MAPAN最新文献

{"title":"Dimensional Metrology: Underpinning the Automotive Sector in an Indelible Fashion","authors":"Girija Moona,&nbsp;Abhishek Singh,&nbsp;Vinod Kumar,&nbsp;Rina Sharma,&nbsp;Harish Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00772-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00772-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate dimensional characterization of automotive components is extremely critical, as assorted components are assembled to develop the final product with structural complexities. This article demonstrates the significance of equitable dimensional measurements in the automotive sector; a considerable economic and industrial force for the socio-economic growth of a country. It emphasizes the requirement of precise dimensional measurements for optimal quality assurance in automotive industries, leading toward extensive customer satisfaction, elevated productivity, and immense employment opportunities. This article elaborates on the momentousness of dimensional metrology in the automotive sector through substantial case studies and explicates the importance of intercomparisons in metrology. The present manuscript deliberates the evolution of industrial dimensional metrology for in-line/near-line measurements and fast automation in the automotive segment and delineates the role of CSIR-National Physical Laboratory India (CSIR-NPLI); The National Measurement Institute of India, in catering to the ever-augmenting dimensional metrology demands of the automotive sector.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"931 - 941"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Measurement of CxHy Outgassing Rate Based on the Correction for Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer Mass Discrimination","authors":"X. Wang,&nbsp;Y. Cheng,&nbsp;M. Dong,&nbsp;L. Zhao,&nbsp;L. Chen,&nbsp;T. Feng,&nbsp;W. Guo","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00770-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00770-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The hydrocarbon species (C<i>x</i>H<i>y</i>) released by the material have a significant impact on the performance and life of precision instruments. The quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) is one of the most established and widely used partial outgassing rate measurement instruments. However, a potential issue with QMS is the high-mass discrimination effect, wherein ions with lower m/z values are transmitted more efficiently than those with higher m/z values. It also leads to a reduction in the sensitivity of QMS when measuring C<i>x</i>H<i>y</i> with higher m/z values. To address this problem, this paper proposes a method using dodecane to correct the high-mass discrimination effect of QMS. To ensure stable injection of dodecane gas and maintain the pressure within the working conditions of QMS, a dedicated sampling device for dodecane gas is designed. Furthermore, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the high-mass discrimination effect of two quadrupole mass spectrometers of the model QMG250 M2 was corrected, and the C<i>x</i>H<i>y</i> outgassing rate of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was measured by continuous expansion method. The results demonstrate that the method proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the impact of the high-mass discrimination effect on the measurement of C<i>x</i>H<i>y</i> with higher m/z values, while significantly increasing the outgassing rate of C<i>x</i>H<i>y</i> from PTFE.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"901 - 911"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of Heavy Metals Content in Suspended Sediment of Ganges River Using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry","authors":"Mohit Aggarwal,&nbsp;S. Anbukumar,&nbsp;T. Vijaya Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00771-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00771-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This investigation aimed to evaluate the severity of heavy metal concentrations in suspended sediments along a 225 km section of the Ganges River in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, India. Metal concentrations were measured via Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, with averages recorded as Fe (50230 µg/g), Mn (1283 µg/g), Cr (201 µg/g), Zn (183 µg/g), Pb (55.1 µg/g), Ni (50.9 µg/g), Cu (42.8 µg/g), and Cd (1.01 µg/g). Zn, Fe, Cr and Pb showed anthropogenic contribution at all selected locations, while anthropogenic inputs of Mn and Ni were also observed at few locations. Risk evaluation was conducted using various pollution indicators. The Contamination Factor (CF) revealed moderate contamination (CF between 1 and 3) by Cr. The Geoaccumulation Index (GI) indicated a stage of uncontaminated to moderate contamination (GI between 0 and 1) for Cr at upstream locations. The values of Enrichment Ratios (ER) indicated minor enrichment (ER between 1 and 3) of Cr at all locations. The Pollution Load Index values ranged from 0.72 to 0.86, suggesting that the selected section is overall uncontaminated. The study highlights significant but localized anthropogenic impacts on heavy metal concentrations, particularly for chromium. While the overall assessment suggests that the suspended sediment in the studied stretch are not heavily contaminated, the elevated concentrations of iron, manganese, chromium, and nickel pose significant ecological risks. The study underscores the need for targeted pollution control measures, especially for metals with high anthropogenic contributions, to ensure the long-term health and safety of this vital water resource.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"913 - 930"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Formability of Two-Ply Clad Sheet of Stainless Steel and Aluminium Alloy","authors":"Bijendra Prasad,&nbsp;Vijay Gautam","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00765-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00765-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In pursuit of newer lightweight components, clad sheets emerge as a solution to meet the demand for automotive and aerospace applications. The present work focuses on the effect of warm forming temperature on the tensile properties, microstructural characteristics, formability, and residual stress of a two-ply clad sheet composed of SS430 and AA1050 layers. Tensile properties of the clad sheet and individual components are determined through testing of laser cut specimens as per standard at ambient and elevated temperatures (220 °C). These tensile properties are used in the material model for prediction of failure in Erichsen cupping experiments through simulations. At 220 °C, the yield and ultimate tensile strengths of clad sheets are found to decrease by approximately 10% and 18%, respectively, but ductility is observed to increase by almost 5%. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis is done to measure and evaluate the microstructural characteristics of the clad material after the tensile deformation at both temperatures. The kernel average misorientations measured from electron backscatter diffraction show that the transition layer retained its integrity during the plastic deformation, whereas the number fraction at peak misorientation values has risen substantially on either side of the transition layer, i.e., on the steel and aluminium layers. The pole figure maps indicate a weak texture of the AA1050 layer, but a stronger texture of the SS430 layer after warm forming than after forming at ambient temperature. The cupping experiments are performed to assess the formability of the clad and individual layers, at two different temperatures. To study the effect of each layer during forming, two possible cases of sheet placements are investigated; i.e., in the first case, the SS430 is on the outer side, and AA1050 is in contact with the punch, whereas in the second case, it is the opposite. The clad sheet shows better formability when the steel layer is on the outer side of the dome. The formability of the clad sheet is observed to increase by 15% at the warm forming temperature. The predicted simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. In order to investigate the effect of temperature on the residual stress, the variation of stresses was also determined and mapped on the tested samples across the dome after forming at ambient and warm temperatures. The residual stress across the dome of the tested samples after the warm forming is significantly reduced compared to that of the samples tested at room temperature. The favourable tensile properties, microstructural characteristics, and reduced residual stress at elevated temperature indicate better formability of the clad sheet with good bond integrity at warm forming temperature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"887 - 900"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Three-Cup Anemometer Calibrator Using CFD Simulation","authors":"Shi Qiu,&nbsp;Guanglu Han,&nbsp;Siyu Liu,&nbsp;Xinqing Wang,&nbsp;Xi Chen,&nbsp;Songkui Li","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00766-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00766-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As a common sensor widely used in near-surface wind speed measurement, the three-cup anemometer may gradually fail to measure the start-up threshold of wind speed value (0.3 m/s ~ 1.0 m/s) in environmental observation. If the indicates value is abnormal, additional outdoor calibration should be performed. The aim of this paper is to provide a numerical analysis of the key factors for field calibrator models. The resource of measurement error and the calculation of start-up thresholds for three-cup anemometers are investigated. In addition, four types of calibrator models are built. Based on the realizable <i>k</i>-epsilon model, the streamline and flow deviation angle of different calibrator models are analyzed. One fan set and nine fan sets are available in the model with airflow perpendicular to the specified plane. As a calibration component in the actual field calibration, the installation of a honeycomb screen at the inlet can dramatically change the airflow direction of one fan model. The honeycomb screen can also change the airflow deviation angle of a nine-fan group model to an acceptable range. In order to meet the requirements of the wind speed calibration regulation, a model with nine-fan group and a honeycomb screen best meet the field conditions. Each start-up threshold of the three-cup anemometer has a corresponding fan pressure jump at reasonable intervals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"873 - 886"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profile Measurement and Distribution Statistics of Amplitude Scintillation Within the Lowest Tropospheric Layers Using Karasawa Model","authors":"Ayodeji G. Ashidi,&nbsp;Okikiade A. Layioye","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00767-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00767-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Characterizing the variation dynamics of amplitude scintillation within the lowest layers of the troposphere is important for many communication system applications. It provides fast fade statistics used to determine the non-rain-induced fade margin needed for implementing effective fade mitigation techniques on both terrestrial and satellite radio channels. This study employed three-year in-situ data of primary radio-climatic factors (temperature and relative humidity) and radio channel parameters (frequency, elevation angle, and antenna diameter) for estimating tropospheric amplitude scintillation and evaluating its vertical profile over Akure, Nigeria, using the Karasawa scintillation model. The radio-climatic parameters were measured at five altitudinal layers from the surface to a height of 200 m at 50 m interval on a 220 m-tall mast using a Davis Vantage Pro2 automatic weather station at 30 min interval. The extracted data spanned January 2008 to December 2010 (3 years). Radio link parameters frequency, elevation angle, and antenna diameter, with values of 12.5 GHz, 53°, and 0.9 m, respectively, were employed for the computation of scintillation amplitude (<i>χ</i>) and intensity (<i>σ</i>) along with the weather variables. From the results, the histogram of annual scintillation intensity at all levels was well approximated by the stable probability density function (pdf) distribution model. The magnitude of scintillation intensity was found to be much higher during the rainy season than during the dry season. Minimal differences, between 2 and 8% in magnitude, were observed in the annual averaged amplitude across the levels, but the rainy-dry season dichotomy was conspicuous following monthly analysis. An allowance of 0.5 dB and 0.38 dB is required to counteract the effects of scintillation amplitude fade and enhancement, respectively, at this location.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"863 - 872"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Tribological and Cooling Performance of TiN and DLC-Coated Pistons for Miniature Stirling Cryocooler","authors":"Mayank Singhal,&nbsp;Rajesh Kumar,&nbsp;R. S. Walia,&nbsp;Sanjay Kumar Pandey","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00764-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00764-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Stirling cryocoolers are widely used in the military and aerospace fields due to advantages such as high efficiency and compact structure. The pistons of these coolers with very small clearances operate at high speed and without lubrication. Piston failure in the coolers has often affected the operational life of the cooler. The objective of the study was to find a solution to piston failure by providing a surface coat to the pistons, carrying out their tribological evaluation, and analyse cooler thermal performance to identify the better of two coatings for field applications. In the present experimental study, a Stirling cooler developed with a cooling capacity of 0.5 W @80 K with Helium as the working fluid was integrated with surface-coated pistons and tested for its mechanical and thermal performance. On testing, DLC coating exhibits better wear resistance than TiN coating and therefore is a more suitable coating for cryocooler pistons. The present study clearly shows that DLC-coated pistons reduce power consumption and increase the number of operational hours of miniature Stirling cryocoolers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"851 - 862"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time Transfer through Optical Fiber and the Effect of Temperature","authors":"Mahavir Prasad Olaniya,&nbsp;Chakresh Kumar,&nbsp;Ashish Agarwal","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00760-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00760-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The article presents the work on the effect of temperature on time transfer through optical fiber link and the comparison between two different lengths, i.e., 300 m and 30 km of fibers. We observed more than 200 ps offset arising during 68 days of measurement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 3","pages":"573 - 584"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141718659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metrological Perspective of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Measurement Technique","authors":"Piyush,&nbsp;Sanjay Yadav,&nbsp;P. K. Dubey","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00763-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00763-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The nondestructive testing of concrete structures by the measurement of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) is well known and widely used. Concrete is highly porous and attenuating material. Therefore, low-frequency ultrasonic propagation below 200 kHz is preferred for UPV measurement. UPV is estimated by accurately, measuring the transit time and sample travel path. Consequently, the accuracy of UPV estimation is affected by transit time measurement. Transit time is measured using either the counter method or the analog data acquisition method, both of which have different sources of errors. The counter method involves two sources of errors: crystal accuracy and threshold voltage comparison. Similarly, the data acquisition method also encompasses two sources of error: sampling rate and errors due to amplitude resolution of the analog-to-digital converter. This article is related to the analysis of errors and their degree of impact on the UPV measurement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"1045 - 1052"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141574670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size Optimization of Grid-Tied Hybrid Energy System by Employing Forecasted Meteorological Data","authors":"Priyanka Anand,&nbsp;Bandana Sharma,&nbsp;Mohammad Rizwan","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00758-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00758-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Embracing hybrid energy systems (HES) to ensure access to clean, reliable, and cost-effective energy is necessary for nations that are striving for sustainable development. By leveraging precise meteorological data from forecasts, the HES can be rendered more accurate. Thus, firstly, the research presented here employed four machine learning approaches, such as Gaussian process regression (GPR), support vector regression, extreme gradient boosting, and decision trees, to carry out hourly forecasting of meteorological data over a year. The results obtained revealed that the GPR outperformed the other three forecasting models. For this reason, the forecasted meteorological data acquired from GPR is employed in the sizing of the HES. Tunicate swarm algorithm (TSA), a recently developed method, is applied to perform the size optimization of HES capable of meeting the energy necessities at remote sites in the Indian province of Uttar Pradesh. Following a comparative study of TSA, particle swarm optimization, and harmony search, TSA proved to yield a better outcome. Additionally, the simulation result showed a 0.33% cut in the per-unit cost of energy when forecasted data becomes the basis for the optimization of system size.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 3","pages":"739 - 750"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141574671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}