Acta Ophthalmologica最新文献

{"title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor antibody and axial elongation in experimental myopia.","authors":"Li Dong, Wen-Da Zhou, Yu-Hang Yang, Ru-Heng Zhang, Han-Qing Zhao, Chu-Yao Yu, He-Yan Li, Shan-Shan Wang, Hao-Tian Wu, Jiao-Yue Dong, Xu-Han Shi, Ze-Tong Zheng, Jost B Jonas, Wen-Bin Wei","doi":"10.1111/aos.17516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the effect of intraocularly applied epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody panitumumab on axial elongation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a preclinical, safety, and efficacy experimental study. Guinea pigs aged 2-3 weeks were fitted with bilateral plano lenses (Group I; n = 10) or underwent bilateral lens-induced myopization (LIM) (Group II; n = 10) with no intravitreal injections. Animals with LIM of Groups III (n = 15), IV (n = 15) and V (n = 15) received three 4-weekly intravitreal injections of panitumumab at doses of 25, 50 and 100 μg, respectively, into their right eyes, and of phosphate-buffered saline into their left eyes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Inter-eye differences in axial elongation (right eye minus left eye at study end) decreased (p < 0.001) from 0.00 ± 0.02 mm (Group I) and - 0.01 ± 0.02 mm (Group II) to -0.09 ± 0.03 mm (Group III), -0.12 ± 0.03 mm (Group IV) and - 0.17 ± 0.05 mm (Group V). Interocular choroidal thickness differences (measured by optical coherence tomography) increased (p < 0.01) from Groups I and II to Groups III-V. Western blot analysis showed an increase (p < 0.05) in expression levels of EGFR and its downstream phosphorylated signalling molecule, p-PI3K, in Group II compared to Group I and a decrease in Groups III-V compared to Group II (all p < 0.01). Interocular differences in retinal thickness did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) between the groups. TUNEL staining revealed no significant differences in retinal apoptotic cell density among any groups (all p > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Intravitreally administered panitumumab in young guinea pigs with LIM resulted in a dose-dependent and treatment frequency-dependent reduction in axial elongation, supporting the role of EGFR signalling in axial elongation.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143958998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of treatment routine using aflibercept: Strict vs. relaxed retreatment regimen (TOLERANT study)-A non-inferiority, randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Damian Jaggi, Lieselotte E Berger, Sandrine Zweifel, Matthias D Becker, Stephan Michels, Odile Stalder, Joel-Benjamin Lincke, Oussama Habra, Sebastian Wolf, Martin S Zinkernagel","doi":"10.1111/aos.17514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This trial evaluated the noninferiority of a relaxed compared to a strict treat-and-extend treatment strategy in patients with neovascular Age-related macular degeneration (AMD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Multicenter, randomized, controlled, phase IV, non-inferiority clinical trial. Patients with treatment-naïve nAMD were randomized 1:1 to a relaxed or strict treat-and-extend treatment regimen. Aflibercept 2 mg/0.05 mL was used. In the relaxed regimen, up to 100 μm subfoveal subretinal fluid was tolerated, vs. no tolerance of any fluid in the strict regimen. The primary outcome was the change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA; ETDRS letters) from baseline to the end of the study at week 104 and its difference between the two treatment arms, with a 5-letter non-inferiority margin.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We randomized 150 patients. The full analysis showed non-inferiority of the relaxed treatment, with a mean difference of -0.12 letters (95%-CI: -3.45 to infinity, H0; mean. diff. ≤ 5 letters: p = 0.008), and a visual acuity gain of 7.3 (4.82; 9.78) vs. 7.01 (3.67; 10.36) letters in the strict vs. relaxed regimen, respectively. Many patients deviated from the protocol due to Covid-19. Per-protocol analysis showed a mean difference of -1.78 letters (95%-CI: -6.61 to infinity, H0; mean. diff. ≤ 5 letters: p = 0.136). Fewer injections were needed in the relaxed regimen, with a mean difference of -2.34 (95%-CI: -4.11 to -0.56, p = 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Tolerating up to 100 μm subfoveal subretinal fluid achieves good visual outcomes in our 24-month follow-up period, in patients treated with aflibercept for nAMD, with significantly fewer injections needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143962548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A fast protocol for photodynamic therapy in exudative choroidal circumscribed hemangioma: Early laser irradiance after end of verteporfin infusion.","authors":"Paul Dubar, Thibaud Mathis, Emilie Hucteau, Juliette Thariat, Maxime Nhari, Célia Maschi, Carsten Faber, Jens Folke Kiilgaard, Carlo Mosci, Catherine Favard, Sarah Tick, Anh-Minh Nguyen, Jean-Pierre Caujolle, Marie-Noëlle Delyfer, Laurence Rosier","doi":"10.1111/aos.17513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of the study is to compare the risk of first-line photodynamic therapy (PDT) failure according to the PDT protocol performed in patients with exudative choroidal circumscribed hemangioma (CCH).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively included patients from 11 European centres in France, Italy and Denmark. Two groups were established: patients treated with Standard Protocol PDT (SP-PDT) and patients treated with a 'Fast' Protocol PDT (FP-PDT), characterised by laser irradiation without delay after the end of the verteporfin infusion (8 min after start of infusion). We analysed groups on the risk of exudative CCH recurrence requiring a second line of treatment, defining the first-line PDT failure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 111 patients were included in the study: 76 treated with the SP-PDT and 35 with the FP-PDT. First-line PDT failure was observed for 45 patients (59%) in the SP-PDT group and 9 patients (26%) in the FP-PDT group, with a median follow-up of 3.5 [1.7-6.7] years and 2.3 [0.8-3.9] years, respectively. Final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improvement did not differ between groups (p = 0.49). A multivariate survival analysis including initial CCH thickness and initial BCVA was performed over a two-year follow-up period: FP-PDT as first-line treatment was significantly associated with a lower risk of PDT failure [HR = 0.27, 95%CI (0.11-0.65)].</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FP-PDT shows encouraging results in the treatment of CCHs, as it is associated with a lower risk of PDT failure. It may therefore represent an interesting avenue for optimised PDT parameters, although these results need to be confirmed by randomised trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143952351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness and safety of repeated photodynamic therapy in recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy.","authors":"F M van den Tillaart, A Komrojan, C B Hoyng, J P Martinez Ciriano, S Yzer","doi":"10.1111/aos.17511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate anatomical and functional outcomes after a second photodynamic therapy (PDT) in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), who had a recurrence of subretinal fluid (SRF) after a previously successful PDT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this multicentre retrospective cohort study, we included patients with CSC who underwent a second PDT because of a recurrence of SRF after an effective first PDT with complete SRF resolution. Diagnosis of CSC was based on multimodal imaging. We evaluated the complete resolution rate of SRF after a second PDT with reduced settings. Also, visual acuity (VA), subfoveal ellipsoid zone (EZ) and subfoveal external limiting membrane (ELM) integrity before and after the first and the second PDT were studied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 88 patients were studied, of whom 18% were female. The mean age was 51.3 ± 10.5 years at the second PDT. At the first follow-up visit after the second PDT (median of 44 days [IQR 40-51] after PDT), a complete resolution of SRF occurred in 64% of eyes. The median VA was 0.15 LogMAR before the second PDT and improved to 0.05 LogMAR (p < 0.001) after PDT. The EZ was continuous in 3% of patients before the second PDT, and EZ continuity increased to 27% at the first follow-up visit after PDT. No new atrophy was observed after the second PDT.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A second PDT with reduced settings in recurrent CSC is effective and safe in the short term, as significant anatomical and functional improvement was observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143955000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term follow-up of eight patients with long chain 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.","authors":"Magdalena Hubert, Maciej Gawęcki","doi":"10.1111/aos.17517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17517","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143956992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI image analysis tools quantify schisis cystic volume in XLRS retinal dysmorphology.","authors":"Paul A Sieving","doi":"10.1111/aos.17499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To provide a perspective on the feasibility and utility of automating image segmentation with artificial intelligence (AI)-based deep-learning algorithms to quantify retinoschisis cystic cavity volume in patients with X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Review outcomes of two studies published in this journal issue of Acta Ophthalmological on implementing AI-based analysis of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) retinal images to quantify structural cavities in XLRS patients. Analyse results of using AI-analytics compared with human manual segmentation for grading the same set of retinal OCT images.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both papers were successful in developing independent, AI-based algorithms to automate and quantify the extent of schisis cavity spaces in the retina of XLRS patients. Both studies demonstrated that AI analytics can give results comparable to or better than human performance for quantifying XLRS structural dysmorphology. One group then simulated a clinical therapy trial comparing CAI treatment against controls; changes in AI-quantified schisis volume (ASV) proved a better metric as a trial structural endpoint than either central subfield thickness (CST) or central foveal thickness (CFT) as trial structural endpoints.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These two studies independently demonstrated the feasibility of automating the laborious process of quantifying retinoschisis cavity volume in XLRS patients. Further, automated AI-based cavity volume measurement was demonstrated to be feasible as a possible outcome for XLRS therapeutic trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143959567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preservatives in artificial tears: Assessing impact on dry eye symptoms: Findings from 67 951 questionnaire responses-Project FOREVER.","authors":"Astrid Dissing Sjö, Jens Rovelt, Simone Ahrenberg, Miriam Kolko","doi":"10.1111/aos.17500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17500","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine the association between the presence of dry eye disease (DED) symptoms when using BAK-preserved artificial tears (AT) compared to preservative-free AT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, we used data collected as part of Project 'Finding Ophthalmic Risk and Evaluating the Value of Eye exams and their predictive Reliability' (FOREVER). To analyse the strength and direction of associations, we used binomial logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, smoking and eye diseases. The analysis was conducted on responses regarding AT formulations and seven distinct DED symptoms from 67 951 participants in Project FOREVER, including 8039 AT users.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our analysis showed statistically significant higher odds ratios (ORs) of experiencing itching and blurred vision among users of BAK-preserved AT compared to preservative-free AT users, with ORs of 1.26 (95% CI 1.01-1.58) and 1.28 (95% CI 1.02-1.60), respectively. Additionally, a borderline significant trend indicated an increased number of DED symptoms in the BAK-preserved AT group compared to preservative-free AT users. Furthermore, our study provided a comprehensive overview of AT usage patterns within the cohort, illustrating the proportion of users for each type of AT.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that BAK-preserved AT may worsen DED symptoms. We found higher ORs for experiencing itching and blurred vision as well as a tendency towards experiencing a higher number of symptoms when using BAK-preserved AT compared to preservative-free AT. Further longitudinal studies with additional questions on AT usage and clinical assessments are needed to validate these findings and optimize AT formulations for safer, effective DED management.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143958360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Choroidal melanoma patient views on the importance of treatment characteristics and outcomes, and physicians' information provision in the Netherlands.","authors":"Aryana Shirzada, Arwen H Pieterse, Lisa Vlug, Gré P M Luyten, T H Khanh Vu, Jaco C Bleeker, Pauline A Bakker, Marina Marinkovic, Coen R N Rasch, Nanda Horeweg, M Elske van den Akker-Van Marle","doi":"10.1111/aos.17505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To identify the treatment characteristics and outcomes that Dutch patients with large or juxtapapillary choroidal melanoma consider important when choosing between enucleation and proton beam therapy (PBT). We further determined to what extent these treatment characteristics and outcomes are discussed with newly diagnosed choroidal melanoma patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Through a literature search, stakeholder interviews and feedback from patients, we identified 15 treatment characteristics and outcomes that patients might consider important for deciding between enucleation and PBT. Using a ranking survey, we selected the seven most important characteristics. Next, we conducted a Swing Weighting (SW) survey among treated and newly diagnosed large or juxtapapillary choroidal melanoma patients to determine the relative weight patients assign to these characteristics for treatment decision-making. Furthermore, we assessed which characteristics and outcomes are discussed in current practice with newly diagnosed choroidal melanoma patients eligible for both enucleation and PBT using audio recordings of consultations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred sixty-five participants completed the SW survey. The patients found the risk of tumour recurrence and eye loss most important. These were mentioned in 47% and 42% of the 110 audio-recorded consultations, respectively. The two most-often mentioned characteristics were treatment course (96%) and decrease in visual acuity (85%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Tumour local control and eye preservation matter the most to newly diagnosed choroidal melanoma patients when facing a treatment decision. However, ocular oncologists do not routinely provide this information to patients. The results can be used to align counselling of newly diagnosed patients with choroidal melanoma with what matters most to patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144053937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel predictors for malignant glaucoma in primary angle-closure glaucoma patients.","authors":"Xinyuan Liu, Jiajian Wang, Xinghuai Sun, Yuhong Chen","doi":"10.1111/aos.17503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To identify potential structural predictors for malignant glaucoma (MG) using ultrasonic biomicroscopy (UBM) images in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) eyes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study enrolled 99 MG inpatients (110 eyes) from 1 January 2014 to 30 June 2024 in Shanghai Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University. Based upon surgical methods, the MG patients were divided into the trabeculectomy-MG group (70 eyes) and the phacoemulsification-MG group (40 eyes). PACG patients who did not develop MG were 1:1 matched to MG patients as controls. Preoperative information was collected, and four novel parameters were measured on UBM images, namely S_c-vz (the area enclosed by ciliary body and vitreous zonule), H_c-vz (the height of S_c-vz), Z_min (the length of the shortest zonule) and sCLD (simulated cilio-lenticular distance).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to PACG patients without MG, MG patients exhibited shorter axial length (AL), shallower anterior chamber depth (ACD) and smaller trabecular ciliary process angle (TCPA). Additionally, patients with MG exhibited shorter Z_min and sCLD, as well as smaller S_c-vz and H_c-vz than patients without MG, regardless of the surgical method. Z_min, sCLD, S_c-vz and H_c-vz demonstrated significantly higher predictive power than AL, ACD and TCPA. The combination of the four parameters reliably predicted MG with a sensitivity of 88.9% and a specificity of 76.5%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PACG eyes with a shorter cilio-lenticular distance and a narrower ciliary body-to-vitreous zonule area are more likely to develop malignant glaucoma. Four novel UBM-measured parameters performed well in the prediction of malignant glaucoma either alone or in combination.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143957987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of visual acuity measurements for amblyopia screening at the age of 36 and 45 months and difference in severity of amblyopia detected.","authors":"M A J Telleman, F Sloot, S J Benjamins, S E Loudon, B Spek, H J Simonsz","doi":"10.1111/aos.17501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Efficiency of visual screening using visual acuity measurement (VAM) in children screened at 45 months of age (45 m) and screened at both 36 months of age (36 m) and 45 m was investigated by determining failure, repeat and referral rates and amblyopia detection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from Dutch screening records and treating orthoptists of 10 811 children born July 2011-June 2012 were analysed. Based on the national vision screening guideline, the screening outcome was identified as: sufficient/insufficient/non-cooperative VAM, repeat examination or referral. Data analysis consisted of determining (1) non-cooperative and insufficient VAM rates at 45 m, (2) 45 m referral policy after insufficient and non-cooperative VAM, (3) 45 m outcome for non-cooperative or insufficient VAM without referral at 36 m, (4) efficiency of amblyopia detection at 36 or 45 m and (5) amblyopia severity and type.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, at 45 m, 8.3% were non-cooperative and 15.6% had insufficient VAM. Regarding efficiency, at 45 m, 1.47 VAMs were needed to detect one case of amblyopia (N = 86), as compared to 1.80 at 36 m (N = 131). The median [IQR] logMAR visual acuity of amblyopic eyes detected at 36 m (0.58 [0.30]) was lower as compared to 45 m (0.52 [0.26]) (p = 0.01) and the interocular difference was larger (p = 0.05). At 45 m, 86 amblyopes were detected; 77 of these had had a VAM at 36 m but had not been referred: 38 passed VAM at 36 m, and referral of 39 was not realized.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Visual acuity measurement at 45 m was more efficient as compared to 36 m. The non-cooperative rate at 45 m (8.3%) was lower than previously reported for 36 m (16.6%). Half the amblyopes detected at 45 m had had a sufficient VAM at 36 m.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143958161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}