ACS ES&T engineering最新文献

{"title":"Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Nitrogenous Feedstocks: Biocrude Product Optimization and Reaction Mechanistic Insights","authors":"Dharani Prasad Vadlamudi,&nbsp;Hanifrahmawan Sudibyo,&nbsp;Prince Ochonma,&nbsp;William James Manno,&nbsp;Patrick Killip Moore,&nbsp;Jefferson William Tester","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00823","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00823","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) valorizes wet waste feedstocksby converting them into marketable products as energy-rich, biocrude.However, nitrogenous food and agricultural wastes impart <em>N</em>-heteroatoms into the biocrude, impeding its energy content and meansof use as a drop-in fuel. This study investigated <em>N</em>-migration pathways in HTL of binary mixture (guaiacol–glutamicacid) and ternary mixture (glucose–guaiacol–glutamicacid) representative of lignin–protein and cellulose–lignin–protein-richfeedstocks under the influence of reaction conditions, particularlypH. A well-defined set of HTL experiments following a full-factorialcentral composite design was conducted over the reaction parameters:temperature (280–370 °C), time (10 °C to 60 min),and pH (2–12). Response surface analysis with multicriteriaoptimization was used to determine the maximum energy recovery inbiocrude. The optimal conditions were identified for HTL of the binarymixture (283 °C, 9.8 min, pH 2) and ternary mixture (367 °C,9.8 min, pH 2), under which biocrude oil exhibited the highest energyrecovery, mass yield, and carbon yield, along with minimal nitrogenand oxygen contents. The divergence in optimal temperature arose becauseincreasing temperature in the binary system mainly accelerated guaiacol(representing lignin) degradation and oil loss, while the ternarysystem glucose conversion at elevated temperatures generated oil-solublefurans, cyclic ketones, and heterocycles. Experiments revealed thatguaiacol (representing lignin) remained relatively stable under acidicconditions, while basic pH transformed the reactant into differentorganic components (phenolics, cyclic ketones, and organic acids). <em>N</em>-elemental yield and composition were higher in biocrudesunder acidic pH and elevated temperature due to <em>N</em>-heterocyclic formation (pyrrolidinones). Novel synergistic pathwaysrevealed polycyclics (indanols, indenes, etc.) formation from binarymixture interaction in basic media. Similarly, the ternary mixtureevolved <em>N</em>-heterocyclics (pyridines, pyrazines, pyrroles,indoles, etc.) and O-heterocyclics (benzofurans, coumarins, etc.).Detailed reaction pathways were proposed with aided product characterization,elucidating the roles of temperature, pH, and feedstock interactionsin directing nitrogen speciation and organic partitioning across productphases.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 4","pages":"1261–1275"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148666189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urea Volatilization: Toward Fast and Physically Meaningful Assessment of Fertilizer Efficiency","authors":"Henry F. Meier,&nbsp;Thiago J. Águida,&nbsp;Carlos A. Millnitz,&nbsp;Jonathan Utzig","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00986","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00986","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Urea volatilization is a major pathway of nitrogen lossand isa source of ammonia emissions in large-scale agriculture. Existingevaluation methods are time-consuming, expensive equipment-dependent,and often rely on empirical correlations without physical meaning.This study introduces a fast and physically grounded approach to quantifyingurea volatilization under both laboratory and field conditions. Themethod integrates simple gravimetric experiments with a mechanisticmodel that captures the coupled processes of water evaporation, enzymatichydrolysis, and gas transfer. By estimation of effective parametersdirectly linked to mass transfer and reaction kinetics, it enablesa consistent comparison of fertilizers with distinct mitigation strategies.Results confirm the method’s ability to distinguish barrier,inhibition, and combined effects, showing its reproducibility andphysical coherence. This framework provides a practical tool for fast,meaningful evaluation of fertilizer efficiency, contributing to thedevelopment of low-emission and sustainable nitrogen management inprecision agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 4","pages":"1276–1284"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148656419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralogical Immobilization and Resource Utilization of Chromium from Chromium-Containing Sludge via Narrow-Particle-Size-Fraction (Fe, Mg)1–xO Solid-Solution Magnetization","authors":"Youyu Li,&nbsp;Min Zou","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00064","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00064","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The low grade, high activity, and high toxicity of chromiuminchromium-containing sludge present significant challenges for itsimmobilization and recycling. To effectively stabilize and recoverchromium from chromium-containing sludge, this study presents a novelmethod referred to as “narrow-particle-size- fraction (Fe,Mg)_{1–<em>x</em>}O solid-solution magnetization”.By prescreening the appropriate particle size fraction of (Fe, Mg)_{1–<em>x</em>}O, this process leverages the thermodynamicand kinetic advantages offered by high temperatures to convert thetoxic and highly mobile chromium component into a nontoxic, structurallystable, and strongly magnetic (Fe, Mg)_{3–<em>x</em>}Cr_<em>x</em>O₄ (0 ≤ <em>x</em> ≤ 2) solid-solution during roasting. The (Fe, Mg)_{3–<em>x</em>}Cr_<em>x</em>O₄ phase is then isolated using weak magnetic separation. Takenthe chromium-containing sludge with a Cr₂O₃ contentof 5.94 wt % as the raw material, after optimizing the (Fe, Mg)_{1–<em>x</em>}O particle size fraction and roastingconditions, the chromium recovery rate in the magnetic concentrateexceeds 92%, while the grade of Cr₂O₃ increasesto 12.47%. Various analyses confirm that the (Fe, Mg)_{3–<em>x</em>}Cr_<em>x</em>O₄ solid-solutionis an effective magnetic carrier for chromium in chromium-containingsludge. This study provides valuable insight for the mineralogicalimmobilization and resource utilization of chromium-containing solidwaste.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 4","pages":"1358–1368"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148656317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operando DRIFTS and NMR Spectroscopy Study of Hydrolytic and Photoinduced Transformations of Dimethyl Succinate on TiO2 and CeO2","authors":"Tereza Dušková,&nbsp;Zuzana Němečková,&nbsp;Jakub Ederer,&nbsp;Petr Ryšánek,&nbsp;Martin Št’astný,&nbsp;Jiří Henych","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00166","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00166","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dimethyl succinate (DMS), a common component of dibasicesters(DBEs) widely used as solvent mixtures in the paint and polymer industries,may contribute to total indoor volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions,prompting the investigation of its fate and transformations. As shownhere by operando DRIFTS and NMR spectroscopy, DMS interacts stronglywith titania- and ceria-based materials, leading to spontaneous andsustained hydrolytic decomposition, which is realized through carboxylester bond hydrolysis. The main degradation products are surface-boundsuccinate and methanol, which can also be slowly desorbed from thesurface. Solar light photodecomposition of adsorbed species, especiallymethoxy species preformed by hydrolysis, can lead to the formationof secondary products, such as surface-bound formates, formaldehyde,or formic acid on titania, while on nanoceria, mainly formates andcarbonates are formed. As demonstrated, although DMS is not consideredtoxic, its interaction with reactive and photoactive surfaces maylead to secondary potentially hazardous products, and the fate andpotential risks of new VOC and semivolatile VOC (SVOC) compounds inindoor air should be carefully considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 4","pages":"1382–1394"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148656488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porous Styrene Functionalized β‑Cyclodextrin Beads for Organic Contaminant Removal from Wastewater","authors":"Emma F. Shapiro,&nbsp;Zhi-Wei Lin,&nbsp;Gray H. Harlan,&nbsp;Disraëli Noami Marie-Theresse Kusmus,&nbsp;Clare L. McGillis,&nbsp;William R. Dichtel,&nbsp;Aaron I. Packman","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c01037","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c01037","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Removal of traceorganic contaminants (TrOCs) from wastewaterisa major challenge, as existing technologies are nonselective and foulquickly in wastewater matrices. We used a rapid synthesis-screeningapproach to develop and test a range of styrene functionalized β-cyclodextrin(StyDex) bead formulations for the removal of PFAS and pharmaceuticalcompounds from wastewater. StyDex beads were synthesized using a newsuspension polymerization approach. We synthesized 43 individual formulationsand screened the resulting beads for size, morphology, and sorptionof a mixture of PFOA, PFHxA, PFHxS, PFBA, Bezafibrate, and Diclofenacover periods of 0.5–24 h. The bead formulation that performedbest in screening experiments was then used to prepare and sieve beadsin two size ranges (125–212 and 425–600 μm) forcharacterization in more detail. These beads had high BET surfaceareas in the dry state of 132–167 m² g^–1, high porosities of 1.72–2.62 mL g^–1, andlow bulk densities of 0.28–0.38 g mL^–1. Thebeads showed fast sorption kinetics and high capacities for targetcontaminants in both DI and wastewater, with complete removal of PFOA,PFHxA, PFHxS, Bezafibrate, and Diclofenac but limited removal of PFBAin wastewater. The larger bead size class had 35.7% higher sorptioncapacities but 2–5 times lower kinetic rate constants becauseof slower diffusion to sorption sites in the interior of the beads.Overall, the spherical shape, relatively large size, strong sorptionof PFAS and pharmaceutical compounds, and tunability of the StyDexbead formulations show excellent promise for large-scale applicationsin wastewater treatment systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 4","pages":"1297–1306"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148666639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation Kinetics for Organic Nitrogen in Bioelectrochemical Systems toward Ammonia Recovery","authors":"McKenzie Burns,&nbsp;Ziyan Wu,&nbsp;Tia Mirsha,&nbsp;Andrew Beaudet,&nbsp;Katie Mangus,&nbsp;Mohan Qin","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00128","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestengg.6c00128","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Land applicationof dairy manure returns nitrogen (N)to the soilfor crop production. However, direct land application of manure faceschallenges such as nitrogen volatilization and imprecise manure nitrogenapplications, which significantly contribute to losses to the environmentwhile also reducing the nitrogen value of manure. Manure processingmethods that can recover nitrogen, particularly organic nitrogen (orgN)in a mineralized form, in a concentrated product can increase thenutrient use efficiency, reducing the demand for manufactured nitrogenfertilizers. In this study, we investigate two operation configurationsof bioelectrochemical systems (BES) for ammonia (NH₃) recoveryfrom orgN in synthetic dairy manure. Glutamic acid, an amino acidfound in high concentrations in dairy manure, was used as the N sourcein the synthetic feed, and the BES was operated in both microbialelectrolysis cell (MEC, <em>E</em>_appl. = 0.8 V)and microbial fuel cell (MFC) operation modes. Samples from four timeseries experiments, two in each operation mode, were analyzed forchemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total ammoniacalnitrogen (TAN), and acetate concentrations. Raman spectroscopy wasapplied to track the orgN content in the time series samples throughoutthe experiments. Results indicated superior N removal from the anolytein MEC mode, with an average TN removal above 95% and first-orderdegradation kinetics with rate coefficients between 0.05 and 0.06h^–1. Kinetic analysis of the Raman data revealedthat glutamic acid degradation to be complex and not singularly orderedin either operation mode, requiring further quantitative study. Thiswork provides vital insight into the kinetics of degradation withinBES toward a more complete understanding of anode-chamber processes.Such insight can be useful in guiding further research into BES asresource recovery mechanisms and supporting BES adaptation as manuretreatment processes focused on the recovery of nutrient-rich, value-addedfertilizer products.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 4","pages":"1369–1381"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147687604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Water Disinfection on Polyamide Membranes: Principles, Performances, and Perspectives","authors":"Nanxi Jiang,&nbsp;Hao Wang,&nbsp;Chengzhi Hu,&nbsp;Zhenyu Li,&nbsp;Jean-Philippe Croue,&nbsp;Gary Amy,&nbsp;Chao Liu","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c01068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.5c01068","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aromatic polyamide (PA) thin-film composite membranesare widelyemployed in reverse osmosis and nanofiltration for seawater desalinationand water reuse. However, they can be degraded by chlorine used inwater disinfection for biofouling control, hampering operational efficiencyand the membrane service life. Tremendous efforts have been made tomitigate the adverse impacts of water disinfection on PA membraneswhile maintaining biofouling control and filtration performance. Thispaper reviews the reaction mechanisms of PA membranes with variousdisinfectants (e.g., chlorine, bromine, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine,peracetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide). Mechanisms for their reactionswith the PA membrane model monomer (e.g., benzanilide) include aromaticsubstitution, <em>N</em>-substitution, and amide bond breakage.In general, disinfectants with a high reduction potential would causesevere membrane damage. An increase in the surface halogen contentupon chlorine disinfection can decrease PA membrane hydrophilicity.Yet, degradation of the membrane via an oxidation pathway typicallyincreases its hydrophilicity. Mild oxidation enhances membrane saltrejection because of increasing surface negative charge and tighteningeffects, while severe oxidation leads to a decline in membrane performance.While summarizing the state of knowledge on the PA membrane performanceafter water disinfection, this review also identifies several knowledgegaps to highlight future research topics of interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"993–1008"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148666126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface-Engineered WO3 Enables Photocatalytic Mineralization of Toluene under Visible Light by Boosting Mobile OH Radicals","authors":"Woojung Jeon,&nbsp;Sathya Sheela Subramanian,&nbsp;Eugene Hong,&nbsp;Seunghyun Weon,&nbsp;Geun Ho Gu,&nbsp;Wonyong Choi","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c01076","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c01076","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Visible light-driven photocatalysis is a sustainableapproach forair purification, but full mineralization of aromatic volatile organiccompounds (VOCs) such as toluene to carbon dioxide (CO₂) remains elusive due to their chemical stability and weak surfaceaffinity. Here, we report a platinum-loaded, surface-fluorinated tungstentrioxide (F-WO₃/Pt) that achieves mineralization of tolueneunder visible-light irradiation, markedly outperforming conventionalPt/WO₃, which cannot degrade toluene at all under the samecondition. Mechanistic studies reveal that the surface fluorinationof Pt/WO₃ promotes the formation of mobile hydroxyl radicals(·OH). These radicals diffuse into the gas phase, extending theactive reaction zone beyond the catalyst surface. This fluorination-driven·OH mobility compensates for WO₃’s inherentlylow photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) activity, low surface area, andweak toluene adsorption. Remote PCO experiments, scavenger tests,and ESR analyses collectively demonstrate the generation and activerole of mobile radicals, whereas DFT calculations reveal an additionaleffect arising from the enhanced affinity of toluene with the fluorinatedsurface. The synergy between radical mobility and surface affinityestablishes a new conceptual framework for the design of highly efficientphotocatalysts for air pollutant degradation. These results presenta scalable approach to modulating radical dynamics for enhanced visible-light-drivenVOC removal and underscore the broad potential of this strategy fordeveloping advanced materials for air purification.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"1172–1183"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reframing Nitrate Electrochemical Reduction Research toward Practical Electrified Membrane Systems","authors":"Xinyu Liu,&nbsp;Jianyang Yuan,&nbsp;Jinling Fan,&nbsp;Jiaxin Du,&nbsp;Zhongbiao Wu,&nbsp;Xiaoxiong Wang,&nbsp;Xuanhao Wu","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c01101","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c01101","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nitrate pollution poses significantenvironmental and health risks.Electrochemical reduction of nitrate (NO₃RR) provides apromising alternative for sustainable pollution control and resourcerecovery. Despite extensive research on nitrate reduction, the engineeringapplication of NO₃RR remains underexplored, with many studiesfocused on H-cell reactors. However, the H-cell system has limitationsin mimicking real-world conditions and scaling up processes. Electrifiedmembranes (EMs), as a promising complementary approach, integratecatalytic functions into membrane structures, enhancing mass transferand reaction rates through spatial confinement and electric fieldswithin the membrane pores. This allows for efficient nitrate reductionand nitrogen or ammonia production in large-scale continuous-flowsystems. This perspective reviews the current state of EMs in NO₃RR, highlighting the need to optimize key parameters suchas catalyst selection and reaction mechanisms. Future work shouldfocus on scaling up EMs systems, improving catalyst stability, andenhancing operational efficiency to address nitrate electroreductionsustainably and economically.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"1065–1077"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148672325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Novosphingobium aromaticivorans for Concurrent Production of Intracellular and Extracellular Products from Aromatics Extracted from Poplar Biomass","authors":"Bumkyu Kim,&nbsp;Benjamin W. Hall,&nbsp;Dennis V. Haak,&nbsp;Jason Coplien,&nbsp;Steven D. Karlen,&nbsp;Timothy J. Donohue,&nbsp;Daniel R. Noguera","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00956","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestengg.5c00956","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Achieving high biochemical production in biotransformationsofrenewable resources requires using concentrated cultures that notonly generate the product of interest but also produce abundant microbialcell waste. We explored the concept of gaining value from microbialcells by producing intracellular products in tandem with a desiredextracellular product. Specifically, we engineered a strain of<em>Novosphingobium aromaticivorans</em> to extracellularlyproduce 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) from aromatic substratesand to intracellularly accumulate astaxanthin along with coenzymeQ₁₀, all of which are products of industrial interest.Achieving the goal of concurrent production of intracellular and extracellularproducts required the creative application of bioreactor engineeringprinciples. Although a continuously fed membrane bioreactor (MBR)maximized extracellular product biosynthesis, it had a negative effecton intracellular product accumulation. However, operating the MBRas a sequencing batch reactor (MBR-SBR) with a step-feed resultedin stable concurrent production of both extracellular and intracellularproducts. With aromatics extracted from poplar biomass, we achievedproductivities of 1.14 g of PDC/L-h for the extracellular productand 0.04 mg of astaxanthin/L-h and 0.64 mg of CoQ₁₀/L-hfor intracellular products, respectively. Our findings demonstratethat the mode of operation of a bioreactor impacts the simultaneousproduction of intracellular and extracellular products by<em>N. aromaticivorans</em>.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"1106–1117"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147479390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}