, simulation, technoeconomic analysis (TEA), and life cycle assessment (LCA) were executed under uncertainty using BioSTEAM. The modeled system produces azelaic acid at a market-competitive minimum selling price (MSP) of 8.32 [4.93-13.34] $ kg^-1 (median 5th-95th percentiles), below the minimum estimated market price of 9.93 $ kg^-1. Further, it has the potential to approach carbon neutrality (0.0 [-5.5 to 5.6] kg of CO₂-eq kg^-1) under displacement allocation. Improvements to dihydroxylation (86 to 99%) and oxidative cleavage conversions (93 to 99%) would reduce MSP to $5.24 kg^-1 and carbon intensity to -1.90 kg of CO₂-eq kg^-1 (displacement). Additionally, increasing the feedstock triolein content (75 to 85%) lowers MSP by $0.82 kg^-1. Overall, this research demonstrates the potential for financially viable production of azelaic acid from vegetable oils and the utility of agile TEA/LCA.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 1","pages":"391-403"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12797239/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145970419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scalable and Durable Brush Electrodes in Locally Enhanced Electric Field Treatment Systems for Water Disinfection.","authors":"Feiyang Mo, Wei Wang, Shuai Wang, Nian Liu, Xing Xie","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00712","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Locally enhanced electric field treatment (LEEFT) has emerged as a promising chlorine-free approach for water disinfection. However, its practical deployment has been limited by challenges in electrode durability and system scalability. Herein, we report a robust stainless-steel brush designed to enable long-term operation and scalability of LEEFT electrodes. A tubular reactor with coaxial electrodes featuring the brush as the center electrode was developed to combine both macroscale and microscale electric field enhancements. Operational parameters, including waveform, frequency, voltage, and flow rate, were systematically optimized to maximize microbial inactivation while minimizing metal release. Flow cytometry and control experiments revealed electroporation, assisted by reactive oxygen species, as the primary disinfection mechanism. Under optimal unipolar pulse conditions with high duty cycle and frequency, the system achieved efficient inactivation at voltages in the tens of volts range. Notably, the LEEFT system with the brush electrode has remained effective for about half a year with minimal metal release, representing a 10-fold increase in lifespan compared to previous LEEFT configurations. This work demonstrates a scalable, durable, and chemical-free solution for decentralized and sustainable water disinfection.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 1","pages":"124-132"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12797229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145970377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}