IF 1 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-023-00734-x

Nikhil Agrawal, Anshul Agarwal, Tirupathiraju Kanumuri

{"title":"Application of Statistical Parameters to Analyse the Performance of PWM Techniques in 3-Level Inverter-Based Compensator for Power Quality Improvement","authors":"Nikhil Agrawal, Anshul Agarwal, Tirupathiraju Kanumuri","doi":"10.1007/s12647-023-00734-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-023-00734-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper evaluates the performance of various PWM techniques for a 3-level inverter-based shunt active power filter by statistical parameters. It is well stated in the literature that the uses of power electronics-based devices create several power quality problems, such as poor power factor, harmonics in source current, poor voltage regulation, etc. Shunt active filters effectively alleviate these issues. A 3-level inverter, as a compensator depletes the harmonics in a single-phase grid-tied system. Level-shift, phase-shift, and hybrid PWM techniques generate switching pulses for 3-level inverter operation. These PWM techniques are compared for harmonic distortion at the source current, input power factor, and active filtering efficiency by statistical parameters such as mean squared error, root-mean-squared error, mean absolute deviation, mean absolute percentage error, standard deviation, variance, mean absolute error, and mean relative error. The above statistical parameters have been used to determine the optimum PWM technique for shunt active power filter operation. It is revealed from the results that for the PS PWM technique, the MSE is found to be less, i.e., 0.049441, and also has a low THD, i.e., 1.22% in source current. The behaviour of these PWM schemes is analysed through MATLAB/Simulink 2021b software. This paper contributes extensive information on PWM schemes for 3-level inverter-based compensator. It will help to comprehend various aspects of the power quality of a single-phase distribution system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139665298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Novel Method for the Calibration of the Displacement Encoder of the Rockwell Hardness Tester 校准洛氏硬度计位移编码器的新方法

IF 1 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-023-00730-1

M. Arif Sanjid, R. Sharma

引用次数: 0

The Intersection of Food Laws and Legal Metrology Laws in India: A Framework for Analysis 印度食品法与法定计量法的交叉：分析框架

IF 1 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2024-01-20 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-023-00731-0

G. R. Srikkanth, Sanjay Yadav, K. I. Pavan Kumar

{"title":"The Intersection of Food Laws and Legal Metrology Laws in India: A Framework for Analysis","authors":"G. R. Srikkanth, Sanjay Yadav, K. I. Pavan Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s12647-023-00731-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-023-00731-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Life without legal metrology is inconceivable, as legal metrology encompasses every sphere of daily life, from eating to safeguarding health to ensuring public safety and the environment. On the other hand, food plays an important role in human life, and the entire civilisation survives on food. Food laws have been developed over the years with the primary objective of providing consumers with safe and nutritious food. Food laws primarily focus on ensuring the safety and quality of consumables, while legal metrology laws govern the accuracy of weights and measures in commercial transactions, including pre-packed food. The intersection of food laws and legal metrology laws in India presents a complex framework that requires careful analysis. This intersection becomes crucial as discrepancies in quantity, labelling, or packaging can impact consumer rights and public health and appropriate declarations on the packaging help the consumer make an informed choice. This comprehensive analysis involves examining how these regulations merge, identifying potential conflicts, and proposing harmonised measures to enhance regulatory efficiency and consumer protection. Balancing the intricacies of both frameworks is essential to creating a robust system that addresses the unique challenges posed by the intersection of food and metrology regulations in India.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139508904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating the Impact of OIML Weights Used as Reference on Mass Determination of Pressure Balances’ Disk Weights 调查用作参考的 OIML 砝码对压力平衡盘砝码质量测定的影响

IF 1 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-023-00732-z

Can Ekici, M. Barış Tuğcu

{"title":"Investigating the Impact of OIML Weights Used as Reference on Mass Determination of Pressure Balances’ Disk Weights","authors":"Can Ekici, M. Barış Tuğcu","doi":"10.1007/s12647-023-00732-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-023-00732-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate mass determination is vital across scientific, industrial, and technological applications, serving as the cornerstone of measurement quality and reliability. Hydraulic pressure balances are renowned for their precision and play a pivotal role in pressure generation. However, the influence of OIML weights used as reference on mass determination accuracy remains a complex and often overlooked aspect. This article investigates, whether OIML weights when used as a reference in determining the weight of disk masses, have an effect on the pressure generated in hydraulic pressure balances, and tries to shed light on the subtle relationship between the weight determination of disk masses and measurement uncertainty. In this study, a hydraulic pressure balance with a measuring range of 20–1600 bar was employed, focusing on three distinct scenarios utilizing different OIML weights (<i>E</i>1, <i>E</i>2, and <i>F</i>1) as references for mass determination. The results revealed small differences in reference pressure (ranging from 2 to 10 ppm) due to variations in mass values resulting from different OIML weight classes used as reference. Importantly, these discrepancies remained within acceptable measurement uncertainty limits, especially in high-pressure scenarios. The primary contributor to measurement uncertainty was the pressure distortion coefficient, emphasizing its significance in calibration and measurement processes. This research provides valuable insights into the interplay of accuracy of OIML weights used as reference, mass determination, and measurement uncertainty in hydraulic pressure balances. It highlights the robustness of pressure balances in high-pressure settings and suggests that variations in weight accuracy classes used as reference have minimal impact on measurement accuracy. Future research may extend these findings to low-pressure systems, offering opportunities to refine measurement practices in the field of pressure metrology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139500246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Measuring Model for the Gravimetric Method by Drying in N-Stages Applied to Materials with High Moisture Content 适用于高水分含量材料的 N 级干燥重力法测量模型

IF 1 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-023-00709-y

E. Martines-López, D. Cárdenas-García, D. Cywiak-Córdova

{"title":"Measuring Model for the Gravimetric Method by Drying in N-Stages Applied to Materials with High Moisture Content","authors":"E. Martines-López, D. Cárdenas-García, D. Cywiak-Córdova","doi":"10.1007/s12647-023-00709-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-023-00709-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The gravimetric method by oven drying is widely used for moisture measurement in solid materials following a drying protocol which includes specific conditions such as drying time and temperature. Although this method is reliable for many types of materials, there are some cases where materials with high moisture content require a pre-drying process at low temperature before performing the final drying. Some examples of such materials are freshly harvested grains which cannot be grounded according to the typical drying protocol. In these cases, the drying process can be applied in several stages to reach a favorable grinding condition. The measurement model for the moisture content determination using N-stages of drying can be derived from the definition of moisture content. Based on this, in this paper, a model to obtain the moisture content in N-stages is presented. The model was applied to samples of corn and wheat by drying in several stages, obtaining comparable results. According to this model, the moisture of the sample only depends on the initial mass and the mass after the final drying stage. The equivalence in the measured results was verified calculating the normalized error. Also, the estimation of the uncertainty was carried out.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139500207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study of Long-Term Stability of Calibration Coefficient of Therapy-Level Dosimeter and Various Factors Affecting its Stability 治疗水平剂量计校准系数的长期稳定性及影响其稳定性的各种因素研究

IF 1 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-023-00722-1

K. A. Greeshma, Sougata Rakshit, V. Sathian

{"title":"Study of Long-Term Stability of Calibration Coefficient of Therapy-Level Dosimeter and Various Factors Affecting its Stability","authors":"K. A. Greeshma, Sougata Rakshit, V. Sathian","doi":"10.1007/s12647-023-00722-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-023-00722-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories (SSDLs) established through Primary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories are the authorized institutions for calibrating dosimeters used in teletherapy<sup>1</sup> all over the country. These calibrated dosimeters play a pivotal role for treatment planning in accelerator and teletherapy facilities for deciding the amount of dose and exposure to be delivered to the cancer patients during treatment. In India, Radiation Standards Section of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre is the authorized SSDL for providing calibration to teletherapy facilities for around 580 hospitals all over the country. The dosimeters are calibrated as per the standard protocol TRS 398, which is followed by standards laboratories all over the world. The accuracy of setting along with proper functioning of the dosimeters will together contribute for determination of calibration coefficient of the ionization chamber with accuracy. Controlling ambient atmospheric conditions like temperature, pressure and humidity factors within the recommended standard range also plays a major role in deriving calibration coefficient with utmost less uncertainty. A study was carried out on the variation of calibration coefficient of various chambers over a period of 15 years. It was found that variation of calibration coefficient of same chamber over this period varied within the limit measurement uncertainty of ± 1.5% only. Hence based on this study, the period for recalibration of dosimeters can be reviewed for a longer time unless it is subjected to damage or improper handling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139500249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evolution of Analytical Methods for Radon Measurement in India 印度氡测量分析方法的演变

IF 1 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-023-00700-7

C. G. Sumesh, S. K. Jha, A. C. Patra, D. K. Aswal

引用次数: 0

The Use of Z-scores in External Performance Evaluation of Inter-comparison Exercises 在相互比较活动的外部绩效评估中使用 Z 值

IF 1 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-023-00701-6

S. K. Jha, S. J. Sartandel

引用次数: 0

Effect of Location and Shielding on Gamma Radiation Background in Low Level Gamma Ray Spectrometry 位置和屏蔽对低水平伽马射线频谱仪伽马辐射背景的影响

IF 1 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-023-00705-2

Pradyumna Lenka, A. C. Patra, V. K. Thakur, Nitya Soni, S. K. Jha, M. S. Kulkarni

{"title":"Effect of Location and Shielding on Gamma Radiation Background in Low Level Gamma Ray Spectrometry","authors":"Pradyumna Lenka, A. C. Patra, V. K. Thakur, Nitya Soni, S. K. Jha, M. S. Kulkarni","doi":"10.1007/s12647-023-00705-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-023-00705-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ambient gamma radiation levels due to natural and anthropogenic sources play an important role in low level gamma spectrometric measurements of different sample matrices. Minimum detection level (MDL) of a high-resolution gamma spectrometry system directly depends on the background radiation levels. The variation of background radiation level due to the location (surface level or below ground level) of the laboratory housing the gamma spectrometric system and the impact of different shielding types is discussed in this study. Relocation of the system to a below ground level laboratory significantly brought down the background induced due to cosmic components. Corresponding reduction in count rates for major gamma emitters ranged from 36 to 59%. Consequently, the MDLs for corresponding peaks improved by 20 to 36%. Improvising the lead bricks-based passive shielding for the gamma spectrometry system to circular lead ring with graded Cu+Sn lining minimised the gamma background due to streaming of gamma rays through lead bricks and reduced the overall background. The combined effect of the location of laboratory below ground level and graded lead shielding resulted in reduction of MDL of the gamma spectrometry system for major gamma peaks by 54 to 80%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139415358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Standardization of 109Cd Using CIEMAT/NIST Method and Internal Conversion Electron Counting 使用 CIEMAT/NIST 方法和内部转换电子计数法实现 109Cd 标准化

IF 1 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-023-00703-4

D. B. Kulkarni, R. Anuradha, Ritu Sharma, P. J. Reddy, V. Sathian, Probal Chaudhury

{"title":"Standardization of 109Cd Using CIEMAT/NIST Method and Internal Conversion Electron Counting","authors":"D. B. Kulkarni, R. Anuradha, Ritu Sharma, P. J. Reddy, V. Sathian, Probal Chaudhury","doi":"10.1007/s12647-023-00703-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-023-00703-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><sup>109</sup>Cd is a very important radionuclide and frequently used for calibration of gamma ray spectrometers in low energy region due to its emission of 88 keV photons and long half-life of 461.9 ± 0.4 days. Due to complex decay scheme standardization of <sup>109</sup>Cd is very challenging and was selected for international intercomparison by Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) in 2021.<sup>109</sup>Cd decays via electron capture to the excited state of <sup>109m</sup>Ag which decays mainly with emission of conversion electrons with half-life of 39.6 s. Due to this standardization of <sup>109</sup>Cd using conventional 4<i>πβ</i>-<i>γ</i> coincidence method is extremely difficult. Some of the methods for standardization of <sup>109</sup>Cd were measurement of conversion electron emission rate using liquid scintillation spectrometer and CIEMAT/NIST method. BARC is the designated institute (DI) for ionizing radiation of India. In BARC, RSS, RSSD has been entrusted with the responsibilities related to activities of DI for ionizing radiation and hence develops, establishes, maintains and upgrades the primary and secondary standards for ionizing radiation quantities to provide traceability to the ionizing radiation measurements in the country. To establish the degrees of equivalence with the NMIs/DIs of other countries, BARC participated in international intercomparison of activity measurements of <sup>109</sup>Cd (<b>CCRI(II)-K2.Cd-109 key comparison</b>) piloted by BIPM with support of LNE-LNHB, France. The standardization was carried out by CIEMAT/NIST efficiency tracing using <sup>3</sup>H as a tracer and 4<i>π</i> liquid scintillation conversion electron measurements. The activity concentration obtained by CIEMAT/ NIST efficiency tracing has the deviation of 0.59% with respect to the value obtained using 4<i>π</i> liquid scintillation conversion electron measurements which is within uncertainty limits.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139408773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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