Brain Science Advances最新文献

{"title":"Advances in the understanding and enhancement of the human cognitive functions of learning and memory","authors":"Daniel Kofi Amoah","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2022.9050023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2022.9050023","url":null,"abstract":"Learning and memory are among the key cognitive functions that drive the human experience. As such, any defective condition associated with these cognitive domains could affect our navigation through everyday life. For years, researchers have been working toward having a clear understanding of how learning and memory work, as well as ways to improve them. Many advances have been made, as well as some challenges that have also been faced in the process. That notwithstanding, there are prospects with regards to the frontier of the enhancement of learning and memory in humans. This review article selectively highlights four broad areas of focus in research into the understanding and enhancement of learning and memory. Brain stimulation, effects of sleep, effects of stress and emotion, and synaptic plasticity are the main focal areas of this review, in terms of some pivotal research works, findings and theories.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47787056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of brain–computer interface based on steady‐state visual evoked potential","authors":"Siyu Liu, Deyu Zhang, Ziyu Liu, Mengzhen Liu, Zhiyuan Ming, Tiantian Liu, Dingjie Suo, S. Funahashi, Tianyi Yan","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2022.9050022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2022.9050022","url":null,"abstract":"The brain–computer interface (BCI) technology has received lots of attention in the field of scientific research because it can help disabled people improve their quality of life. Steady‐state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) is the most researched BCI experimental paradigm, which offers the advantages of high signal‐to‐noise ratio and short training‐time requirement by users. In a complete BCI system, the two most critical components are the experimental paradigm and decoding algorithm. However, a systematic combination of the SSVEP experimental paradigm and decoding algorithms is missing in existing studies. In the present study, the transient visual evoked potential, SSVEP, and various improved SSVEP paradigms are compared and analyzed, and the problems and development bottlenecks in the experimental paradigm are finally pointed out. Subsequently, the canonical correlation analysis and various improved decoding algorithms are introduced, and the opportunities and challenges of the SSVEP decoding algorithm are discussed.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43291796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in sleep–wake regulation","authors":"Sha Jiang, Lu Chen, Zhi-Li Huang, Chang-Rui Chen","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2022.9050017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2022.9050017","url":null,"abstract":"The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) acts as a cohesive functional unit that regulates neuroendocrine and autonomic function, complex behavior, and negative emotions after stress. However, how the PVH integrates arousal with these biological functions has only recently been explored. Clinical reports, combined with neurotoxic lesioning, immunochemistry, neuronal activity recordings, and the polysomnographic analyses of genetically modified animals, have revealed that the PVH is important for the control of wakefulness. Here, we review emerging anatomical and neural mechanisms for sleep–wake regulation in the PVH to support its essential role in the promotion and maintenance of wakefulness.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46710257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New advances in molecular and neural mechanisms of sleep regulation","authors":"Qinghua Liu","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2022.9050018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2022.9050018","url":null,"abstract":"1 National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China 2 Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China Sleep exists ubiquitously among invertebrate and vertebrate animals. While sleep survives millions of years of evolution, it is unclear exactly what essential functions that sleep provides to animals. Sleep and wakefulness are mainly regulated by circadian and homeostatic mechanisms [1, 2]. However, the molecular and neural mechanisms of sleep regulation, especially in mammals, remain unclear. This special issue consisted of four review articles cover some of the new exciting advances in sleep research. In recent years, there has been a rapid expansion of our knowledge on the neural pathways that control wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREMS) sleep [3–5]. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) is an important hub for regulating neuroendocrine and autonomic functions, complex behaviors and negative emotions after stress [6]. Jiang et al. provide a focused and thorough review of emerging anatomical and neuroscience research supporting a critical role of PVH in the promotion and maintenance of wakefulness [7]. The core molecular pathways and biochemical mechanisms that govern mammalian sleep regulation remain to be elucidated. Funato and Yanagisawa wrote a nice review of forward and reverse mouse genetics studies in search for mammalian sleep regulatory genes [8]. Notably, their previous studies of orexin knockout mice uncover the mechanistic link between orexin deficiency and human sleep disorder–narcolepsy [9]. A tour-de-force forward genetic screen of randomly mutagenized mice has identified Sik3 and Nalcn as key regulators of NREM and REM sleep, respectively [10]. Moreover, the advent of new genome-editing tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9, has greatly expedited identification of new sleep regulatory genes by reverse mouse genetics [11–13]. Although most human adults sleep on average 8 hours per day, there are natural short sleepers (NSS) who need only 4 to 6.5-h sleep per day without any obvious negative health consequences. Zheng and Zhang reviewed human genetic studies that identified the causative mutations in a series of NSS families in the last decade [14]. Understanding the genetic basis of NSS provides an opportunity to study not only the genetic mechanism of human sleep, but also relationship between sleep and physiological function [14]. Apart from genetic factors, environmental factors also exert major influences on sleep quantity and quality. Public health measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, have caused","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48181202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of social isolation on health and behavior in Drosophila melanogaster and beyond","authors":"Aabha Vora, Andrew D. Nguyen, Carmen Spicer, Wanhe Li","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2022.9050016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2022.9050016","url":null,"abstract":"Many organisms, including humans, have evolved dynamic social behaviors to promote survival. Public health studies show that isolation from social groups is a major risk factor for adverse health outcomes in humans, but these studies lack mechanistic understanding. Animal models can provide insight into the molecular and neural mechanisms underlying how social isolation impacts health through investigations using genetic, genomic, molecular, and neuroscience methods. In this review, we discuss Drosophila melanogaster as a robust genetic model for studying the effects of social isolation and for developing a mechanistic understanding of the perception of social isolation and how it impacts health.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46920113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of virtual reality for dementia management","authors":"Yuan-Han Yang, R. Situmeang, P. A. Ong, R. Liscic","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2022.9050019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2022.9050019","url":null,"abstract":"Age is recognized as the major factors of dementia, especially in for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Given to the aged population, the increased number of demented population has been receiving a great impact in our society. Unfortunately, so far, no cured medicines have been demonstrated to provide effective treatment in AD. The combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions has been proposed to manage dementia with potential benefits especially in decreasing caregiver’s burden and behavior, as well as psychological problems of demented patients. Recently, giving to the glorious development in digital technologies, the virtual reality, one of the non-pharmacological interventions has been used extensively in dementia managements for its strengths which can be adapted in accordance with the heterogeneous needs from demented patients and their caregivers. However, various study designs and other reasons made these results difficult to be interpreted. In this review our goal is to provide a better understanding for these points.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46589292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The molecular mechanism of natural short sleep: A path towards understanding why we need to sleep","authors":"Liubin Zheng, Luoying Zhang","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2022.9050003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2022.9050003","url":null,"abstract":"Sleep constitutes a third of human life and it is increasingly recognized as important for health. Over the past several decades, numerous genes have been identified to be involved in sleep regulation in animal models, but most of these genes when disturbed impair not only sleep but also health and physiological functions. Human natural short sleepers are individuals with lifelong short sleep and no obvious adverse outcomes associated with the lack of sleep. These traits appear to be heritable, and thus characterization of the genetic basis of natural short sleep provides an opportunity to study not only the genetic mechanism of human sleep but also the relationship between sleep and physiological function. This review focuses on the current understanding of mutations associated with the natural short sleep trait and the mechanisms by which they contribute to this trait.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49565457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hunt for mammalian sleep-regulating genes","authors":"Hiromasa Funato, Masashi Yanagisawa","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2022.9050012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2022.9050012","url":null,"abstract":"Genetics is one of the various approaches adopted to understand and control mammalian sleep. Reverse genetics, which is usually applied to analyze sleep in gene-deficient mice, has been the mainstream field of genetic studies on sleep for the past three decades and has revealed that various molecules, including orexin, are involved in sleep regulation. Recently, forward genetic studies in humans and mice have identified gene mutations responsible for heritable sleep abnormalities, such as SIK3, NALCN, DEC2, the neuropeptide S receptor, and β1 adrenergic receptor. Furthermore, the protein kinase A-SIK3 pathway was shown to represent the intracellular neural signaling for sleep need. Large-scale genome-wide analyses of human sleep have been conducted, and many gene loci associated with individual differences in sleep have been found. The development of genome-editing technology and gene transfer by an adeno-associated virus has updated and expanded the genetic studies on mammals. These efforts are expected to elucidate the mechanisms of sleep–wake regulation and develop new therapeutic interventions for sleep disorders.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41898538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of cross-subject EEG emotion recognition algorithms in the BCI Controlled Robot Contest in World Robot Contest 2021","authors":"Chao Tang, Yunhuan Li, Badong Chen","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2022.9050013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2022.9050013","url":null,"abstract":"Electroencephalogram (EEG) data depict various emotional states and reflect brain activity. There has been increasing interest in EEG emotion recognition in brain–computer interface systems (BCIs). In the World Robot Contest (WRC), the BCI Controlled Robot Contest successfully staged an emotion recognition technology competition. Three types of emotions (happy, sad, and neutral) are modeled using EEG signals. In this study, 5 methods employed by different teams are compared. The results reveal that classical machine learning approaches and deep learning methods perform similarly in offline recognition, whereas deep learning methods perform better in online cross-subject decoding.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46675856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoting brain–computer interface in China by BCI Controlled Robot Contest in World Robot Contest","authors":"Bingchuan Liu, Xiaogang Chen, Yijun Wang, Xiaorong Gao","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2022.9050015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2022.9050015","url":null,"abstract":"1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 2 Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China 3 State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China The year ahead marks the 50th anniversary of the first publication on the brain–computer interface (BCI) proposed by Vidal in 1973. Over the past decades, continuous progress has been made in designing and optimizing the BCI system toward a high-performance, robust and ease-of-use “mind reading”. The nascent field of BCI has brought together scientists from neuroscience, computer science as well as engineers and clinicians worldwide to address the highly challenging problem. The convergence of disciplines also initiated a series of internationally prestigious BCI competitions to expedite innovation, e.g., the BCI competition I to IV and the CYBATHLON. In China, since the beginning of the new century, the technology of BCI has been developing on a fast track and has received rapidly growing attention for researchers from multiple disciplines. To facilitate multi-disciplinary academic exchange and push the BCI technology toward practical application, the first and second China BCI Competitions were held in 2010 and 2015, respectively, which were organized by Tsinghua University and supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC). Beyond the BCI community, the BCI competition was later opened to the general public as well as business and industry to promote the availability and accessibility of the niche BCI technology in China. As part of the World Robot Contest, this competition named BCI Controlled Robot Contest was held by a joint effort of Tsinghua University and China Electronics Society from 2017 till now, six years in a row. Very recently, the competition was endorsed by and partnered with The BCI Society, which is one of the most authoritative international organizations in the field of BCI. Since the inception of the BCI Controlled Robot Contest, tens of thousands of players have participated in this nationwide “BCI Olympic Games”. In 2021, the contest subsumed four main sections, including algorithm competition, project contest, youth outstanding paper award, and project exhibition. Specifically, the algorithm competition and project contest aimed to sift out the top-notch algorithms and the bestperformance subjects, respectively. For the algorithm competition in 2021, there were seven parallel tracks that fell into the category of four dominant BCI paradigms, i.e., steady-state visual evoked potential based BCI (SSVEP-BCI), motor imagery BCI (MI-BCI), rapid visual serial presentation based BCI (RSVP-BCI), and affective","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46604144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}