Design and Engineering of Photocatalytic Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Environmental and Biological Disinfection

Abstract

Photocatalytic antibacterial technologies, leveraging light-driven generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), offer a promising, antibiotic-free alternative to combat the growing challenge of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), a nonmetallic photocatalyst, is particularly appealing due to its abundant availability, ease of synthesis, and stability. However, challenges such as limited light absorption, rapid electron–hole recombination, and low surface area restrict its efficiency. This review highlights the synthesis, design strategies, and mechanisms behind g-C₃N₄’s photocatalytic antibacterial activity, focusing on ROS-induced bacterial inactivation. We discuss key engineering strategies─morphological optimization, chemical doping, heterojunction formation, and carrier confinement domain engineering─that enhance its photocatalytic properties. The review also addresses recent advancements in g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysis for environmental remediation, including water purification, fouling/corrosion prevention, and biological applications such as wound healing and bone regeneration. This work aims to provide insights into the rational design of g-C₃N₄ for sustainable, effective disinfection applications across various environmental and healthcare sectors.