MAPAN最新文献

{"title":"Microwave Time Domain Reflectometry Analysis and Characterization of Electromagnetic Field Generating Structures","authors":"Abhinav Mishra,&nbsp;Satya Kesh Dubey","doi":"10.1007/s12647-025-00883-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-025-00883-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents the essential features of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) measurements, emphasizing analysis using the time-domain mode of a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). It focuses on characterizing electromagnetic field generating structures, including TEM cell, GTEM cell and stripline, which are critical for precise E-field measurements. TDR provides accurate evaluation of important parameters such as linearity and sensitivity to meet various standards compliances. Moreover, certain reflective behavior measurement outcomes that try to describe the impedance behavior of transverse are identified by some reflective measurement outcomes TEM/GTEM/Stripline cells are displayed by our owners using a VNA operating in time-domain mode.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"41 1","pages":"155 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Evaluation Method for Selecting a National Triple Point of Water (TPW) Reference Cell","authors":"S. D. Suherlan,&nbsp;I. A. AlFaleh,&nbsp;R. O. AlNefaie,&nbsp;O. Zuas,&nbsp;B. Dwisetyo,&nbsp;O. N. AlOtaibi,&nbsp;K. M. Ahmed","doi":"10.1007/s12647-026-00892-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-026-00892-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The selection of a Triple Point of Water (TPW) cell as a national reference is critical to ensuring the accuracy and traceability of temperature measurements in National Metrology Institutes (NMIs). Current guidelines, such as those from the both CCT-K7 and CCT-K7.2021 CIPM key comparisons, primarily emphasize physical inspections, verifying the absence of floating materials, the presence of an audible click upon inversion, and estimating internal air bubble size. While these criteria ensure basic cell integrity, they occasionally fail to distinguish between otherwise compliant cells. This study proposes a comprehensive selection methodology that integrates both physical and advanced statistical evaluations to identify the most suitable TPW cell for national use. Four fused silica TPW cells underwent standard physical inspections, followed by a 15-day internal comparison, exceeding the 10-day period typically used in key comparisons. Key metrological parameters including repeatability, immersion profile, and uncertainty were assessed. Reproducibility was quantified using the Higgins equation, offering a robust measure of intra-cell consistency, while inter-cell agreement was evaluated using the Bavelas centrality concept, adapted here as a novel metric for “degree of closeness.” A Comparison Reference Value (CRV) was established to quantify each cell’s deviation from optimal performance. Results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid method improves objectivity and sensitivity in TPW cell selection, enabling more reliable designation of national reference cells. This framework provides NMIs with a practical, reproducible tool for enhancing consistency and accuracy in temperature metrology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"41 2","pages":"737 - 749"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148060903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Development of Low-Cost Sensor for Identification of Adulterated Milk","authors":"D. K. Chaturvedi,&nbsp;Achal Maharaj Kishore Mogla","doi":"10.1007/s12647-026-00889-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-026-00889-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Milk is the perfect food for all human beings. Because it provides essential fatty acids, vitamins, inorganic elements, water, and amino acids. As per a research statistic out of milk produced by 4500 living mammalian species, only about 180 have undergone significant milk investigations, and approximately 50 are considered reliable sources of information due to adequate sampling and coverage of the lactation period. As per available data Uttar Pradesh is the largest milk producing state in India. 319 lakh metric tonnes of milk per annum was produced in the year 2022–2023. On the other hand, Per Capita Milk consumption as per records in Uttar Pradesh (U.P) is approximately 426 metric tons of milk. Therefore, the production is less than the consumption value. This has led to the serious problem of adulteration as people need to consume milk because of the various benefits that it offers. Prevention of adulteration of milk is one of the best solutions. Milk can be adulterated free only if the input is of good quality, then the output shall also be good provided that no interference or manhandling is done midway till the milk reaches the consumer. In this paper, an experimental set up is design and developed for identifying the milk adulteration using electrical parameters and colored light passed through it. The identification of milk adulteration is done using electrical resistance measurement and amount of colored light (red, green and blue) passed through the milk. This method is cheap and effective. The results are compared for different adulterated milks and pure milk.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"41 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fault Diagnosis in Roller Bearings by Using an Advanced Artificial Intelligence-Based Metrology","authors":"Ekta Yadav,&nbsp;V. K. Chawla,&nbsp; Navdeep,&nbsp;Sanjay Yadav","doi":"10.1007/s12647-026-00887-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-026-00887-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, a new image segmentation framework for infrared thermographic inspection, utilizing texture encoding integrated with thermal constraints, is developed to enhance defect localization. The method, namely, advanced local binary pattern with thermal constraint (ALBP-TC), incorporates median-filtered grayscale pre-processing, ALBP-based texture feature extraction, and adaptive thermal thresholding. These elements are combined by using an extraction and adaptive thresholding, and the segmentation accuracy is improved by using a weighted approach. To automate parameter selection and maximize diagnostic performance, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is employed to optimize thermal threshold (<span>({T}_{t})</span>) and fusion weight (<span>(omega)</span>) by using multi-objective criteria by considering multi-performance parameters, namely, Accuracy, Dice similarity index (DSI), and Jaccard similarity index (JSI), etc. The experimental validation of thermal images of roller bearings demonstrates a robust condition monitoring ability by achieving 99.16% accuracy, 100% sensitivity, and 99.15% specificity, with DSI and JSI measures of 82% and 69.48%, respectively. A comparative analysis of the proposed method with other experimental methods from recent literature confirms the superiority of the proposed method in terms of accuracy and spatial coherence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"41 1","pages":"131 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost Device to Monitor the Real-Time Presence of CO and CO2 in Ambient Air and Prediction of its Pollution Level using TinyML","authors":"Abir Lal Dutta,&nbsp;Tapajit Mukherjee,&nbsp;Jayee Sinha","doi":"10.1007/s12647-026-00890-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-026-00890-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent times, the air pollution rates are radically expanding over all the nations and requires a financially effective solution. This paper leverages Internet of Things (IoT) technology to develop a cutting-edge air quality monitoring system which can lead to a concise monitoring device manufacturing process. The system features a network of low-cost, portable gas sensors used to measure pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO) in addition to carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in order to check their concentrations within the safe range in the surrounding air. A display is connected to the setup, which makes the system more convenient in terms of live data visualization and air quality tracking. The IoT module which consists of ESP32 microcontroller enables real-time data transmission to a cloud-based platform, which is used by advanced analytics and machine learning algorithms to provide predictions based on the dataset acquired. Our set-up offers high-resolution data for targeted interventions in a scalable and cost-effective deployment which can be integrated with smart city infrastructures. By demonstrating the effectiveness of IoT-based air quality monitoring, the proposed set-up will be able to optimize pollution mitigation strategies in metropolitan cities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"41 1","pages":"119 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selection of Inductance Standard for a Comparison Using Statistical Methods Based on Accurate Measurements","authors":"Oleh Velychko,&nbsp;Sergii Kursin,&nbsp;Viktoriia Shvedova,&nbsp;Tetyana Gordiyenko","doi":"10.1007/s12647-025-00876-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-025-00876-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>National standards must be as accurate and stable as possible to ensure accurate measurements over a long period of time. The choice of travelling standards for comparisons is based on many years of research and the study of the behavior of such standards. The availability of a group of specially designed precision inductance standards in a special thermostat at the national laboratory needed long-term studies of their characteristics before using one of them in comparison of standards. The laboratory has been conducting regular long-term stability studies of the investigated inductance standards of 100 mH at frequency of 1000 Hz since 2009, which confirm their stability of no more than 10μH per year. The measurement studied standards were carried out using a special measuring setup for calibrating inductance standards with expanded uncertainty at 35 µH/H. To select the most optimal inductance standard for comparisons, it is advisable that the average results of a single standard be close to the average value of all standards and that it be stable over a long period of time. Drift analysis of the studied standards showed their good stability during 2013–2023, which was confirmed by the Abbe test. The analysis of the results of the detrended sample made it possible to establish the consistency of the standard deviations of the results of the reproduction of the inductance of the studied standards using Student’s and Cochrane tests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"41 1","pages":"109 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generalized Bayesian Estimation of Survival Time Distributions Using Informative and Non-informative Priors Based on Fuzzy Information","authors":"Muhammad Shafiq,&nbsp;Saqib Waheed,&nbsp;Umair Khalil,&nbsp;Tmader Alballa,&nbsp;Hamiden Abd El-Wahed Khalifa","doi":"10.1007/s12647-025-00877-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-025-00877-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In almost every field of science, the decision about the population is based on the sampled data, usually recorded in the form of precise numbers. Statistics provide solid methods and models to streamline the raw observations into useful information. Over the decades, lifetime observations have been recorded as precise numbers, and a significant number of models have been developed to cover the random uncertainty in the obtained lifetime observations in life and engineering sciences. But with advancements in technology, a large sample of lifetime observations became difficult; therefore, Bayesian approaches are used for small sample sizes. Furthermore, advanced metrology suggests that exact measurements of continuous phenomena are not possible, and measurements also have another kind of uncertainty called fuzziness. Therefore, for the best possible inference, it is essential to cover all possible uncertainties. For this reason, lifetimes should be measured and recorded using up-to-date fuzzy numbers. This study aims to develop the Bayesian parameter estimators for important lifetime models to cover both uncertainties, i.e., fuzziness and random variation. To integrate all the available information in the suggested estimators, generalized Bayesian estimators for lifetime distributions, i.e. exponential and gamma distributions, are proposed, using fuzzy informative and non-informative priors along with fuzzy lifetimes and fuzzy hyperparameters. The proposed estimators are considerably useful compared to the classical estimators because they address both uncertainties, <b>i.e. random variation and fuzziness</b> present in lifetime observations, whereas the classical estimators only cover one, <b>only random variation</b>. Furthermore, interesting results are obtained that show the parameters of posterior density have a much increased fuzziness as compared to the fuzziness in lifetimes and the fuzziness in hyperparameters. These results provide strong evidence that fuzziness in lifetime observations should not be ignored. Ignoring the fuzziness could result in misleading inference. Consequently, it is essential to consider and incorporate this fuzziness when making inferences or evaluating lifetime data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"41 1","pages":"97 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation and Prediction of Long-Term Drift of the High Resistance Standards","authors":"Oleh Velychko,&nbsp;Denys Nikitenko,&nbsp;Sergii Kursin,&nbsp;Tetyana Gordiyenko,&nbsp;Vasyl Dovhan","doi":"10.1007/s12647-025-00880-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-025-00880-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The drift of the standards can significantly affect the calibration results of measuring instruments, so such standards require regular calibration using more accurate standards. Taking into account historical data on the drift of the reference standard allows us to assess how its drift can affect the calibration results of other measuring instruments. A requirement is set for reference standards for their stability—the limit of change in the measured value during the intercalibration interval. The article presents the results of assessing the long-term drift of reference resistance standards of direct current (DC) with nominal values of 1 MΩ, 10 MΩ, 100 MΩ and 1000 MΩ using polynomial regression of 1–3 orders. Expanded measurement uncertainties for calibration of DC resistance standards are estimated from 6 to 9 μΩ/Ω. The results of the latest calibrations of these resistance standards are used to predict the time drift for future calibrations. The predicted time drift period for the measurements of 3 years was chosen taking into account their intercalibration interval of 1–2 years. The difference between the obtained predicted values is from 2 to 6 μΩ/Ω from the average values of the standards used. The predicted values of the standards were simulated using the Monte Carlo method for linear and exponential regressions. Those values differ slightly from the obtained data using the Monte Carlo method, but are within the established confidence interval.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"41 1","pages":"83 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Anomaly Detection System for Time Accuracy Assessment of Multiple Network Time Protocol Servers using Isolation Forest","authors":"Jasreet Kaur,&nbsp;Deepak Sharma,&nbsp;Pratishtha Jha,&nbsp;Bharath Vattikonda,&nbsp;Ashish Agarwal","doi":"10.1007/s12647-025-00878-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-025-00878-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate time synchronization is a key requirement in today’s digital world. Considering the distributed deployments, it is important that all the devices and systems of digital infrastructure like servers, computers, network devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, etc., remain synchronized and work in unison. The Network Time Protocol (NTP) plays a crucial role in making this possible, ensuring consistent and reliable time across devices over the network/Internet. To handle a high number of time requests and maintain dependable service, organizations often run multiple NTP servers. In such cases, it becomes essential to make sure all these servers are precisely synchronized and providing correct time to the end users. There are many public NTP servers accessible freely on the Internet; however, ascertaining timing accuracy and avoiding any anomalous behaviours at the user end is a critical task. Anomaly detection techniques enable early identification of deviations from usual behaviour, allowing proactive mitigation before issues escalate. This paper presents a simple yet effective prototype for detecting anomalies in NTP servers’ data. The approach is based on analyzing NTP packets received at a remote system; therefore, no special access or privileges are required on the NTP servers under observation, beyond standard NTP message exchange. A Python script is developed to collect key metrics from NTP packets. The system pre-processes the NTP packet exchange data and uses statistical analysis methods and machine learning technique (Isolation Forest) to spot any abnormal patterns. The work shows promising results, making it a useful tool for improving service reliability. The work may be enhanced with implementation of advanced machine learning methods and consideration of additional parameters.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"41 2","pages":"425 - 435"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148061246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Epoxy-Al2O3 Polymer Nanocomposites","authors":"Sudhir Kumar Mishra,&nbsp;Nagendra Kumar Maurya,&nbsp;Abhishek Pandey","doi":"10.1007/s12647-025-00875-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-025-00875-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Nowadays, wide application of polymer nanocomposites from automotive parts to medical instruments makes it an important material in engineering field. The knowledge of basic mechanical properties like hardness and impact resistance helps in the determining the real life sustainability of the polymer composites in sudden loading cases.</i> This study investigates the morphological effects of alumina nanoparticles on the impact strength and Shore Hardness Number of epoxy resin nanocomposites. <i>Using the Response Surface Methodology, process parameters like nanoparticle weight percentage, ultrasonication frequency, and time were optimized.</i> Transmission Electron Microscopy confirmed almost uniform dispersion of nanoparticles at lower concentrations; however, <i>agglomeration was observed at higher weight percentages since the alumina nanoparticles were chemically untreated</i>. Scanning Electron Microscopy of fractured surfaces revealed distinct toughening mechanisms such as crack deflection and particle pull-out. Results <i>highlighted</i> the critical role of nanoparticle shape, dispersion quality, and process optimization in enhancing the multifunctional performance of epoxy nanocomposites. A regression model in terms of process parameters were developed for the Shore Hardness Number and impact strength. Maximum value of Shore Hardness Number and impact strength was found to be 113 ± 2.5 (SHN) and 4.52 ± 0.25 (kJ/m²) respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"41 1","pages":"63 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}