Journal of Solution Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Development of an ANN–QSPR Model for Prediction of Octanol–Water Partition Coefficient of Anionic Surfactants by Effective Molecular Descriptors","authors":"Sahar Garzegar,&nbsp;Mohsen Askarishahi,&nbsp;Mohammad Hossein Salmani Nodoushan,&nbsp;Mohammad Javad Salmani,&nbsp;Mehran Iazdandost,&nbsp;Sara Jambarsang","doi":"10.1007/s10953-026-01565-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10953-026-01565-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The octanol–water partition coefficient (<i>K</i>_OW) is an effective parameter for determining a substance’s chemical and biological activity, as it describes its distribution between polar and non-polar media. The <i>K</i>_OW is often determined by empirical tests but this study predicted it using effective molecular descriptors that describe the molecular structure well. Effective molecular descriptors in determining the log₁₀<i>K</i>_OW of 43 anionic surfactants were predicted by an artificial neural network (ANN) technique and modeled using the quantitative structure–properties relationship (QSPR) framework. First, seven effective descriptors were selected among the 19 calculated descriptors and then an ANN with different numbers of neurons in the hidden layer from 2 to 16 layers was trained using sigmoid transfer function to predict the output values. Based on the statistical results, the network with seven neurons in the input layer, six neurons in the hidden layer, and one neuron in the output layer (structure 7-6-1) was selected as the optimal network with a higher correlation coefficient of 0.924 and lower sum of square error of 0.049. The model determined that all three categories of topological, physical properties, and geometrical descriptors contribute to determining the <i>K</i>_OW value of anionic surfactants. Effective descriptors on the log₁₀<i>K</i>_OW were in order of their influence coefficient melting point (0.162), Van der Waals molecular volume (0.161), triple bond index (0.145), molecular mass (0.145), double bond index (0.143), number of aromatic bonds (0.135), and number of oxygen atoms (0.109). The experimental and predicted log₁₀<i>K</i>_OW values with <i>R</i>² = 0.986 confirmed that the developed ANN can accurately predict the log₁₀<i>K</i>_OW value of new anionic surfactants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","volume":"55 6","pages":"1270 - 1285"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148236925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical Study of the Pr(III):DL-Serine:Ca2+ Complex Formation at Different pHs: 4f–4f Transition Spectra as PROBE","authors":"Shepazo Chizo,&nbsp;Verhikholu Sapu,&nbsp;Sumit Singha,&nbsp;M. Indira Devi","doi":"10.1007/s10953-025-01545-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10953-025-01545-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The 4<i>f–</i>4<i>f</i> transition spectra for the complexation of Pr(III) with DL-serine amino acid and Ca²⁺ has been explored in aqueous organic solvents (v/v 50%) of methanol and dimethylformamide at different pHs 2, 4, and 6. The variation in the computed values of absorption spectral parameters (energy interaction): Slater–Condon (<i>F</i>_<i>K</i>), Lande spin orbit interaction (<i>ξ</i>_4<i>f</i>), Racah (<i>E</i>^<i>K</i>), nephelauxetic ratio (<i>β</i>), bonding (<i>b</i>^1/2), and percent covalency (<i>δ</i>) could provide the detailed information about the nature of complexation theoretically. The formation of covalent character has been validated by the elevated values of percent covalency (<i>δ</i>) 5.579–5.658 for MeOH and 5.779–5.820 for DMF. Values of root mean square deviation (RMS) ranges from 101.69 to 125.35, confirming the accuracy of the evaluated energy parameters. Further, the computed and observed values of evaluated oscillator strength(P) and Judd–Ofelt electric dipole intensity parameters <i>T</i>_<i>λ</i> (<i>λ</i> = 2,4,6) cm⁻² were analyzed to see the possibility of inner and outer sphere coordination of Pr(III) with DL-serine in the presence and absence of Ca²⁺ at different pHs. Of the three <i>T</i>_<i>λ</i> (<i>λ</i> = 2, 4, 6) cm⁻² parameters, <i>T</i>₆ is the most significant in all the pHs. Its values were 12.86–18.67 for MeOH and 11.30–20.87 for DMF. Interesting information about the effect of pH and solvents on complexation could be revealed.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","volume":"55 6","pages":"1123 - 1141"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148236509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling Densities of Binary/Ternary Mixtures of DEEA–MEA–H2O and DEEA–DETA–H2O Systems Using Jouyban–Acree Model","authors":"Raman Pareek,&nbsp;Rohan Lakhe,&nbsp;Yash Sarnaik,&nbsp;Parag Sutar","doi":"10.1007/s10953-025-01560-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10953-025-01560-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Physicochemical properties such as density and viscosity of solvents used for CO₂ capture are determined to design the industrial equipment used in carbon dioxide absorption. Additionally, mathematical modelling of these properties is essential to predict their behaviour during operation. The Jouyban–Acree model, which directly correlates solution densities with composition, serves as an effective tool for predicting densities of solutions with known compositions or estimating unknown compositions from measured densities. It is applicable to both binary and ternary systems and accounts for temperature variations in the data. In the present work, the densities of aqueous solutions of DEEA (diethyl ethanolamine), MEA (mono ethanolamine) and DETA (diethylene triamine), along with the densities of the binary mixtures of DEEA + MEA and DEEA + DETA, obtained from the reported literature, were modelled using the Jouyban-Acree model for binary mixtures. Also, the densities of the ternary solutions DEEA + MEA + H₂O and DEEA + DETA + H₂O were modelled using the Jouyban–Acree model for ternary mixtures. The regressed parameters were further used to predict the densities of the studied binary/ternary systems within the temperature range 293–333 K. For most of the systems studied, the adjusted coefficients of determination were greater than 0.9, the absolute average relative deviations were below 0.5% and the absolute maximum deviations were below 10 kg·m⁻³. The Jouyban–Acree model was found to correlate the density data of the DEEA + MEA + H₂O and DEEA + DETA + H₂O systems with high precision.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","volume":"55 6","pages":"1211 - 1228"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148236691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailored Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Choline Chloride, Urea, and Oxalic Acid: Preparation, Characterization and Application for Polysaccharide Extraction","authors":"Israa S. Abd-El-Aly,&nbsp;Sara A. Mekkawy,&nbsp;Ali M. S. Hebishy,&nbsp;Aya R. Mahmoud,&nbsp;Ahmed E. Abdel Moneim,&nbsp;Mohamed S. Abdelfattah","doi":"10.1007/s10953-025-01552-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10953-025-01552-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Three new ternary deep eutectic solvents (TDESs) were prepared using choline chloride/urea/oxalic acid with the following molar ratios: TDES-1 (1:2:0.01), TDES-2 (1:2:0.03), and TDES-3 (1:2:0.05). Hydrogen bonding interactions were confirmed by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. Computational predicting model using COSMO-RS supported the molecular interactions in these systems. The physicochemical properties of TDESs, such as density, viscosity, and thermal decomposition temperatures, were studied. The addition of oxalic acid increases the density and viscosity of the eutectic solvents. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that all TDESs exhibited good thermal stability up to 200–220 °C. The prepared TDESs are classified as hydrophilic and miscible with polar solvents. Extraction experiments showed that TDES-3 achieved a good yield of crude sulfated polysaccharides (17.55% ± 0.34) from the marine algae <i>Codium vermilara</i>, compared to the other DESs and conventional hot water extraction. These results reveal that choline chloride/urea/oxalic acid TDESs, particularly at a 1:2:0.05 ratio, are promising green solvents and may be useful for extracting polysaccharides from marine macroalgae.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","volume":"55 10","pages":"2439 - 2460"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energetic and Non-covalent Interaction Insights in Host–Guest Chemistry: A Case Study of Metronidazole-β-Cyclodextrin Complex","authors":"Dhouha Boulahraf,&nbsp;Amel Bendjeddou,&nbsp;Tahar Abbaz,&nbsp;Didier Villemin","doi":"10.1007/s10953-026-01563-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10953-026-01563-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metronidazole (MNZ) displays notable biological activity; however, it is encumbered by suboptimal physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. To address these limitations, researchers have explored the formation of inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins. The present study aims to elucidate the inclusion mechanism of MNZ and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in a 1:1 stoichiometry, spanning from electronic structure to non-covalent interactions. Two orientations of MNZ were evaluated: in orientation <i>A</i>, MNZ enters through the wide rim; in orientation <i>B</i>, through the narrow rim. Semi-empirical and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, including dispersion-correction DFT (DFT–D3), were performed in gas and water phases using PW6B95, PW6B95–D3, and B3LYP functionals in conjunction with the 6-31G(d) basis set. The study systematically compared the performance of these methods, with a particular focus on the impact of dispersion correction on the accuracy and reliability of the results. The findings obtained from this study indicate that orientation <i>A</i> is more favorable than <i>B</i>. In both orientations, MNZ is fully encapsulated in the β-CD cavity. The Gauge-Including Atomic Orbital (GIAO) method was employed to calculate the shifts of the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), which aligned well with the experimental data. To further analyze host–guest interactions, advanced computational tools: AIM, NBO, NCI–RDG, and IGM were utilized. These analyses revealed that the stability of the MNZ@β-CD inclusion complex is driven by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, with dispersion corrections (DFT–D3) playing a critical role in accurately modeling these non-covalent forces. This study provides an exhaustive analysis of the molecular interactions driving the formation of MNZ@β-CD complexes, emphasizing the reliability of the PW6B95 and PW6B95–D3 functionals and the necessity of incorporating dispersion corrections for an accurate description of these systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","volume":"55 6","pages":"1246 - 1269"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding Solute–Co-solute Interactions: A Combined Investigation of Bulk and Sonic Behaviour of L-Serine and L-Leucine in Potassium Oxalate (KOX) Solutions","authors":"S. Sharma,&nbsp;R. Sharma,&nbsp;V. Kumar,&nbsp;S. Singh,&nbsp;N. Nkosi,&nbsp;M. M. Tshibangu,&nbsp;I. Bahadur","doi":"10.1007/s10953-025-01544-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10953-025-01544-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding solute–co-solute interactions in aqueous media is vital for elucidating biochemical stability, protein folding, and drug formulation behaviour. This study investigates the thermodynamic and acoustic behaviour of L-serine and L-leucine in aqueous potassium oxalate (KOX) solutions over a temperature range of (288.15–318.15) K and varying molal concentrations. Density data were utilized to determine important thermodynamic parameters such as the apparent molar volume (<span>(V_{varphi })</span>), limiting partial molar volume (<span>(V_{varphi }^{text o})</span>), and partial molar volume of transfer (<span>(Delta V_{varphi }^{text o})</span>) which shed light on solvation characteristics and the volumetric changes resulting from solute–solvent interactions. Likewise, speed of sound measurements was employed to calculate the apparent molar isentropic compressibility (<span>(K_{{varphi},{text{s}}})</span>) and the partial molar isentropic compressibility of transfer (<span>(Delta K_{{varphi},{text{s}}}^{text{o}})</span>) revealing information about compressibility effects and structural modifications within the solution. Furthermore, these parameters were analysed to evaluate pair and triplet interaction coefficients, providing a quantitative assessment of solute–solute and solute–solvent interactions across different concentrations and temperatures. The results reveal that ion–hydrophilic and hydrophilic–hydrophobic interactions dominate the solution behaviour, with L-leucine exhibiting stronger structure-making effects compared to L-serine due to its greater hydrophobic character. Positive temperature coefficients of (<span>(Delta V_{varphi }^{text o})</span>) and negative coefficients of (<i>K</i>_s) suggest enhanced molecular association at higher temperatures. The calculated pair and triplet interaction coefficients further confirm cooperative solvation effects in KOX media. Overall, the findings provide new insights into amino acid–oxalate interactions, relevant to biophysical, pharmaceutical, and biochemical systems where solvation and molecular association play a critical role.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","volume":"55 5","pages":"1094 - 1122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147968167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems as a Paradigm for Enhancing Bioavailability of Phytoconstituents","authors":"Jyotsana Bhatt,&nbsp;Archana Dhyani,&nbsp;Gauree Kukreti,&nbsp;Sumit Durgapal,&nbsp;Ganesh Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s10953-026-01564-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10953-026-01564-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The major limitations associated with phytoconstituents are their poor solubility and bioavailability in gastric fluid, which limit their further exploration to their full potential. To overcome these challenges, self-emulsifying formulations have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of herbal molecules and phytoconstituents with poor aqueous solubility. SEDDS formulations typically comprise an isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactants. The concentration of these excipients is chosen based on pre-formulation studies, such as phase equilibrium studies, the oil’s solvent capacity for the drug, and the mutual miscibility of the excipients. This review primarily discusses the development of SEDDS and the role of different excipients in tailoring the oral bioavailability and aqueous solubility of lipophilic phytoconstituents. The various ratios of primary excipients used by different researchers, along with their effects on drug solubility and bioavailability, are presented in a tabular format. Relevant research databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Google Patents, Scopus, and Web of Science, were used to review the research data for various self-emulsifying herbal formulations using the keywords “Self-emulsifying, SEDDS, SMEDDS, SNEDDS, Lipid formulation, LFCS”. The manuscript further explores the potential applications of SMEDDS and SNEDDS in the treatment of various ailments using different herbal extracts and phytoconstituents. In conclusion, the review effectively presents the role of SEDDS in improving the oral bioavailability of lipophilic compounds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","volume":"55 5","pages":"1068 - 1093"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147968025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mini Review on Surfactants: Production, Applications, Recent Advances, and a Way Toward Biosurfactant","authors":"Neha Rawat,&nbsp;Aman Kumar Bhonsle,&nbsp;Serges Bruno Lemoupi Ngomade,&nbsp;Neeraj Atray","doi":"10.1007/s10953-026-01562-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10953-026-01562-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surfactants are chemical species that act as wetting agents to lower the surface tension of liquids or the interfacial tension of two-phase systems due to adsorption at the surface or interface, respectively. Surfactants have been used in every industrial area ranging from household detergents to drilling muds and food items to pharmaceuticals. Therefore, production, optimizations, and utilizations of the surfactants for various applications have been the research interest among researchers. Surfactants have been used in the literature but restricted due to non-degradability issues and hazardous effects. For combating the problems mentioned above, bio-based surfactants could be potential alternatives. This review discusses the types, production methods, and applications explored in the last decade. Further, it also explained the recent advances in surfactants and a future perspective to pursue global environmental sustainability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","volume":"55 5","pages":"1048 - 1067"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147968049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solubility and Apparent Specific Volume of Sodium Sulfamerazine in Aqueous-Ethanolic Mixtures","authors":"Daniel R. Delgado,&nbsp;Fleming Martinez,&nbsp;M. Ángeles Peña,&nbsp;Abolghasem Jouyban,&nbsp;William E. Acree Jr.","doi":"10.1007/s10953-025-01551-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10953-025-01551-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The main objective of this research was to analyze the equilibrium solubility of sodium sulfamerazine (NaSMR) in several {ethanol (EtOH, 1) + water (2)} mixtures as reported in the practical concentration scales of mass/volume and mass/mass percentages at different temperatures from 5.0 to 35.0 °C. It is observed that aqueous-alcoholic solubility of sodium sulfamerazine increases almost linearly with temperature-increasing, but it decreases non-linearly with EtOH proportion increasing in the mixtures. Logarithmic mass/volume % solubility was adequately correlated by using a bivariate model involving temperature (in °C) and mixtures’ composition expressed in mass fraction of ethanol as independent variables. These NaSMR solubility values were also well correlated with some Jouyban–Acree-based models. Moreover, an adapted version of the Jouyban–Acree model was used to represent the density of the NaSMR-saturated {ethanol (1) + water (2)} mixtures at different temperatures and mixtures compositions. Furthermore, the apparent specific volumes of NaSMR at saturation were also calculated in all the systems from the densities of saturated solutions and cosolvent mixtures free of NaSMR and the composition of every mixture. These findings provide valuable insights into the equilibrium solubility and volumetric contribution of NaSMR, which could be useful for optimization of pharmaceutical formulation and drug purification processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","volume":"55 5","pages":"1028 - 1047"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147968183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Statistical and Stereographic Analysis of Hydroquinone Adsorption Using Pine Biochar: Thermodynamic, Energetic, and Topographic Perspectives","authors":"Kods Oueslati,&nbsp;Amin Naifar,&nbsp;Beriham Basha,&nbsp;Eder C. Lima,&nbsp;Fatma Aouaini,&nbsp;Abdelmottaleb Ben Lamine","doi":"10.1007/s10953-025-01554-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10953-025-01554-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this investigation, we deployed four advanced statistical physics models within the grand canonical ensemble to scrutinize the adsorption forces and thermodynamics governing the removal of hydroquinone (1,4-benzenediol, HYD) onto the biochar surface, contributing to advancements in water remediation. Our main findings demonstrated the effectiveness of a monolayer model with a single-site energy distribution for describing, at the molecular scale, the binding mechanism within biochar pores. By leveraging this framework, we successfully computed the key steric parameters and derived essential thermodynamic functions (molar entropy, molar internal energy, and Gibbs free energy). Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the microscopic docking of hydroquinone onto the adsorbent’s available sites is a spontaneous, endothermic (heat-consuming), and energetically favorable process. Furthermore, the magnitude of the internal energy confirms physisorption, in which weak physical interactions (van der Waals forces) primarily govern surface occupancy. Analysis of the pore size distribution (<i>PSD</i>) indicated that pine biochar is primarily composed of macropores, while the observed distribution of adhesion energies (<i>AED</i>) provided strong evidence supporting the physisorption mechanism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","volume":"55 3","pages":"525 - 546"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147371862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}