Living Reviews in Relativity最新文献

{"title":"Massive Gravity","authors":"Claudia de Rham","doi":"10.12942/lrr-2014-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/lrr-2014-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We review recent progress in massive gravity. We start by showing how different theories of massive gravity emerge from a higher-dimensional theory of general relativity, leading to the Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati model (DGP), cascading gravity, and ghost-free massive gravity. We then explore their theoretical and phenomenological consistency, proving the absence of Boulware-Deser ghosts and reviewing the Vainshtein mechanism and the cosmological solutions in these models. Finally, we present alternative and related models of massive gravity such as new massive gravity, Lorentz-violating massive gravity and non-local massive gravity.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12942/lrr-2014-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4012993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-Delay Interferometry","authors":"Massimo Tinto,&nbsp;Sanjeev V. Dhurandhar","doi":"10.12942/lrr-2014-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/lrr-2014-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Equal-arm detectors of gravitational radiation allow phase measurements many orders of magnitude below the intrinsic phase stability of the laser injecting light into their arms. This is because the noise in the laser light is common to both arms, experiencing exactly the same delay, and thus cancels when it is differenced at the photo detector. In this situation, much lower level secondary noises then set the overall performance. If, however, the two arms have different lengths (as will necessarily be the case with space-borne interferometers), the laser noise experiences different delays in the two arms and will hence not directly cancel at the detector. In order to solve this problem, a technique involving heterodyne interferometry with unequal arm lengths and independent phase-difference readouts has been proposed. It relies on properly time-shifting and linearly combining independent Doppler measurements, and for this reason it has been called time-delay interferometry (TDI).</p><p>This article provides an overview of the theory, mathematical foundations, and experimental aspects associated with the implementation of TDI. Although emphasis on the application of TDI to the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission appears throughout this article, TDI can be incorporated into the design of any future space-based mission aiming to search for gravitational waves via interferometric measurements. We have purposely left out all theoretical aspects that data analysts will need to account for when analyzing the TDI data combinations.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2014-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12942/lrr-2014-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4197805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolution of Compact Binary Star Systems","authors":"Konstantin A. Postnov,&nbsp;Lev R. Yungelson","doi":"10.12942/lrr-2014-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/lrr-2014-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We review the formation and evolution of compact binary stars consisting of white dwarfs (WDs), neutron stars (NSs), and black holes (BHs). Mergings of compact-star binaries are expected to be the most important sources for forthcoming gravitational-wave (GW) astronomy. In the first part of the review, we discuss observational manifestations of close binaries with NS and/or BH components and their merger rate, crucial points in the formation and evolution of compact stars in binary systems, including the treatment of the natal kicks, which NSs and BHs acquire during the core collapse of massive stars and the common envelope phase of binary evolution, which are most relevant to the merging rates of NS-NS, NS-BH and BH-BH binaries. The second part of the review is devoted mainly to the formation and evolution of binary WDs and their observational manifestations, including their role as progenitors of cosmologically-important thermonuclear SN Ia. We also consider AM CVn-stars, which are thought to be the best verification binary GW sources for future low-frequency GW space interferometers.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2014-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12942/lrr-2014-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4223755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hole Argument and Some Physical and Philosophical Implications","authors":"John Stachel","doi":"10.12942/lrr-2014-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/lrr-2014-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This is a historical-critical study of the hole argument, concentrating on the interface between historical, philosophical and physical issues. Although it includes a review of its history, its primary aim is a discussion of the contemporary implications of the hole argument for physical theories based on dynamical, background-independent space-time structures.</p><p>The historical review includes Einstein’s formulations of the hole argument, Kretschmann’s critique, as well as Hilbert’s reformulation and Darmois’ formulation of the general-relativistic Cauchy problem. The 1970s saw a revival of interest in the hole argument, growing out of attempts to answer the question: Why did three years elapse between Einstein’s adoption of the metric tensor to represent the gravitational field and his adoption of the Einstein field equations?</p><p>The main part presents some modern mathematical versions of the hole argument, including both coordinate-dependent and coordinate-independent definitions of covariance and general covariance; and the fiber bundle formulation of both natural and gauge natural theories. By abstraction from continuity and differentiability, these formulations can be extended from differentiable manifolds to any set; and the concepts of permutability and general permutability applied to theories based on relations between the elements of a set, such as elementary particle theories.</p><p>We are closing with an overview of current discussions of philosophical and physical implications of the hole argument.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2014-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12942/lrr-2014-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4246253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gravitational-Wave Tests of General Relativity with Ground-Based Detectors and Pulsar-Timing Arrays","authors":"Nicolás Yunes,&nbsp;Xavier Siemens","doi":"10.12942/lrr-2013-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/lrr-2013-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This review is focused on tests of Einstein’s theory of general relativity with gravitational waves that are detectable by ground-based interferometers and pulsar-timing experiments. Einstein’s theory has been greatly constrained in the quasi-linear, quasi-stationary regime, where gravity is weak and velocities are small. Gravitational waves will allow us to probe a complimentary, yet previously unexplored regime: the non-linear and dynamical <i>strong-field regime</i>. Such a regime is, for example, applicable to compact binaries coalescing, where characteristic velocities can reach fifty percent the speed of light and gravitational fields are large and dynamical. This review begins with the theoretical basis and the predicted gravitational-wave observables of modified gravity theories. The review continues with a brief description of the detectors, including both gravitational-wave interferometers and pulsar-timing arrays, leading to a discussion of the data analysis formalism that is applicable for such tests. The review ends with a discussion of gravitational-wave tests for compact binary systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2013-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12942/lrr-2013-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4272852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classification of Near-Horizon Geometries of Extremal Black Holes","authors":"Hari K. Kunduri,&nbsp;James Lucietti","doi":"10.12942/lrr-2013-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/lrr-2013-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Any spacetime containing a degenerate Killing horizon, such as an extremal black hole, possesses a well-defined notion of a near-horizon geometry. We review such near-horizon geometry solutions in a variety of dimensions and theories in a unified manner. We discuss various general results including horizon topology and near-horizon symmetry enhancement. We also discuss the status of the classification of near-horizon geometries in theories ranging from vacuum gravity to Einstein-Maxwell theory and supergravity theories. Finally, we discuss applications to the classification of extremal black holes and various related topics. Several new results are presented and open problems are highlighted throughout.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2013-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12942/lrr-2013-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4992108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing General Relativity with Low-Frequency, Space-Based Gravitational-Wave Detectors","authors":"Jonathan R. Gair,&nbsp;Michele Vallisneri,&nbsp;Shane L. Larson,&nbsp;John G. Baker","doi":"10.12942/lrr-2013-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/lrr-2013-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We review the tests of general relativity that will become possible with space-based gravitational-wave detectors operating in the ～ 10^?5 ? 1 Hz low-frequency band. The fundamental aspects of gravitation that can be tested include the presence of additional gravitational fields other than the metric; the number and tensorial nature of gravitational-wave polarization states; the velocity of propagation of gravitational waves; the binding energy and gravitational-wave radiation of binaries, and therefore the time evolution of binary inspirals; the strength and shape of the waves emitted from binary mergers and ringdowns; the true nature of astrophysical black holes; and much more. The strength of this science alone calls for the swift implementation of a space-based detector; the remarkable richness of astrophysics, astronomy, and cosmology in the low-frequency gravitational-wave band make the case even stronger.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2013-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12942/lrr-2013-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4513495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cosmology and Fundamental Physics with the Euclid Satellite","authors":"Luca Amendola,&nbsp;Stephen Appleby,&nbsp;David Bacon,&nbsp;Tessa Baker,&nbsp;Marco Baldi,&nbsp;Nicola Bartolo,&nbsp;Alain Blanchard,&nbsp;Camille Bonvin,&nbsp;Stefano Borgani,&nbsp;Enzo Branchini,&nbsp;Clare Burrage,&nbsp;Stefano Camera,&nbsp;Carmelita Carbone,&nbsp;Luciano Casarini,&nbsp;Mark Cropper,&nbsp;Claudia de Rham,&nbsp;Cinzia Di Porto,&nbsp;Anne Ealet,&nbsp;Pedro G. Ferreira,&nbsp;Fabio Finelli,&nbsp;Juan García-Bellido,&nbsp;Tommaso Giannantonio,&nbsp;Luigi Guzzo,&nbsp;Alan Heavens,&nbsp;Lavinia Heisenberg,&nbsp;Catherine Heymans,&nbsp;Henk Hoekstra,&nbsp;Lukas Hollenstein,&nbsp;Rory Holmes,&nbsp;Ole Horst,&nbsp;Knud Jahnke,&nbsp;Thomas D. Kitching,&nbsp;Tomi Koivisto,&nbsp;Martin Kunz,&nbsp;Giuseppe La Vacca,&nbsp;Marisa March,&nbsp;Elisabetta Majerotto,&nbsp;Katarina Markovic,&nbsp;David Marsh,&nbsp;Federico Marulli,&nbsp;Richard Massey,&nbsp;Yannick Mellier,&nbsp;David F. Mota,&nbsp;Nelson J. Nunes,&nbsp;Will Percival,&nbsp;Valeria Pettorino,&nbsp;Cristiano Porciani,&nbsp;Claudia Quercellini,&nbsp;Justin Read,&nbsp;Massimiliano Rinaldi,&nbsp;Domenico Sapone,&nbsp;Roberto Scaramella,&nbsp;Constantinos Skordis,&nbsp;Fergus Simpson,&nbsp;Andy Taylor,&nbsp;Shaun Thomas,&nbsp;Roberto Trotta,&nbsp;Licia Verde,&nbsp;Filippo Vernizzi,&nbsp;Adrian Vollmer,&nbsp;Yun Wang,&nbsp;Jochen Weller,&nbsp;Tom Zlosnik,&nbsp;The Euclid Theory Working Group","doi":"10.12942/lrr-2013-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/lrr-2013-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Euclid is a European Space Agency medium-class mission selected for launch in 2019 within the Cosmic Vision 2015–2025 program. The main goal of Euclid is to understand the origin of the accelerated expansion of the universe. Euclid will explore the expansion history of the universe and the evolution of cosmic structures by measuring shapes and red-shifts of galaxies as well as the distribution of clusters of galaxies over a large fraction of the sky.</p><p>Although the main driver for Euclid is the nature of dark energy, Euclid science covers a vast range of topics, from cosmology to galaxy evolution to planetary research. In this review we focus on cosmology and fundamental physics, with a strong emphasis on science beyond the current standard models. We discuss five broad topics: dark energy and modified gravity, dark matter, initial conditions, basic assumptions and questions of methodology in the data analysis.</p><p>This review has been planned and carried out within Euclid’s Theory Working Group and is meant to provide a guide to the scientific themes that will underlie the activity of the group during the preparation of the Euclid mission.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2013-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12942/lrr-2013-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4446042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum-Spacetime Phenomenology","authors":"Giovanni Amelino-Camelia","doi":"10.12942/lrr-2013-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/lrr-2013-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>I review the current status of phenomenological programs inspired by quantum-spacetime research. I stress in particular the significance of results establishing that certain data analyses provide sensitivity to effects introduced genuinely at the Planck scale. My main focus is on phenomenological programs that affect the directions taken by studies of quantum-spacetime theories.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2013-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12942/lrr-2013-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4497964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relativistic Binaries in Globular Clusters","authors":"Matthew J. Benacquista,&nbsp;Jonathan M. B. Downing","doi":"10.12942/lrr-2013-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/lrr-2013-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Galactic globular clusters are old, dense star systems typically containing 10⁴–10⁶ stars. As an old population of stars, globular clusters contain many collapsed and degenerate objects. As a dense population of stars, globular clusters are the scene of many interesting close dynamical interactions between stars. These dynamical interactions can alter the evolution of individual stars and can produce tight binary systems containing one or two compact objects. In this review, we discuss theoretical models of globular cluster evolution and binary evolution, techniques for simulating this evolution that leads to relativistic binaries, and current and possible future observational evidence for this population. Our discussion of globular cluster evolution will focus on the processes that boost the production of tight binary systems and the subsequent interaction of these binaries that can alter the properties of both bodies and can lead to exotic objects. Direct <i>N</i>-body integrations and Fokker-Planck simulations of the evolution of globular clusters that incorporate tidal interactions and lead to predictions of relativistic binary populations are also discussed. We discuss the current observational evidence for cataclysmic variables, millisecond pulsars, and low-mass X-ray binaries as well as possible future detection of relativistic binaries with gravitational radiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2013-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12942/lrr-2013-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4171392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}