Living Reviews in Relativity最新文献

{"title":"Cosmology and fundamental physics with the Euclid satellite","authors":"Luca Amendola,&nbsp;Stephen Appleby,&nbsp;Anastasios Avgoustidis,&nbsp;David Bacon,&nbsp;Tessa Baker,&nbsp;Marco Baldi,&nbsp;Nicola Bartolo,&nbsp;Alain Blanchard,&nbsp;Camille Bonvin,&nbsp;Stefano Borgani,&nbsp;Enzo Branchini,&nbsp;Clare Burrage,&nbsp;Stefano Camera,&nbsp;Carmelita Carbone,&nbsp;Luciano Casarini,&nbsp;Mark Cropper,&nbsp;Claudia de Rham,&nbsp;Jörg P. Dietrich,&nbsp;Cinzia Di Porto,&nbsp;Ruth Durrer,&nbsp;Anne Ealet,&nbsp;Pedro G. Ferreira,&nbsp;Fabio Finelli,&nbsp;Juan García-Bellido,&nbsp;Tommaso Giannantonio,&nbsp;Luigi Guzzo,&nbsp;Alan Heavens,&nbsp;Lavinia Heisenberg,&nbsp;Catherine Heymans,&nbsp;Henk Hoekstra,&nbsp;Lukas Hollenstein,&nbsp;Rory Holmes,&nbsp;Zhiqi Hwang,&nbsp;Knud Jahnke,&nbsp;Thomas D. Kitching,&nbsp;Tomi Koivisto,&nbsp;Martin Kunz,&nbsp;Giuseppe La Vacca,&nbsp;Eric Linder,&nbsp;Marisa March,&nbsp;Valerio Marra,&nbsp;Carlos Martins,&nbsp;Elisabetta Majerotto,&nbsp;Dida Markovic,&nbsp;David Marsh,&nbsp;Federico Marulli,&nbsp;Richard Massey,&nbsp;Yannick Mellier,&nbsp;Francesco Montanari,&nbsp;David F. Mota,&nbsp;Nelson J. Nunes,&nbsp;Will Percival,&nbsp;Valeria Pettorino,&nbsp;Cristiano Porciani,&nbsp;Claudia Quercellini,&nbsp;Justin Read,&nbsp;Massimiliano Rinaldi,&nbsp;Domenico Sapone,&nbsp;Ignacy Sawicki,&nbsp;Roberto Scaramella,&nbsp;Constantinos Skordis,&nbsp;Fergus Simpson,&nbsp;Andy Taylor,&nbsp;Shaun Thomas,&nbsp;Roberto Trotta,&nbsp;Licia Verde,&nbsp;Filippo Vernizzi,&nbsp;Adrian Vollmer,&nbsp;Yun Wang,&nbsp;Jochen Weller,&nbsp;Tom Zlosnik,&nbsp;The Euclid Theory Working Group","doi":"10.1007/s41114-017-0010-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-017-0010-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Euclid is a European Space Agency medium-class mission selected for launch in 2020 within the cosmic vision 2015–2025 program. The main goal of Euclid is to understand the origin of the accelerated expansion of the universe. Euclid will explore the expansion history of the universe and the evolution of cosmic structures by measuring shapes and red-shifts of galaxies as well as the distribution of clusters of galaxies over a large fraction of the sky. Although the main driver for Euclid is the nature of dark energy, Euclid science covers a vast range of topics, from cosmology to galaxy evolution to planetary research. In this review we focus on cosmology and fundamental physics, with a strong emphasis on science beyond the current standard models. We discuss five broad topics: dark energy and modified gravity, dark matter, initial conditions, basic assumptions and questions of methodology in the data analysis. This review has been planned and carried out within Euclid’s Theory Working Group and is meant to provide a guide to the scientific themes that will underlie the activity of the group during the preparation of the Euclid mission.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-017-0010-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4479853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tests of chameleon gravity","authors":"Clare Burrage,&nbsp;Jeremy Sakstein","doi":"10.1007/s41114-018-0011-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-018-0011-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Theories of modified gravity, where light scalars with non-trivial self-interactions and non-minimal couplings to matter—chameleon and symmetron theories—dynamically suppress deviations from general relativity in the solar system. On other scales, the environmental nature of the screening means that such scalars may be relevant. The highly-nonlinear nature of screening mechanisms means that they evade classical fifth-force searches, and there has been an intense effort towards designing new and novel tests to probe them, both in the laboratory and using astrophysical objects, and by reinterpreting existing datasets. The results of these searches are often presented using different parametrizations, which can make it difficult to compare constraints coming from different probes. The purpose of this review is to summarize the present state-of-the-art searches for screened scalars coupled to matter, and to translate the current bounds into a single parametrization to survey the state of the models. Presently, commonly studied chameleon models are well-constrained but less commonly studied models have large regions of parameter space that are still viable. Symmetron models are constrained well by astrophysical and laboratory tests, but there is a desert separating the two scales where the model is unconstrained. The coupling of chameleons to photons is tightly constrained but the symmetron coupling has yet to be explored. We also summarize the current bounds on <i>f</i>(<i>R</i>) models that exhibit the chameleon mechanism (Hu and Sawicki models). The simplest of these are well constrained by astrophysical probes, but there are currently few reported bounds for theories with higher powers of <i>R</i>. The review ends by discussing the future prospects for constraining screened modified gravity models further using upcoming and planned experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2018-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-018-0011-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4652018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rotating stars in relativity","authors":"Vasileios Paschalidis,&nbsp;Nikolaos Stergioulas","doi":"10.1007/s41114-017-0008-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-017-0008-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rotating relativistic stars have been studied extensively in recent years, both theoretically and observationally, because of the information they might yield about the equation of state of matter at extremely high densities and because they are considered to be promising sources of gravitational waves. The latest theoretical understanding of rotating stars in relativity is reviewed in this updated article. The sections on equilibrium properties and on nonaxisymmetric oscillations and instabilities in <i>f</i>-modes and <i>r</i>-modes have been updated. Several new sections have been added on equilibria in modified theories of gravity, approximate universal relationships, the one-arm spiral instability, on analytic solutions for the exterior spacetime, rotating stars in LMXBs, rotating strange stars, and on rotating stars in numerical relativity including both hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic studies of these objects.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2017-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-017-0008-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5126109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black holes, hidden symmetries, and complete integrability","authors":"Valeri P. Frolov,&nbsp;Pavel Krtouš,&nbsp;David Kubizňák","doi":"10.1007/s41114-017-0009-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-017-0009-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study of higher-dimensional black holes is a subject which has recently attracted vast interest. Perhaps one of the most surprising discoveries is a realization that the properties of higher-dimensional black holes with the spherical horizon topology and described by the Kerr–NUT–(A)dS metrics are very similar to the properties of the well known four-dimensional Kerr metric. This remarkable result stems from the existence of a single object called the principal tensor. In our review we discuss explicit and hidden symmetries of higher-dimensional Kerr–NUT–(A)dS black hole spacetimes. We start with discussion of the Killing and Killing–Yano objects representing explicit and hidden symmetries. We demonstrate that the principal tensor can be used as a “seed object” which generates all these symmetries. It determines the form of the geometry, as well as guarantees its remarkable properties, such as special algebraic type of the spacetime, complete integrability of geodesic motion, and separability of the Hamilton–Jacobi, Klein–Gordon, and Dirac equations. The review also contains a discussion of different applications of the developed formalism and its possible generalizations.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2017-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-017-0009-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4874265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamical boson stars","authors":"Steven L. Liebling,&nbsp;Carlos Palenzuela","doi":"10.1007/s41114-017-0007-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-017-0007-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The idea of stable, localized bundles of energy has strong appeal as a model for particles. In the 1950s, John Wheeler envisioned such bundles as smooth configurations of electromagnetic energy that he called <i>geons</i>, but none were found. Instead, particle-like solutions were found in the late 1960s with the addition of a scalar field, and these were given the name <i>boson stars</i>. Since then, boson stars find use in a wide variety of models as sources of dark matter, as black hole mimickers, in simple models of binary systems, and as a tool in finding black holes in higher dimensions with only a single Killing vector. We discuss important varieties of boson stars, their dynamic properties, and some of their uses, concentrating on recent efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2017-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-017-0007-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4554002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publisher Correction: Interferometer techniques for gravitational-wave detection","authors":"Charlotte Bond,&nbsp;Daniel Brown,&nbsp;Andreas Freise,&nbsp;Kenneth A. Strain","doi":"10.1007/s41114-017-0005-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-017-0005-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2017-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-017-0005-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4601341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kilonovae","authors":"Brian D. Metzger","doi":"10.1007/s41114-017-0006-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-017-0006-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The mergers of double neutron star (NS–NS) and black hole (BH)–NS binaries are promising gravitational wave (GW) sources for Advanced LIGO and future GW detectors. The neutron-rich ejecta from such merger events undergoes rapid neutron capture (<i>r</i>-process) nucleosynthesis, enriching our Galaxy with rare heavy elements like gold and platinum. The radioactive decay of these unstable nuclei also powers a rapidly evolving, supernova-like transient known as a “kilonova” (also known as “macronova”). Kilonovae are an approximately isotropic electromagnetic counterpart to the GW signal, which also provides a unique and direct probe of an important, if not dominant, <i>r</i>-process site. I review the history and physics of kilonovae, leading to the current paradigm of week-long emission with a spectral peak at near-infrared wavelengths. Using a simple light curve model to illustrate the basic physics, I introduce potentially important variations on this canonical picture, including: <span>(sim )</span>day-long optical (“blue”) emission from lanthanide-free components of the ejecta; <span>(sim )</span>hour-long precursor UV/blue emission, powered by the decay of free neutrons in the outermost ejecta layers; and enhanced emission due to energy input from a long-lived central engine, such as an accreting BH or millisecond magnetar. I assess the prospects of kilonova detection following future GW detections of NS–NS/BH–NS mergers in light of the recent follow-up campaign of the LIGO binary BH–BH mergers.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2017-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-017-0006-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4657916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection methods for stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds: a unified treatment","authors":"Joseph D. Romano,&nbsp;Neil. J. Cornish","doi":"10.1007/s41114-017-0004-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-017-0004-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We review detection methods that are currently in use or have been proposed to search for a stochastic background of gravitational radiation. We consider both Bayesian and frequentist searches using ground-based and space-based laser interferometers, spacecraft Doppler tracking, and pulsar timing arrays; and we allow for anisotropy, non-Gaussianity, and non-standard polarization states. Our focus is on relevant data analysis issues, and not on the particular astrophysical or early Universe sources that might give rise to such backgrounds. We provide a unified treatment of these searches at the level of detector response functions, detection sensitivity curves, and, more generally, at the level of the likelihood function, since the choice of signal and noise models and prior probability distributions are actually what define the search. Pedagogical examples are given whenever possible to compare and contrast different approaches. We have tried to make the article as self-contained and comprehensive as possible, targeting graduate students and new researchers looking to enter this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2017-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-017-0004-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4146271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Kerr/CFT correspondence and its extensions","authors":"Geoffrey Compère","doi":"10.1007/s41114-017-0003-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-017-0003-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present a first-principles derivation of the main results of the Kerr/CFT correspondence and its extensions using only tools from gravity and quantum field theory. Firstly, we review properties of extremal black holes with in particular the construction of an asymptotic Virasoro symmetry in the near-horizon limit. The entropy of extremal spinning or charged black holes is shown to match with a chiral half of Cardy’s formula. Secondly, we show how a thermal 2-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT) is relevant to reproduce the dynamics of near-superradiant probes around near-extremal black holes in the semi-classical limit. Thirdly, we review the hidden conformal symmetries of asymptotically-flat black holes away from extremality and present how the non-extremal entropy can be matched with Cardy’s formula. We follow an effective field theory approach and consider the Kerr–Newman black hole and its generalizations in various supergravity theories. The interpretation of these results by deformed dual conformal field theories is discussed and contrasted with properties of standard 2-dimensional CFTs. We conclude with a list of open problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2017-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-017-0003-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5036326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interferometer techniques for gravitational-wave detection","authors":"Charlotte Bond,&nbsp;Daniel Brown,&nbsp;Andreas Freise,&nbsp;Kenneth A. Strain","doi":"10.1007/s41114-016-0002-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-016-0002-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Several km-scale gravitational-wave detectors have been constructed worldwide. These instruments combine a number of advanced technologies to push the limits of precision length measurement. The core devices are laser interferometers of a new kind; developed from the classical Michelson topology these interferometers integrate additional optical elements, which significantly change the properties of the optical system. Much of the design and analysis of these laser interferometers can be performed using well-known classical optical techniques; however, the complex optical layouts provide a new challenge. In this review, we give a textbook-style introduction to the optical science required for the understanding of modern gravitational wave detectors, as well as other high-precision laser interferometers. In addition, we provide a number of examples for a freely available interferometer simulation software and encourage the reader to use these examples to gain hands-on experience with the discussed optical methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2017-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-016-0002-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4673903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}