AAPS PharmSciTechPub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.1208/s12249-025-03117-4
Kawthar K Abla, Mohammed M Mehanna
{"title":"Freeze-Drying as a Tool for Preparing Porous Materials: From Proof of Concept to Recent Pharmaceutical Applications.","authors":"Kawthar K Abla, Mohammed M Mehanna","doi":"10.1208/s12249-025-03117-4","DOIUrl":"10.1208/s12249-025-03117-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Freeze-drying (FD) is the most extensive drying technique in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries. It relies on three main steps: freezing, primary, and secondary drying, where the sample is frozen and then dried by ice sublimation. FD possesses several features, mainly its suitability for heat-sensitive materials and its ability to produce dry products with improved physicochemical characteristics. Although FD is a gentle drying process, it can cause numerous stresses that induce chemical and physical instabilities. Herein, the addition of suitable excipients along with optimizing the process parameters is critical in attaining lyophilizates with high-quality attributes. Besides, the freeze-drying method has been explored as a unique route to produce porous materials with different applications. This work aims to dismantle the basics of freeze-drying and its role in developing porous materials, mainly amorphous and co-amorphous solid-dispersions, orodispersible tablets and films, as well as porous dressings and 3D scaffolds for effective wound healing and tissue engineering, respectively. The challenges and limitations of lyophilization have also been addressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":6925,"journal":{"name":"AAPS PharmSciTech","volume":"26 5","pages":"159"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144214519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AAPS PharmSciTechPub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.1208/s12249-025-03138-z
Genyang Ye, Qun Wang, Yibo Shang, Yibo Li, Rui Yang, Boyu Jing, Qiang Fu
{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Diclofenac Sodium-Purolite A430MR Complexes for Taste Masking.","authors":"Genyang Ye, Qun Wang, Yibo Shang, Yibo Li, Rui Yang, Boyu Jing, Qiang Fu","doi":"10.1208/s12249-025-03138-z","DOIUrl":"10.1208/s12249-025-03138-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The taste of a drug impacts the compliance of patients for oral administration. In this study, the bitter taste of diclofenac sodium (DS) was masked with purolite A430MR through ion exchange. The DS-A430MR complexes (DACs) were prepared at a 1:1 (w/w) drug to resin through a simple aqueous binding process. The key factors affecting release behaviors were identified by optimized experiments. The taste masking effect of the DACs was evaluated by human taste panel studies and simulated saliva release. The physical characterization proved successful preparation of DACs. The released experiments demonstrated that the pH values, types, and strengths of counter ions were important factors affecting the DS release from the DACs. The simulated saliva release profiles demonstrated that the DS concentration in oral cavity was lower than its bitterness threshold. The bitter taste of DS was almost completely masked by the IERs, which provided guidance for the development of palatable oral preparations using IERs.</p>","PeriodicalId":6925,"journal":{"name":"AAPS PharmSciTech","volume":"26 5","pages":"158"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144214521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AAPS PharmSciTechPub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.1208/s12249-025-03154-z
Vrundakumari R Solanki, Vijaykumar K Parmar
{"title":"Recent Advances in Development of Buccal Formulations: From Small to Macromolecules.","authors":"Vrundakumari R Solanki, Vijaykumar K Parmar","doi":"10.1208/s12249-025-03154-z","DOIUrl":"10.1208/s12249-025-03154-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Buccal drug delivery offers a promising alternative to conventional oral administration, bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism and gastric degradation that often limit drug bioavailability. This review explores the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the buccal mucosa that make it amenable to drug absorption, examining key formulation strategies including Quality by Design (QbD) principles, the use of mucoadhesive polymers, and permeation enhancers. The review further highlights recent advancements in buccal drug delivery systems, with a particular focus on nanotechnology-based approaches for enhancing the delivery of small as well as macromolecules and biologics. A comprehensive literature analysis demonstrates the potential of buccal delivery to improve therapeutic outcomes by leveraging the unique properties of the buccal mucosa and optimizing drug absorption through advanced formulation design and innovative technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":6925,"journal":{"name":"AAPS PharmSciTech","volume":"26 5","pages":"156"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144214522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AAPS PharmSciTechPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1208/s12249-025-03147-y
Daniel J Duke, Lingzhe Rao, Benjamin Myatt, Phil Cocks, Stephen Stein, Hui Xin Ong, Paul Young
{"title":"The Role of Low Global Warming Potential Propellants on Suspension Metered Dose Inhaler Sprays.","authors":"Daniel J Duke, Lingzhe Rao, Benjamin Myatt, Phil Cocks, Stephen Stein, Hui Xin Ong, Paul Young","doi":"10.1208/s12249-025-03147-y","DOIUrl":"10.1208/s12249-025-03147-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The reformulation of suspension-based pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDI) with low global warming potential (GWP) propellants is challenged by wide-ranging changes to their chemicophysical properties such as vapor pressure, density and latent heat. The effect of low-GWP propellants on spray pattern and plume geometry for suspension pMDIs are not fully understood. There is a lack of data regarding the role of propellant choice and potential interactions with suspended drugs, which may explain performance variations between products and guide development of in-silico models. In this study, high speed imaging was used to measure the plume morphology and optical density of sprays containing HFA134a, HFA152a and HFO1234ze(E) propellants. Propellant-only placebo controls were compared to suspension formulations containing 2 mg/mL salbutamol sulphate. It was found that the presence of suspended particles has a significant effect on plume structure, reducing correlations between propellant thermophysical properties and cone angle, targeting angle, and optical center of mass by 6-7 times. These effects vary depending on propellant type due to variations in flash-evaporation behavior, which is less pronounced in low-GWP propellants compared to HFA134a. HFA152a sprays have a 23% reduction in Jakob number compared to HFA134a; plume width at the mouthpiece exit is commensurately increased by 40%. Equivalent HFO1234ze(E) sprays have less pronounced differences in Jakob number (13% reduced) and plume width (25% increased) compared to equivalent HFA134a sprays. Empirical models and standards which implicitly incorporate the flash-evaporation effects commonly observed in high-GWP HFA propellants may require adjustment to be suitable for use with low-GWP formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":6925,"journal":{"name":"AAPS PharmSciTech","volume":"26 5","pages":"154"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144207346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AAPS PharmSciTechPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1208/s12249-025-03142-3
Nur Mita, Xuejia Kang, Pengyu Chen, Oladiran Fasina, Shenise Howard, Anna-Catherine Bowden, Richard J McMullen, Amol Suryawanshi, R Jayachandra Babu
{"title":"Injectable PLGA-based In Situ Forming Subconjunctival Implant for Sustained Ocular Delivery of Ketotifen Fumarate: Formulation, Drug Release, and Biocompatibility Studies.","authors":"Nur Mita, Xuejia Kang, Pengyu Chen, Oladiran Fasina, Shenise Howard, Anna-Catherine Bowden, Richard J McMullen, Amol Suryawanshi, R Jayachandra Babu","doi":"10.1208/s12249-025-03142-3","DOIUrl":"10.1208/s12249-025-03142-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ketotifen fumarate is very effective in treating ocular conditions like allergic conjunctivitis. However, its clinical effectiveness is limited by rapid washout, frequent dosing, and poor bioavailability. This study developed a ketotifen fumarate-loaded in situ forming subconjunctival injectable implant (ISFSI) for use in large animal species such as horses and alpacas. ISFSIs were formulated by dispersing ketotifen fumarate in polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) combined with different release retarders (Kolliphor<sup>®</sup> RH 40, Labrasol<sup>®</sup>, and Maisine<sup>®)</sup>, then characterized for visual appearance, viscosity, solidification time, and in vitro drug release. The changes in the release medium pH and the solidified ISFSI wet weight were monitored for up to 4 weeks. The selected ISFSI, KFM5, was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and rheological behavior. The injectability of KFM5 was predicted using the power law for five different syringe and needle dimensions. Cytotoxicity was tested using the Alamar Blue assay and Calcein AM/PI staining on a human corneal epithelial cell line (HCE-T). Results showed that all ISFSI formulations were clear yellowish, with drug recoveries exceeding 95%, varying viscosities, and solidified upon contact with the release medium. KFM5 exhibited a triphasic drug release profile with the lowest burst release (4.91 ± 0.55%) and followed Higuchi kinetics. SEM imaging revealed a \"hollow and sponge-like\" structure, while DSC confirmed the crystallinity and thermal transitions of ketotifen fumarate within the solidified implant. Rheological analysis indicated shear-thinning fluid behavior with acceptable injection forces. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed > 90% cell viability, confirming biocompatibility in the ocular tissue.</p>","PeriodicalId":6925,"journal":{"name":"AAPS PharmSciTech","volume":"26 5","pages":"153"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144207345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AAPS PharmSciTechPub Date : 2025-05-30DOI: 10.1208/s12249-025-03153-0
Ajay J Khopade, Malay D Shah, Bhushan S Borole, Vinod Burade
{"title":"Antitumor Efficacy of Paclitaxel Injection Concentrate for Nanodispersion in Patient-Derived Breast, Head and Neck, and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Mouse Xenografts.","authors":"Ajay J Khopade, Malay D Shah, Bhushan S Borole, Vinod Burade","doi":"10.1208/s12249-025-03153-0","DOIUrl":"10.1208/s12249-025-03153-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paclitaxel Injection Concentrate for Injection (PICN) is a novel nanoparticle formulation designed to overcome the limitations associated with the administration of marketed Cremophor and albumin based (nab) paclitaxel formulations. This study compared the in vivo antitumor efficacy of PICN with that of solvent-based paclitaxel and nab-paclitaxel in a murine NMRI nu/nu athymic nude mouse model bearing various human tumor xenotransplants: head and neck cancer (HNXF 1838 and HNXF 1842), lung cancer xenografts (LXFA 1584), and breast cancer xenografts (MAXF 574 and MAXF 1384). PICN displayed good to excellent antitumor activity. Moreover, PICN inhibited tumor growth more than solvent based paclitaxel formulation when compared at comparable tolerated dose levels. The higher antitumor efficacy of PICN compared to paclitaxel at lower dose levels of half the maximum tolerated dose (1/2MTD) was significant (P < 0.05) in three of the tumor models, i.e. HNXF 1842, MAXF 574, and MAXF 1384. The higher efficacy of PICN compared to paclitaxel was also evident at the MTD, but somewhat less pronounced, and was significant (P < 0.05) in one tumor model (HNXF 1838). The antitumor activity of PICN was similar to that of nab-paclitaxel. However, in one tumor model (HNXF 1838) PICN 50 mg/kg (1/2 MTD) showed a slight benefit over the same dose of nab-paclitaxel. The nanoparticulate nature of PICN and nab-paclitaxel therefore seems to enhance tumor cell penetration compared to conventional paclitaxel, resulting in better antitumor efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":6925,"journal":{"name":"AAPS PharmSciTech","volume":"26 5","pages":"150"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144186233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AAPS PharmSciTechPub Date : 2025-05-30DOI: 10.1208/s12249-025-03140-5
Hongyu Yang, Jianpeng Qin, Yuou Wang, Ji Li, Dongkai Wang
{"title":"Preparation and Study of Erythromycin Dry Powder Inhaler Based on Ternary Complex Structure.","authors":"Hongyu Yang, Jianpeng Qin, Yuou Wang, Ji Li, Dongkai Wang","doi":"10.1208/s12249-025-03140-5","DOIUrl":"10.1208/s12249-025-03140-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pulmonary bacterial infections are a common disease, with erythromycin being a first-line treatment. However, conventional erythromycin tablets and injectables exhibit limited therapeutic efficacy and are associated with severe gastrointestinal side effects. Additionally, injectable formulations suffer from poor patient compliance. Dry powder inhaler (DPI) offers superior pulmonary targeting, circumvent first-pass metabolism, and are portable, enhancing patient adherence. In this study, we successfully developed a ternary inhalable erythromycin dry powder formulation (Ery-DPI). The Quality by Design (QbD) approach was employed to establish a design space for erythromycin micronization and to optimize the formulation. The physicochemical properties and fine particle fraction of the erythromycin DPI were evaluated through in vitro experiments. The final formulation, composed of α-lactose, mannitol, and erythromycin in a ratio of 1:0.2:2 (v/v/v), exhibited an FPF of 70 ± 3%. In vivo studies demonstrated that, compared to intravenous administration, Ery-DPI achieved higher and more stable local drug exposure in the lungs. Overall, our study provides new insights into pulmonary drug delivery strategies for treating bacterial infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":6925,"journal":{"name":"AAPS PharmSciTech","volume":"26 5","pages":"151"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144186237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AAPS PharmSciTechPub Date : 2025-05-30DOI: 10.1208/s12249-025-03146-z
Marianne A P C Nogueira, Camila O Cardoso, Lucas F F Albuquerque, Marcilio Cunha-Filho, Tais Gratieri, Guilherme M Gelfuso
{"title":"Grape Seed Oil Microemulsion for Improved Skin Delivery of Resveratrol.","authors":"Marianne A P C Nogueira, Camila O Cardoso, Lucas F F Albuquerque, Marcilio Cunha-Filho, Tais Gratieri, Guilherme M Gelfuso","doi":"10.1208/s12249-025-03146-z","DOIUrl":"10.1208/s12249-025-03146-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the anti-inflammatory properties of Resveratrol, this paper proposes developing a grape seed oil-in-water microemulsion (ME) for topical administration to treat inflammatory skin pathological conditions. Thermal analyses confirmed compatibility between Resveratrol, grape seed oil, Tween 80, and Span 80 used in the formulations. Two compositions (ME1 and ME2) were selected from a pseudo-ternary diagram prepared by components titration. ME1 (50% water, 35% surfactant, 15% oil) and ME2 (60% water, 30% surfactant, 10% oil) showed mean droplet sizes of 23.1 ± 0.7 nm and 24.9 ± 1.7 nm (PdI = 0.34 and 0.47), zeta potential between -11.7 ± 0.5 and -13.6 ± 0.9 mV, and pH values of 6.2 ± 0.5 and 7.1 ± 1.1, respectively. Rheological analyses revealed Newtonian behavior and low viscosity, with physical stability for 60 days at room temperature. In vitro drug permeation studies using porcine skin demonstrated that ME increased Resveratrol penetration into deeper skin layers by fourfold (p < 0.001) compared to the control solution (ME1: 2.9 ± 0.1 μg/cm<sup>2</sup>, ME2: 2.4 ± 0.1 μg/cm<sup>2</sup>), while reducing retention in the stratum corneum. HET-CAM experiments indicated safety for topical application. In conclusion, the ME was a promising alternative for future clinical investigations to treat inflammatory skin conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":6925,"journal":{"name":"AAPS PharmSciTech","volume":"26 5","pages":"148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144186236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AAPS PharmSciTechPub Date : 2025-05-30DOI: 10.1208/s12249-025-03126-3
Prachi Joshi, Abhay T Sangamwar
{"title":"Combination Drug Product of Amorphous Solid Dispersion Show Extended Supersaturation and Enhanced Dissolution.","authors":"Prachi Joshi, Abhay T Sangamwar","doi":"10.1208/s12249-025-03126-3","DOIUrl":"10.1208/s12249-025-03126-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Investigation on multidrug formulations is increasing, because of enhanced efficacy and patient compliance. The two antiparasitic drugs Albendazole (ABZ) and mebendazole (MBZ) combination is well reported in the clinical research. However, ABZ-MBZ drug combination do not progressed well due to in vivo drug-drug interaction of precipitation of either drug leading to sub-therapeutic concentration in systemic circulation. Herein, we studied the effect of various cellulosic polymers on the supersaturation behaviour of ABZ and MBZ in combination. We screened a large group of cellulosic polymers and selected HPMCAS on the basis of supersaturation behaviour, drug-polymer solubility, and drug particle size. An amorphous solid dispersion was developed comprising ABZ-MBZ and HPMCAS. Drug amorphization was confirmed using thermal and crystallographic technique. In kinetic solubility, the ternary ASD enhanced the solubility of ABZ/MBZ by 1.88/3.52-fold (pH 1.2), 146.08/201.38-fold (pH 6.8) and 182.47/50.38-fold (water) as compared to crystalline ABZ and MBZ. In vitro release study supports kinetic solubility data as in ternary ASD the fraction drug release of ABZ/MBZ was increased by 2.22/2.55-fold (pH 1.2), 22.82/25.98-fold (pH 6.8) and 18.5/12-fold (water) in comparison to crystalline drugs. AUC<sup>0-120</sup> min displayed significant enhancement in drug solubility with ternary ASD.</p>","PeriodicalId":6925,"journal":{"name":"AAPS PharmSciTech","volume":"26 5","pages":"152"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144186234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}